Abstract
Nontherapeutic antimicrobial usage in animal farms has been associated with the development and spread of resistant bacteria. The emergence of serious life-threatening infections from veterinary and environmental sources and treatment failures occurring with the available antibiotics warrants investigation into resistance of antimicrobial agents in poultry farms. This study therefore provides information on antibiotic resistance pattern of bacteria isolated from five commercial poultry farms in Ile Ife, a peri-urban settlement in Nigeria. Isolation of bacteria from droppings, feed and water samples, was performed by spread plate method using all purpose and selective media. Morphological and biochemical characterization of isolates was done. The antibiotics sensitivity of the recovered isolates was determined by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. A total 151 bacterial isolates, comprising 11 genera of 8 Gram negative and 3 Gram positive bacteria were recovered.<i> E. coli</i> had highest incidence rate of 21.19%, followed by <i>Bacillus </i>sp.<i> </i>with 15.23%; while the least recorded incidence of 1.32% was <i>Citrobacter </i>sp. All five farms recorded a 100% resistance to at least two (2) classes of antibiotics. A 100% resistance was recorded for augmentin in all five (5) farms, while 100% resistance in four (4) farms was recorded for cloxacilin. Furthermore a 100% resistance against erythromycin and cefixime respectively was documented in three farms. The least percentage resistance of 30% was against ciprofloxacin in only one farm, while the overall highest susceptibility of 39% was to ofloxacin. The multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) of isolates from all farms ranged from 0.3 to 1. Up to 9 bacterial genera had MARI 1, including <i>E. coli</i>, <i>Salmonella</i>, <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Klebsiella</i>, and<i> Pseudomonas</i>. This study is a further indication that poultry farms represents an important reservoir of antibiotic resistance bacteria. It also serves as a pointer to the need for enforcement of regulatory antibiotics use in poultry farming by the government, and controlled usage by all stakeholders.
Highlights
There is an increasing demand for poultry meat mainly due to its acceptance by most societies and its relatively low cholesterol content and egg products [1]
The bacterial load of the samples showed that the highest heterotrophic bacterial count of feed samples was from Farm A with 2.01x107 cfu/g, feed sample from Farm E came with 1.56x107 cfu/g counts while the least count was recorded in Farm D with 1.46x107 cfu/g
The total heterotrophic bacterial (THB) count for water sample was highest in Farm D with 2.05x107 cfu/ml, followed by Farm A with 1.92x107 cfu/ml, the least recorded was in Farm C with a count of 1.4x107 cfu/ml
Summary
There is an increasing demand for poultry meat mainly due to its acceptance by most societies and its relatively low cholesterol content and egg products [1]. The poultry sub-sector is the most commercialized of all of Nigeria’s agricultural sub-sectors; poultry meat and eggs being among the main source of protein in many households [3]. Domestic chickens are the most important poultry species in the world; contributing 89% of world poultry meat production [2]. Increasing world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities [4]. There are basically three types of chicken They are: 1) Layers: these are reared for egg production. They are: 1) Layers: these are reared for egg production. 2) Broilers: are reared for meat production and are ready for Fatokun Evelyn Nwadinkpa et al.: Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacterial Isolates from Commercial
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