Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Of Bacteria Research Articles

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria from sepsis suspected neonates at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BackgroundNeonatal sepsis is the major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially in low and middle-income countries. Continuous monitoring of pathogens and their antibiotic resistance pattern is crucial for managing neonatal sepsis. This study aimed to determine neonatal sepsis due to bacteria, antibiotic resistance patterns, associated risk factors and patient outcomes at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College.MethodAn institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 neonates suspected of sepsis at St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College from March 2020 to July 2020. A questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographic information, clinical parameters and potential risk factors from study participants. About 2ml of blood was drawn aseptically and inoculated into Tryptone Soya Broth at the patient’s bedside. Bacterial identification was performed by using standard microbiological techniques. The disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of each isolated bacteria. Data entry and analysis were done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess associated risk factors of neonatal sepsis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statically significant with a 95% confidence interval.ResultsThe overall prevalence of neonatal septicemia was 21% (84/400). Of these, 67 (79.8%) and 17 (20.2%) were gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Klebsiella spp, 37 (44%), E. coli 19 (21.6%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococci 13 (15.47%) were the leading cause of neonatal sepsis. Ciprofloxacin and amikacin were the most effective antibiotics for gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Multidrug resistance was observed in 84% of the bacterial isolates. Low birth weight and preterm were associated with neonatal septicemia (AOR = 49.90, 95% CI = 15.14-123.081, P = 0.002) and (AOR = 18.20, 95% CI = 6.835–27.541, P = 0.004) respectively.ConclusionKlebsiella spp and E. coli were frequently isolated bacteria in our study. The proportion of multidrug-resistance was significantly high. Most isolated bacteria were resistant to ampicillin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime and gentamycin, which indicates the necessity of continuous evaluation of antibiotic resistance rate.

Microbiological Profiles and Inflammatory Biomarkers of Bacteremia in Children in a Teaching Hospital in Kuwait: An 8-Year Retrospective Study

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the bacterial profiles and prevalence of antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria causing bacteremia in febrile children and to compare levels of inflammatory markers between children with and without bacteremia in Kuwait from 2015 to 2022. Materials and Methods: Isolates from all episodes of significant bacteremia (n = 96) during the study period were recorded and evaluated. Microorganisms were identified using standard microbiological methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the VITEK2 system and Etest method. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production by Enterobacterales was detected by the double-disk diffusion method and VITEK2 system. Patient age, gender, and inflammatory markers were collected at admission and compared between patients with and without bacteremia. Results: A majority of the patients were infants (37, 40%) and newborns (13, 14%). The main ports of entry were the lower respiratory tract, the genitourinary tract, and the gastrointestinal tract. Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen (16, 16.7%) followed by Escherichia coli (12, 12.5%), Staphylococcus aureus (10, 10.4%), and Streptococcus agalactiae (9, 9.4%). High rates of resistance to ampicillin, cefuroxime, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were observed among the Enterobacterales. The prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae were 45% and 29%, respectively. The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus was 30%. Patients with bacteremia had significantly higher white blood cell (WBC) counts, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Conclusion: Continuous surveillance of the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of blood isolates is imperative for the formulation of antibiotic policy. WBC, ANC, CRP, and NLR could be valuable indicators of bacteremia in febrile children.

Incidence and risk factors of neonatal bacterial infections: a community-based cohort from Madagascar (2018–2021)

BackgroundFew studies on neonatal severe bacterial infection are available in LMICs. Data are needed in these countries to prioritize interventions and decrease neonatal infections which are a primary cause of neonatal mortality. The BIRDY project (Bacterial Infections and Antimicrobial Drug Resistant among Young Children) was initially conducted in Madagascar, Senegal and Cambodia (BIRDY 1, 2012–2018), and continued in Madagascar only (BIRDY 2, 2018–2021). We present here the BIRDY 2 project whose objectives were (1) to estimate the incidence of neonatal severe bacterial infections and compare these findings with those obtained in BIRDY 1, (2) to identify determinants associated with severe bacterial infection and (3) to specify the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria in newborns.MethodsThe BIRDY 2 study was a prospective community-based mother and child cohort, both in urban and semi-rural areas. All pregnant women in the study areas were identified and enrolled. Their newborns were actively and passively followed-up from birth to 3 months. Data on clinical symptoms developed by the children and laboratory results of all clinical samples investigated were collected. A Cox proportional hazards model was performed to identify risk factors associated with possible severe bacterial infection.FindingsA total of 53 possible severe bacterial infection and 6 confirmed severe bacterial infection episodes were identified among the 511 neonates followed-up, with more than half occurring in the first 3 days. For the first month period, the incidence of confirmed severe bacterial infection was 11.7 per 1,000 live births indicating a 1.3 -fold decrease compared to BIRDY 1 in Madagascar (p = 0.50) and the incidence of possible severe bacterial infection was 76.3, indicating a 2.6-fold decrease compared to BIRDY 1 in Madagascar (p < 0.001). The 6 severe bacterial infection confirmed by blood culture included 5 Enterobacterales and one Enterococcus faecium. The 5 Enterobacterales were extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producers and were resistant to quinolones and gentamicin. Enterococcus faecium was sensitive to vancomycin but resistant to amoxicillin and to gentamicin. These pathogns were classified as multidrug-resistant bacteria and were resistant to antibiotics recommended in WHO guidelines for neonatal sepsis. However, they remained susceptible to carbapenem. Fetid amniotic fluid, need for resuscitation at birth and low birth weight were associated with early onset possible severe bacterial infection.ConclusionOur results suggest that the incidence of severe bacterial infection is still high in the community of Madagascar, even if it seems lower when compared to BIRDY 1 estimates, and that existing neonatal sepsis treatment guidelines may no longer be appropriate in Madagascar. These results motivate to further strengthen actions for the prevention, early diagnosis and case management during the first 3 days of life.

Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from livestock feces

Determination of antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from livestock feces

Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from spent engine oil contaminated soil

Spent engine oil contaminated soil not only harbors bacteria resistant to heavy metals but also to antibiotics. This study investigated the antibiotic resistant profile of bacterial isolates from spent engine oil contaminated soil. Two soil samples one each was collected from 10 years old mechanic workshop and pristine environment. Bacteria were isolated using pour plate method. The isolates were identified based on their physiological and morphological characteristics using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiogram studies were carried out by disc diffusion method and results interpreted based on the CLSI guidelines. The isolates were identified as members of eleven genera (Bacillus, Clostridium, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Providencia, Arthrobacter, Corynebacterium, Serretia and Proteus). Results obtained revealed that all the bacterial isolates obtained from the contaminated soil exhibited antibiotics resistance, these bacterial isolates were highly resistant to cefoxatime (82.4 %) and ceftriaxone (82.4 %). Furthermore, the pristine soil isolates were highly resistant to cefoxatime (88.9 %) and ceftriaxone (88.9 %) and ceftazidime (88.9 %) these are all members of the beta-lactam class cephalosporins. The presence of antibiotics resistant bacteria in spent engine oil contaminated soil as seen in this study shows that it can be a medium of antibiotics resistance spread. Thus, stringent measures on the disposal of spent engine oil should be enforced.

Antibiotic resistance pattern in the bacterial strains of urinary tract infection in Tangail city, Bangladesh

Background: Antimicrobial resistance has become an alarming issue all over the world. Moreover, in the developing countries as well as in Bangladesh facing this badly due to lack of study. Antibiotic resistance is prevalent among the bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract infections. Urinary tract infections affect &gt;30% of people around the world. Worldwide, about 150 million people experience urinary tract infections each year. Antimicrobial treatment is often prescribed ‘empirically’ without antibiotic susceptibility testing to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs). Aims: The prevalence of antibiotic resistance is worsening, probably because of the increasing number of multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and the indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics and empirical treatment. This study aims to determine the frequency and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria from suspected UTIs in Bangladeshi patients. Methods: In our study, about 200 samples of positive UTIs patients were analyzed with several parameters to see the antibiotic resistance rate. Result: After examining the patient’s sample of UTIs antibiotic resistance rate is alarming and the most causative bacteria is Escherichia coli which is about 61.8%. Among the 200 urine sample suspected UTI patients 66% and 30% are female and male, respectively. Conclusions: Empirical therapy should be guided to control the antibiotic resistance. Especially, developing country should accept the challenge with proper infrastructure to get the surveillance of resistance, as resistance varies from region to region. Appropriate antibiotics should be focused for the rational use of antibiotics to prevent antibiotics resistance through common infections.

Incidence of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria in Poultry and Livestock in Dhaka City

Antimicrobial resistance is a concern for humans and animals all over the world. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in livestock and poultry has become one of the major causes of antimicrobial resistance development in microorganisms. The aim of the study was to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria isolated from raw meat, intestine, feces and feed of farm chicken, cow and local chicken. Samples were collected from different retail shops at Malibagh area in Dhaka City, Bangladesh. Bacterial load was enumerated, potentially pathogenic bacteria were identified and antibiogram was determined following standard methods. A total of 43 bacterial isolates were identified from different samples which were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Providencia and Acinetobacter spp. Eight types of antibiotics such as, Ampicillin-10μg, Gentamicin-10μg, Amikacin-10μg, Amoxicillin-10μg, Ceftriaxone-30μg, Imipenem-10μg, Chloramphenicol-30μg and Tetracycline-30μg were used to determine the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated bacteria. The antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from feed and feces samples of cow and chicken were found to be similar. Isolated bacteria from chicken meats showed higher antimicrobial resistance (80-100%) against Ampicillin-10μg, Imipenem-10μg and Amoxicillin-10μg compared to cow meat isolates. The incidence of antibiotic resistant bacteria is a threat to animals, food handlers and consumers if they are being infected by these antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacteria. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.12 (1) 2022: 37-42

Multidrug Resistance Tracing by Plasmid Profile Analysis and the Curing of Bacteria from Different Clinical Specimens

Human-pathogenic bacteria resistant to one or multiple antibiotics have dramatically increased worldwide in the past decades. These bacteria possess great danger, have become a global issue, and it is now impossible to avoid developing strategies for the restoration of treatment options against infections caused by them. This research aims at profiling plasmids of multidrug-resistant bacteria from various clinical specimens such as ear exudate, sputum, urethral swab, wound swab, urine from the catheter, urine, nasal swab, high vaginal swab, stool, eye swab, and blood at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Teaching Hospital, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. Our investigation used the agar diffusion method for susceptibility tests and identification of multidrug-resistant bacteria before plasmid extraction and gel electrophoresis. A plasmid curing test was performed with 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate. Of the 860 bacteria whose resistance profile was determined, only 42 were multidrug-resistant. These bacteria include Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 (38.10%), Staphylococcus aureus 12 (28.57%), Escherichia coli 9 (21.43%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae 5(11.90%). The molecular weight of their plasmids ranges between 20.884 kbp and 187.50 kbp. As indicated by the plasmid bands, some bacteria had similar molecular weight while others had no plasmid. The bacterial pattern of the postcuring sensitivity test showed that the bacteria with plasmid bands were cured as they became susceptible to the drugs they were previously resistant to, while the bacteria without plasmid bands remained resistant to the antibiotics. This implies that the latter’s multidrug resistance is nonplasmid mediated. Our analyses highlight the relationship between plasmids and multidrug resistance as well as the role of plasmids in the transmission of drug resistance across bacteria. Thus, in order to lessen the burden that multidrug-resistant bacteria cause and to improve bacterial infections treatments, there should be continued surveillance and periodic research on antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria from various clinical settings.

Clinico-bacteriological profile and antibiotic resistance pattern in patients with acute exacerbation of COPD

BackgroundRepeated attacks of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) have been attributed to bacterial infections. However, sputum microbiology for identifying the bacteriological profile is not performed usually and remains controversial. Thus, we performed a prospective, cross-sectional study to assess the clinico-bacteriological profile of the patients with AECOPD and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from sputum samples. The study involved 104 consecutive hospitalized patients, of either gender, aged 40–90 years, and diagnosed with AECOPD. Before initiating an empirical antibiotic therapy, the sputum samples of all the patients were collected and subjected to Gram staining, bacterial culture, and antibiotic sensitivity.ResultsThe most common bacterial isolates were P. aeruginosa (30.7%) followed by K. pneumoniae (20.3%) and S. pneumoniae (8.6%). Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were most sensitive to Meropenem (91%) followed by Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (83%). However, these bacteria were most resistant to Cefoperazone-sulbactam (43%) followed by Levofloxacin (41%). P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae were most resistant to Cefoperazone-sulbactam (23%) followed by Fluoroquinolones (23–35%), while S. pneumoniae was most resistant to Ciprofloxacin (44%) followed by Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (33%).ConclusionsIsolation of P. aeruginosa, as the most common agent, further confirms its roles in severe attacks of AECOPD. The regularly used antibiotics were found to be resistant to most isolates, thereby suggesting that severity of AECOPD may be attributed to the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant strains.

Anti-Plasmid Activity of Chlorpromazine in Types of Antibiotics Resistant Pathogenic Bacteria

This study was performed to evaluate the ability of chlorpromazine compound to cure the plasmids and remove the antibiotic resistance character of multidrug resistance Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.&#x0D; The curing experiment was done by incubating bacterial strains in nutrient broth with sub MIC concentration of chlorpromazine, and the disc diffusion method was used before and after curing to evaluate antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria. Synergetic test of chlorpromazine with antibiotics that the studied bacteria showed resistance toward also done.&#x0D; The results showed the ability of chlorpromazine to remove the plasmids from four bacterial genera out of five genera, where the most plasmid removal cases was with E.cloacae, P.aeruginosa, and P.merabilis, and the loss of antibiotics resistance was observed in the same bacterial genera, but P.merabilis showed the most antibiotics resistance losing by three antibiotics out of nine antibiotics that the bacteria were resistant to them before curing. As for the synergistic effect, the compound showed a synergism with only two antibiotic and with the three aforementioned bacterial genera.&#x0D; From results of this study we concluded the possibility of removing bacteria resistance to antibiotics by eliminating plasmids through using chlorpromazine, and the possibility of using this compound in synergism with antibiotics, this will open the way to find new strategies to treat many diseases caused by resistant bacteria.

Assessment of Gut Bacteria Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern Among Psychotropic Drug Users: Comparative Cross-Sectional Study.

IntroductionIn the twenty-first century, antibiotic resistance is becoming one of the major global public health threats. Several complex factors are associated with the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. Emerging evidences are indicating that drugs used for chronic illness conditions might have a contribution for antibiotic resistance either through drug–drug interactions or metabolism of the drugs by gut microbiota.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the bacteria profile and resistance patterns of gut bacteria isolated from participants using psychotropic drugs and apparently healthy controls.MethodsSocio-demographic data were collected from patients using psychotropic medications and apparently healthy persons. Clinical data were collected from patient records. Stool samples were collected from 107 patients using psychotropic medications and 107 apparently healthy controls. Gut bacterial flora were isolated and identified using oxidase, indole, and BD BBL crystal Enteric/Non-fermenter identification system. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done using the disk diffusion method, and Mast disks were used to identify extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) and/or AmpC-producing isolates.ResultsA total of 245 bacterial isolates were isolated and identified. From these, 124 (50.6%) bacteria were isolated from patients using Psychotropic medications. There was no bacteria profile difference between the two groups. Escherichia coli was the prevalent [100 (80.6%) and 102 (84.3%)] bacteria isolated from patients using psychotropic medications and apparently healthy controls, respectively. Escherichia coli isolated from patients using psychotropic medications showed significantly higher resistance against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, cephalosporin (2nd, 3rd, 4th generations), meropenem, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The odds of isolating ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae [(OR=2.3, 95% C.I: (1.4–4.0)] and MDR [OR=5.4, 95% C.I: (1.5–29.8)] were higher on patients using psychotropic medications.ConclusionThe observed antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from guts of patients using psychotropic medications was very high. The magnitude of antibiotic resistance is more pronounced among E. coli isolates.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Commercial Poultry Farms in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered.<i> E. coli</i> had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by <i>Bacillus </i>sp.<i> </i>with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was <i>Citrobacter </i>sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, and<i> Pseudomonas</i>. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.

Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria Obtained from Surfaces of Automated Teller Machines in Calabar South, Cross River State, Nigeria

Money is an essential commodity in the life of humans and it is required to meet daily needs; as such, there is always a consistent usage of automated teller machines (ATM) to withdraw money to meet these needs. In this process, however, there is exchange of pathogenic and non-pathogenic microbes resulting from direct contact from the numerous users of these piece of equipment, especially with hands which are even known to be a ‘house’ of microorganisms. The study was carried out to evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of bacteria present on Automated Teller Machines (ATM) in Calabar Communities in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. One hundred and fifty (150) samples were collected and analysed using standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified by microscopic, biochemical and carbohydrate fermentation characterizations. The susceptibility of the isolates to antibiotics was determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results revealed that all ATMs harbored seven different species of bacteria namely <i>Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella</i> spp., and <i>Shigella</i> spp. However, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate (28.3%) followed by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (18.6%), <i>Bacillus</i> spp. (17.7%), <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (14.2%), <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. (9.7%), <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (6.2%) and <i>Shigella</i> spp. (5.2%) respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility results showed a zone of inhibition ranging from 8mm to 45mm. The widest zone of inhibition (45mm) was recorded with Augmentin for <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> while the least zone of inhibition (8mm) was recorded in Ampicillin for <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. All bacterial isolates showed a high level of resistance (6mm) to Nalidixic acid except <i>Klebsiella</i> spp. (10mm) and <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i>. Overall, Ceproflox and Quinolone showed the highest efficacy against the bacteria isolates followed by Augmentin and Tarivid. Heavy bacterial presence on ATM surfaces is evident from this study. Frequent disinfection of ATMs surfaces and their accessories along with periodic microbiological surveillance is thereby recommended.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Resistance of Uropathogenes Involved in Urinary Tract Infections in ICU Patients

The aim of the retrospective study was the analysis of antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria involved in urinary tract infections in patients hospitalized during 2019 in the Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical County Emergency Hospital Brasov. The main bacteria involved were Escherichia coli (38,68%), Klebsiella species (23,69%) and Enterococcus species (15,68%). Various degrees of resistance to the tested antibiotics were observed. ESBL strains were detected at Escherichia coli (20,72.%) and Klebsiella species (10,29%). Carbapenem resistant strains were detected at Klebsiella spp. (48,48%), P. aeruginosa (56,25%) and Acinetobacter spp. (85,71%). MRSA, VRE and HLAR strains were also detected in the studied group.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Uropathogens Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok Province, Iraq

Background: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. The study of bacterial uropathogens in a local area and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is required to determine empirical therapy. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the profile and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria, causing urinary infections isolated from female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. Methods: A total of 530 urine samples were collected from females clinically suspected of UTIs over three years between January 2017 and February 2020. The samples were inoculated directly on MacConkey and Blood agar media and then incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37°C. Samples that gave up colony counts of ≥ 105 CFU/mL were considered as positive growth. Purified colonies were identified through standard bacteriological tests, and their susceptibility to different antibiotics was determined using the Vitek-2 system. Results: Out of 530 urine samples, 450 (84.9%) contained Gram-negative bacteria, while the other 80 (15.1%) harbored Gram-positive bacteria. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogenic isolate (58.5%), followed by K. pneumoniae (14.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (8.9%), P. mirabilis (6.6%), E. faecalis (3.2%), and S. agalactiae (3.02%). The majority of Gram-negative uropathogens were resistant to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime and around 95% were sensitive to ertapenem and imipenem. Most Gram-positive isolates showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and erythromycin, and high susceptibility to linezolid, tigecycline, and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: It was concluded from this study that E. coli is the predominant pathogen causing UTIs in female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. There were increasing antibiotic resistance rates, particularly to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, benzylpenicillin, and erythromycin. Therefore, empirical antibiotic therapy should be based on local sensitivity patterns rather than international guidelines.

An Investigation of Antibacterial Resistance Patterns in Isolated Bacteria from Contaminated Water Samples in Poultry Slaughterhouses

Nowadays, in the poultry industry, antibiotics are used to treat, prevent, and enhance poultry growth and production efficiency. Their irregular consumption has resulted in the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in this industry. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in contaminated waters can be transmitted into soil. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from the water of chicken slaughterhouses around Hamadan (Iran) province. In this study, 20 water samples were collected from four slaughterhouses in Hamadan province (during spring and summer 2019). Initial isolation and identification of the bacteria were performed by pour plate culture and biochemical tests. The disc diffusion method was applied to investigate the resistance pattern. This study presents 109 screened isolates. Of these, 57.8% E.coli, 35.7% Salmonella spp., and 6.42% Klebsiella spp. were detected. Antibiograms of isolates showed that in E.coli, 23.09% were resistant to four types of the antibiotic tetracycline, amoxicillin, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, 76.19% had only one type of antibiotic. Antibiotics for Salmonella spp. showed that 35.9% were resistant to tetracycline, gentamicin, and chloramphenicol, 64.10% to only one type of antibiotic. Also, in Klebsiella spp., 85.71% were sensitive to antibiotics, and only 14.28% were resistant to tetracycline. Conclusion: The results showed that the rate of multiple antibiotic resistance is relatively high, and contaminated water has a high potential for soil contamination. Therefore, resistant bacteria become more stable in the environment, and the health of the environment will be endangered. Therefore, it is necessary to study the antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria to study and maintain the health of the environment.

Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from outdoor patients in Dhaka city: a single center study

Bacterial infections are often found to cause morbidity and mortality around the globe. Indiscriminate use of antibiotic for treatment of such infections is reported to cause selective pressure and increase in drug resistance. Emergence of antibiotic resistance is a growing concern for people of all age having bacterial infections. It is important to determine the trend of antibiotic resistance patterns of pathogenic bacteria isolated from clinical samples for appropriate treatment of patients. A retrospective study was conducted on patient samples collected from 1 July 2018 to 15 March 2019. A total of 500 urine, 136 blood, 120 stool, 172 swab, 90 Sputum and 60 pus samples were randomly collected from both male and female patients of different age groups who reported to a diagnostic centre in Dhaka city. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified from the collected samples following standard methods. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated bacteria were also determined by disc diffusion test. Proportion of UTI in female patients (71.67%) was found to be higher than the male (28.33%) patients and mostly caused by Escherichia coli (73.33%). Among Gram negative bacteria, E. coli (51%) was found to be predominant followed by Pseudomonas spp. (11.47%), Klebsiella (9.84%) and Salmonella Typhi (9.84%). Among Gram positive organism Staphylococcus aureus (9.0%), beta haemolytic streptococci (5.74%) and enterococci (3.28%) were found to be present. Among the tested antibiotics imipenem was found to be the most effective (93.02%) followed by gentamycin (76.03%) against all isolated bacteria. Amoxycillin was found to be least effective (21.29%) against all isolated bacteria. Increase in antibiotic resistance was possibly due to indiscriminate use of antibiotic for treatment of various infections. Prudent use of antimicrobial drugs will help reduce spread of resistant bacteria and complication of treatment of infected patients.&#x0D; Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.9(1) 2019: 1-4

Antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from various clinical specimens in a tertiary care hospital

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a common phenomenon in bacteria, and it is a significant threat all over the world. With this a study was conducted to find the antibiotic resistance pattern of various bacterial isolates. Methods: This is a hospital-based study involving both in and outpatients. Patients with various infections were included, clinical specimen were collected accordingly. The pathogenic bacteria were isolated and identified. Antibiotic sensitivity testing was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The male female ratio was 1.23; 30% isolates were gram positive cocci and 70% were gram negative bacilli; Klebsiella spp (30.5%) was the predominant isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (25%); statistically the difference was not significant. Samples wise, predominant isolates were from urine followed by respiratory samples and skin samples; significant drug resistance was detected. Conclusion: A Significant rise of antibiotic resistance to various antibiotics in different classes of bacteria has been observed. Always there should be proper communication between the clinician and microbiologists is essential to get the best result while treating patient.

Antibiotic resistance patterns of urinary tract infections in the West of Iran

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is one of the most common infections. About 10% of people experience it in their lifetime. Due to the significant increase in antibiotic resistance and the unpredictability of antibiotic susceptibility of pathogens, the availability of antibiotic susceptibility testing results can be useful in the selection of the antibiotics based on the type and pattern of antibiotic resistance of the pathogen. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria producing urinary tract infection in Sanandaj, Iran. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 3126 urinary samples from Tohid hospital in Sanandaj University of medical sciences in 2017. The urine specimens were cultured on EBM (Eosin Methylene Blue) and blood agar media. Kirby-Bauer’s standard disk diffusion method was applied to test the susceptibility of the drug for Mueller-Hinton culture agar plates. The results were extracted based on the criteria of CLSL (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute). Results: In the study of the samples, the results of 708 cultures (22.64%) were positive. Among the urinary pathogens, Escherichia coli with 291 cases (41/10%) was the most common isolated bacteria. According to the results of antibiogram, the highest antibiotic resistance was observed for cefixime (92.51%), ceftriaxone (52.54%) and cotrimoxazole (45.48%). The highest antibiotic sensitivity was observed for imipenem (96.11%), nitrofurantoin (91.67%) and ceftazidime (88.28%). Conclusion: According to this study, the highest antibiotic resistance was observed with cefixime, ceftriaxone and cotrimoxazole that these drugs are not recommended as the first line of antibiotic therapy. On the other hand, the highest antibiotic susceptibility was observed with Imipenem, nitrofurantoin and ceftazidime, which should be considered in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Plasmid Profile and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Bacteria from Abattoirs in Port Harcourt City, Nigeria

Several activities occur in abattoirs including receiving, slaughtering and sale of cattle for meat protein. In rearing of these animals, antibiotics and vaccines are incorporated as part of their meals as well as in the treatment of their infections. The regular use of antibiotics leading to the increased occurrence of antibiotic resistant organisms worldwide and also from abattoir samples, has prompted the determination of plasmid profile in these microorganisms as the plasmids act as a faster means of transmission of resistance genes. This study was thus aimed at determining the plasmid profile of multi-resistant microorganisms isolated from abattoirs. Several samples including swabs from the tables, cow blood, faecal matter and service water were collected from the Iwofe, Rumuodumaya and Trans-Amadi abattoirs located within Port Harcourt City. Antibiotics including Gentamicin (10 µg), Ofloxacin (5 µg), Augmentin (30 µg), Ceftazidime (30 µg), Cefuroxime (30 µg), Nitrofurantoin (300 µg), Cefixime (5 µg) and Ciprofloxacin (5 µg) were used to determine the sensitivity pattern of the isolated microorganims.The plasmid profile of the multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms was determined using standard microbiological procedures. From the results, gram-positive isolates of the genera Bacillus and Staphylococcus exhibited 100% resistance to Cefuroxime, Ceftazidime and Augmentin while they exhibited 100% susceptibility to Ofloxacin. The gram negative isolates including those of the genus Escherichia, Pseudomonas and Proteus exhibited 100% resistance to Cefuroxime as well as 100% susceptibility to Ofloxacin. Strains of Escherichia coli, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus flexus and Klebsiella pneumoniae lacked plasmids while strains of Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis had at least one plasmid each. The absence of plasmids in some of these isolates, indicate that their resistance may be chromosome-mediated and not plasmid-mediated. The occurrence of plasmids in multi-resistant microorganisms, poses a serious public health threat as other susceptible organisms may become resistant to the regularly used antibiotics over time.