Antibacterial Characteristics Research Articles

SLN and chitosan nano-delivery systems for antibacterial effect of black seed (Nigella sativa) oil against S. aureus

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus with current universal importance represents a main carrier of emerging antimicrobial resistance determinatives of global health concerns that have developed drug resistance mechanisms to the various available antibiotics. On the other hand, due to the antimicrobial potential of Nigella Sativa oil (NSO), it was hypothesized that incorporation of nano-carriers (NS-SLN and NS-chitosan (CH) nanoparticles) can enhance its antibacterial effects. This study evaluated the physico-chemical and antibacterial characteristics of NS-SLN and NS-CH. TEM images revealed a round shape with clear edges for both nanoparticles, and the average sizes were reported to be 196.4 and 446.6 nm for NS-SLN and NS-CH, respectively. The zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were −28.9 and 59.4 mV and 73.22% and 88% for NS-SLN and NS-CH, respectively. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations for NSO, NS-SLN, and NS-CH against S. aureus were 480, 200, and 80 µg/mL, respectively. The results confirm significantly stronger antibacterial influences of NSO when loaded into chitosan nanoparticles as a potential candidate for nano-delivery of antimicrobial agents.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF THE LEAVES OF ACALYPHA WILKESIANA MUELL. ARG. (EUPHORBIACEAE) FORMULATED AS HERBAL CREAM

The use of some traditional creams in Nigeria is associated with negative outcomes. In order to tackle this problem, we conducted a study on the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics of Acalypha wilkesiana leaves, which were utilized in the creation of a herbal cream. Standard methods were employed to conduct analytical procedures for the analysis of the phytochemical and chromatographic content of A. wilkesiana leaves. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the unrefined ethanol extract was assessed using the egg albumin technique, throughout a dosage range of 15.6 to 500 mg/ml. The effectiveness of the herbal cream and the raw ethanol extract of A. wilkesiana in killing specific bacteria were evaluated. A comprehensive evaluation was carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics of the herbal cream formulation using appropriate methodologies. The phytochemical examination of A. wilkesiana which gave a yield of 12.6 % indicated the existence of alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. The anti-inflammatory properties of the crude extract derived from A. wilkesiana had a comparable effect to that of aspirin, a commonly prescribed medicine at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg. The herbal cream (25.5 ± 0.22) and crude extract (19.5 ± 0.01) had the greatest antibacterial effectiveness against Candida albicans at 200 mg/ml. The physicochemical examination of the cream that was created: pH (5.6 ± 0.64); consistency (5 mm); viscosity (22 x 106 cps); spreadability (36 g.cm/sec); Extrudability (510 gm) showed similarities to the commercially available Gentamycin cream. The herbal cream containing A. wilkesiana has demonstrated substantial promise and could function as a practical alternative to traditional creams for treating skin infections.

Influence of yttrium doping on the photocatalytic behaviour of lanthanum titanate: a material for water treatment

Abstract Remediating water contamination greatly benefits from the removal of chemical as well as microbiological contaminants using the same substance. Yttrium-doped Lanthanum Titanate (LaY x Ti1−x O3, where x = 0 (LTO) and 0.05 (LYTO)) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized by the auto-combustion method were already proven to have better antibacterial activities. The current study aims to investigate the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the same sample for the organic pollutant Methylene Blue (MB) dye. Here, two vital and decisive characterization methods were employed: Raman spectroscopy for chemical and morphological features and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) for surface phase identification. The oxidation states of La3+ and Ti3+ ions have been deduced using XPS. The HRTEM reveals the nano-structure with SAED pattern is supporting with XRD data. LaTiO3 (LTO) and LaY0.05Ti0.95O3 (LYTO) nanoparticles showed degradation efficiencies of 40.26 % and 86.24 %, respectively, at degrading methylene blue (MB) dye after a reaction time of 90 min. The degradation efficiency of LTO increased to 87.19 % after a reaction time of 150 min. The introduction of yttrium doping into lithium titanate demonstrates promise as a material for mitigating water treatment, as it augments the material’s antibacterial and photocatalytic characteristics.

Antibacterial Food Packaging Containing Stably Dispersed Cu Nanoparticles Synthesized by Novel Physical Vapor Deposition Process

Polymeric materials were modified by nanoparticles on powder (NPP) facility in which metal nanoparticles (Cu, Cu/Zn alloy etc.) are formed on the surface of rotating carrier powder by using physical vapor deposition process untile the metal content reached 0.3wt.%. The polymer material with metal nanoparticles deposited on their surface through the NPP process was then added to the raw polymer material at a ratio of 1 to 9. The mixture of modified polymer powder and raw polymer powder were then processd into a film by conventional processes such as hot melting, extrusion, T-die, and antibacterial characteristics of the film were investigated. We ultimately manufactured antibacterial food package using the film and conducted preservation test for two weeks at room temperature. Since food package containing 0.03wt.% Cu nanoparticles showed over 99.9% bacteria reduction rate, it slowed down the progress of deterioration significantly compared to conventional packages. For safety evaluation, the amount of copper released out was analyzed and a cytotoxicity test was also conducted.

Progresses and Developments in Chitosan-based Materials and its Derivatives for Biomedical and Biosensing Applications

Abstract: This extensive review highlights the different techniques used to extract chitosan, its antibacterial characteristics, and its wide range of applications across various industries. Thanks to its exceptional solubility and notable chemical and biological properties, it has been used in several applications. It is biodegradable, and biocompatible, and has numerous reactive amino side groups that enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Several academic publications have extensively covered many characteristics of chitosan and its applications in different industries, such as medicine. Chitosan can impart different functions in multiple fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. Chitosan has various applications across various industries. Due to its exceptional solubility and significant chemical and biological properties, it has been utilized in numerous applications. Chitosan is biodegradable and biocompatible, and its multiple reactive amino side groups enable chemical modification and the development of various practical derivatives. Chitosan can provide different functions in numerous fields, such as antibacterial, antiviral, and other biological features. This review primarily focuses on chitosan's sources and extraction methods, providing an up-to-date overview of its properties. Additionally, the review highlights the diverse applications of chitosan, whether in its original state or modified and incorporated into nanocomposites, in various fields, making it a highly versatile and commonly used material in the biomedical industry.

Design, manufacturing and functionality testing of a green electrospun nanocomposite membrane for mechanical and antibacterial characteristics

Graphene oxide (GO) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) integrated nanocomposite fibrous membrane of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was designed and synthesized following a solution-specific electrospinning method. GO was investigated for its potential for mechanical and antibacterial properties’ enhancement in the TPU-focused membrane design and development. Concurrently, CNC was integrated with the combination to investigate its hydrophilicity effect in the three-constituent membrane. The membranes were deposited with average fiber diameters ranging from 142.50nm to 164.60nm. Testing and characterization of the membranes were found to indicate the following: 1) neither the presence of GO nor CNC nor combination of CNC and GO significantly affected the tensile properties; 2) dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that GO and CNC were able to increase the glass transition temperature of the TPU with the strongest response resulting from the use of both nanomaterials; 3) water contact angle measurements following a Sessile drop methodology indicated that the presence of GO had little effect on the initial contact angle, CNC showed a slightly more hydrophobic initial behaviour, and CNC with GO displayed a more hydrophilic initial behaviour; 4) antibacterial testing showed that neither presence of GO nor CNC improved the antibacterial behavior of the TPU membranes.

Exploring Preliminary Biocompatibility Testing in Coating Development

Material testing, particularly in biological applications, can be an extensive endeavor leading to a significant investment of resources. This article details a simple material and coating testing assay series that provides insights into leaching, antibacterial, antifouling, and foul-release characteristics. The results of these methods can guide future research, applications, and development efforts by providing data from which to make informed decisions. A material or coating can be quickly assessed in industrial and academic settings with minimal resources by employing a set of benign, single-species direct-contact toxicity assays and simple spectroscopic and microscopic analysis methods. Herein, we demonstrate how this series of biological assays may be utilized and the potential interpretations of the results by using two-hybrid organo-silicon-based coatings.

Influence of phosphomolybdate modified with quaternary ammonium salts on enhancing the flame retardancy and antibacterial characteristics of epoxy resin/aluminum diethylphosphinate composites

In this work, we synthesized a series of compounds, denoted as xCTAB@AMP, by incorporating varying different molar fractions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) into ammonium phosphomolybdate (AMP). The effects of CTAB modification on the surface characteristics, morphology and hygroscopicity of AMP were studied. Moreover, we explored the combined flame-retardant impact between xCTAB@AMP and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) when incorporated into epoxy resin (EP), as well as the resulting composite's mechanical properties, thermal stability and antibacterial properties. The EP composite containing 50 molar percent CTAB-modified AMP (EP/50CTAB@AMP/ADP) demonstrated remarkable flame retardancy, achieving a UL-94 V-0 rating and increasing limiting oxygen index (LOI) to 30.0%. This formulation significantly lowered the peak heat release rate (PHRR) to 452 kW/m2, a 65% reduction to that of EP, and the total heat release (THR) to 68 MJ/m2, a 24% decrease to that of EP. Additionally, compared to EP, the peak smoke production rate (PSPR) of this composite was decreased by 30% (0.28 m2/s), the total smoke production (TSP) was reduced by 25% (30.2 m2), and peak carbon monoxide release rate (PCOP) was diminished by 34% (0.038 g/s). The combination of 50CTAB@AMP and ADP in the EP matrix exhibited an exceptional synergistic flame-retardant effect. Concurrently, the CTAB modification bolstered the interfacial interactions between AMP and the EP matrix, which enhanced the mechanical properties of EP/AMP/ADP composites. As a result, the tensile strength and elongation at break of the EP/50CTAB@AMP/ADP composite increased by 13% and 15%, respectively, compared to the EP/AMP/ADP. Moreover, the 50CTAB@AMP maintained its inherent antibacterial activity, which endowed the EP/50CTAB@AMP/ADP composite with a potent inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, a common pathogenic bacterium.

“Deciphering the Potential Therapeutic Effects of Hydnocarpus wightianus Seed Extracts using in vitro and in silico approaches”

Phytocompounds possess the potential to treat a broad spectrum of disorders due to their remarkable bioactivity. Naturally occurring compound possess lower toxicity profiles, which make them attractive targets for drug development. Hydnocarpus wightianus seeds were extracted using ethanol, acetone, and hexane solvents. Evaluated for phytochemicals screening and other therapeutic characteristics such as free radicals scavenging, anti α-amylase, anti α-glucosidase, and anti-bacterial activities, ethanolic extract exhibited noteworthy antibacterial characteristics, and demonstrated considerable antioxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. Ethanolic extracts IC50 value ranges for Dpph, α-amylase and α-glucosidase was found to be 77.299±3.381μg/mL, 165.56±2.56μg/mL, and 136.58±5.82μg/mL. The ethanolic extract showed effective against Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (26 mm zone of inhibition at 100 μL concentration). Molecular docking investigations revealed the phytoconstituents inhibitory mechanisms against diabetic, free radicals, and bacterial activity. Docking score for phytocompounds against targeted protein varies from -7.2 to -5.1 kcal/mol. The bioactive compounds present in the ethanolic extract identified by Gas chromatography/Mass spectrometry analysis, followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies to further explore the phytoconstituents inhibitory mechanism of α-glucosidase, radical scavenging, and bacterial activity. Phytocompound electronic structure and possible pharmacological actions were revealed through the use of Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis. Computational and in vitro studies revealed that these identified compounds have anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, and anti-bacterial activities against antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus.

The combination of taurine and cepharanthine as a composite antibacterial agent

The indiscriminate application of diverse broad-spectrum antimicrobials has escalated nosocomial infections into a critical global public health quandary. Currently, traditional antibiotics' efficacy against these infections becomes limited, necessitating a concerted pursuit of more efficacious antimicrobial agents. It is noteworthy that taurine (tau) and cepharanthine (cep) are both biologically active compounds, with taurine constituting a vital nutrient to human health and cepharanthine exhibiting certain antibacterial attributes. However, while cepharanthine displays intrinsic antibacterial features, its monomeric utility is constrained. This study thus investigated the formulation process of merging taurine with cepharanthine, and rigorously assessed the antimicrobial potential of the taurine-cepharanthine complex (denoted as [cep][tau]). The outcomes indicated that this complex, [cep][tau], exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was on par with the efficacy of cepharanthine on its own. This observation implies that taurine did not antagonize the antibacterial potency of cepharanthine, offering novel avenues for the development of innovative pharmaceuticals targeting hospital-acquired infections.

Mentha spicata assisted Ag–CuO nanocomposite enables anti-diabetic and vitamin-C sensing activities

Diabetes mellitus (DM), a multifactorial chronic health condition, affects a sizable portion of the global population, and more people are expected to contract it in the future, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). Diabetes mellitus can be treated with conventional drugs, but most of the medications have a variety of side effects. The use of nanocomposites (NCs) to treat diabetes has been prioritized in this scenario. In this study, Ag–CuO NCs were synthesized using a green method using Mentha spicata leaf extract and their physicochemical properties were investigated with a variety of analytical techniques. According to an extensive in vivo and in vitro analysis of the biological activities of as-synthesized Ag–CuO NCs, Ag–CuO NCs possess effective antibacterial, anti-diabetic, and anti-hyperlipidemic characteristics. When Ag–CuO NCs are administered to STZ-induced animals in a concentration-based manner, the blood levels of inflammatory and liver marker enzymes are reduced and antioxidant enzyme levels are increased. Besides, Ag–CuO NCs exhibit excellent sensing activity with a limit of detection of 86 nM against Vitamin-C. This study reveals that Ag–CuO NCs derived from Mentha spicata may, therefore, prove to be a very successful anti-diabetic and biosensor candidate in the future.

Assessment of antimicrobial activity of Meliponula ferrugica in pathogenic wound samples

Background: Honey is a naturally occurring sweet material that bees make from nectar from flowers, secretions from plant parts, or excretions from plants that suck insects from plant parts. Honey’s antibacterial and antifungal qualities are widely known, and it has been used to heal burns, surgical wounds, and decubitus ulcers. Honey instantly sterilizes wounds affected by Staphylococcus aureus. The honey’s ability to fight bacteria can be ascertained by the nectar’s origin. Many antibiotic resistances among the bacteria that cause infections in humans have directly evolved as a result of the use of antibiotics in clinical practice. Methods: This study found that Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology can be used to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. According to the study’s findings, honey has a capacity to neutralise Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus that have been isolated from infected wounds. Honey’s antibacterial characteristics account for a significant portion of its antibacterial activity. Results: Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were both susceptible to the antibacterial activity of the honey sample. Pseudomonas aeruginosa exhibited lower activity compared to Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusions: The results of this investigation show that Bergey’s handbook of determinative bacteriology can be used to identify Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. According to the study’s findings, honey has the ability to neutralise Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus that have been isolated from infected wounds.

Development of Quercetin-loaded polyvinyl-alcohol/gelatin nanofibrous coating over Ti–6Al–4V bone implant with improved antibacterial and bioactive characteristics

Development of Quercetin-loaded polyvinyl-alcohol/gelatin nanofibrous coating over Ti–6Al–4V bone implant with improved antibacterial and bioactive characteristics

Chitosan extraction from Amanita phalloides: yield, crystallinity, degree of deacetylation, azo dye removal and antibacterial properties.

Chitosan, a biopolymer obtained from chitin, is known for its remarkable adsorption abilities for dyes, drugs, and fats, and its diverse array of antibacterial characteristics. This study explores the extraction and characterization of chitosan from the mycelium of Amanita phalloides. The moisture content, ash content, water binding capacity, fat binding capacity, and degree of deacetylation of the extracted chitosan were determined. The chitosan exhibited a high yield of 70%, crystallinity of 49.07%, a degree of deacetylation of 86%, and potent antimicrobial properties against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The study also examined the adsorption capabilities of chitosan to remove methylene blue (MB) dye by analysing specific factors like pH, reaction time, and MB concentration using the response surface model. The highest degree of MB dye removal was 91.6% at a pH of 6, a reaction time of around 60min and an initial dye concentration of 16ppm. This experimental design can be applied for chitosan adsorption of other organic compounds such as dyes, proteins, drugs, and fats.

Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

In this research paper, I have thoroughly described about the topic “Study on Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications.” Metal nanoparticles have emerged as promising candidates for a myriad of biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, offering a wide array of opportunities for innovation in healthcare. This abstract discusses metal nanoparticle creation, characterization, and biomedical applications. Chemical reduction, green synthesis, physical deposition, and biological methods allow fine nanoparticle size, shape, and composition control for biomedical applications. TEM, DLS, XRD, UV-Vis, FTIR, SEM, and TGA reveal metal nanoparticles' structural, chemical, and optical properties. Metal nanoparticles are used in medication delivery, imaging contrast, targeted therapy, and diagnostics. Their small size, large surface area-to-volume ratio, and tunable optical properties make them suitable for drug delivery, where they can encapsulate and release therapeutic substances at precise body regions. Metal nanoparticles also improve illness identification and monitoring in MRI, CT, and fluorescence imaging by acting as contrast agents. They provide innovative cancer and microbial infection treatments due to their photothermal and antibacterial characteristics. Metal nanoparticles also find utility in biosensing applications, facilitating the detection of biomolecules and disease biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity. Overall, the synthesis and characterization of metal nanoparticles represent a vibrant area of research with significant implications for advancing healthcare technologies, offering versatile platforms for addressing key challenges in diagnostics, therapeutics, and imaging in biomedicine.

Impact of Cu and Ce on the electrochemical, antibacterial, and wear properties of 316 L stainless steel: Insights for biomedical applications

This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the tribological, electrochemical, and antibacterial characteristics of austenitic stainless steel, type 316 L, doped with Ce and Cu. The samples were doped with varying concentrations of Ce (0.5, 1.5, and 3 wt%) and Cu (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 wt%). The initial measurements focused on determining the final density values of each sample. Subsequently, friction wear tests were conducted under both dry and wet conditions, shedding light on the wear resistance of the materials. In addition, electrochemical polarization tests were employed to assess the influence of Ce and Cu on the corrosion resistance of AISI 316 L. Furthermore, antibacterial assessments were conducted against bacterial cultures of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). The findings of this study illuminate several noteworthy outcomes. Namely, the results showed that all Ce and Cu-doped samples exhibited an increase in final density values when compared with the as-received AISI 316 L. The wear test results revealed that samples doped with 0.5 wt% Ce and 2.5 wt% Cu exhibited the highest wear resistance, in both dry and wet environments. Polarization curve analysis indicated that Ce was more effective in enhancing the corrosion resistance of AISI 316 L than Cu. Notably, Ce and Cu modifications endowed the material with antibacterial properties, effectively inhibiting bacterial growth in both S. aureus and E. coli cultures. In summary, this study demonstrates that the addition of even trace amounts of Ce and Cu to AISI 316 L leads to noticeable improvements in the material's tribological, electrochemical, and antibacterial performance, underscoring its potential for diverse biomedical applications. The enhanced mechanical strength, corrosion resistance, and antibacterial activity make the doped material promising for use in various medical devices, implants, and other biomedical applications.

Green Synthesis of AgNPs and Fe2O3NPs Using Garlic Plant and Study their Anticancer Activity against Cervical Cancer Cells

In this study, silver and iron nanoparticles were biosynthesized using the garlic plant, an economical and environmentally friendly method. A blend of chitosan (CS) and polyvinylalcohol (PVA) was prepared. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs), and the (CS/PVA) blend were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) analyses. The FE-SEM images revealed that Fe2O3NPs were cubical and hexagonal, and AgNPs were spherical aggregates. AgNPs with blend (CS/PVA) and Fe2O3NPs with blend (CS/PVA) and (Fe2O3NPs/blend (CS/PVA) /AgNPs) composite were synthesized and tested for anticancer activity against cervical cancer cells (Hela) using the MTT assay. Best kills and the highest inhibitory effect were observed in (AgNPs/blend (CS/PVA)) and (Fe2O3NPs/Blend (CS/PVA)/AgNPs) composite. These findings demonstrated the method's ability to synthesize nanocomposites with desirable physical, chemical and biological properties. Therefore, these findings demonstrate the new antibacterial and robust cytotoxicity features of the nanocomposite material, which has promising medical applications.

A review of the antimicrobial benefits of naturally extracted nanomaterials

Nanotechnology finds immense potential due to the unique characteristics of nanomaterials. Though noble metal nanoparticles, particularly gold and silver nanoparticles possess advanced properties their conventional production methods pose environmental hazards. This paper explores the eco-friendly approaches using natural sources for synthesizing gold and silver nanoparticles. Rose and pomegranate extracts were used to synthesize gold nanoparticles. Evaluation using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy confirmed the nanoparticle formation, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis recognized the presence of plant-derived compounds for stabilizing these particles. In-depth observations of their size and form were provided using electron microscopy, and these findings were aligned with the inferences made from the UV-Vis data. Silver nanoparticles were produced using Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract (OGE), exhibiting dose-dependent antimicrobial effects against bacterial strains. A comparative analysis demonstrated the distinct antibacterial characteristics of silver and gold nanoparticles against several bacterial strains. These nanoparticles demonstrated enhanced inhibitory effects when employed in combination with antibiotics, suggesting the possibility of dealing with antibiotic resistance. The study presents opportunities for producing nanomaterials with minimal impact on the environment and for addressing antibiotic resistance. Further research can enhance the process and find more useful applications as this green synthesis approach can bring about significant improvements in many areas.

Optical, thermal, mechanical, and antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate/ZnMn2O4 nanocomposites films for various optical devices and food packaging applications

This work involves preparing zinc manganite nanoparticles (ZnMn2O4 NPs) using the Sol-gel method. Polymer nanocomposites of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Sodium alginate (NaAlg)- ZnMn2O4 NPs were created using the solution casting technique. The polymer nanocomposites films were made with varying weight percentages of ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles. With the addition of nanofiller, the reduced direct and indirect energy band gap values and increased Urbach energy values were discovered in the UV–Vis data. XRD data showed a reduction in crystallinity degree with dopant. ZnMn2O4 NPs had a strong interaction with PVA/NaAlg blend, as confirmed by FTIR. The addition of ZnMn2O4 NPs led to improved thermal stability of the polymer nanocomposites films. Additionally, the nanocomposites films' mechanical characteristics were examined. The loading of ZnMn2O4 nanoparticles has been associated with an increasing trend in the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites, including its toughness, Young's modulus, Tensile strength (Ts), and elongation. The antibacterial activity of the nanocomposites against fungus and bacteria was studied. Additionally, PVA/NaAlg-ZnMn2O4 nanocomposites films had good antibacterial characteristics against environmental microorganisms such as Gram-positive (G+) S. aureus and Gram-negative(G−) E. coli bacteria as well as fungi C. albicans and A. niger. It was observed that the biodegradability of the nanocomposite films was lower compared to the pure PVA/NaAlg film. Compared to pure film, the water solubility was decreased upon the addition of ZnMn2O4 NPs. After ZnMn2O4 was added to the pure blend, the WVTR decreased. The produced polymer nanocomposites films appear to be a promising material for food packing, according to these results.

Synergistic antimicrobial action of chitosan-neem extracts nanoformulation as a promising strategy for overcoming multi-drug resistant bacteria

The objective of the present study was to analyze and identify the phytochemical components found in neem leaf extracts using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The extract samples were acquired using ethyl acetate (EA) and petroleum ether (PE) solvents. Moreover, the extracts were assessed for their antibacterial and antioxidant features. In addition, chitosan nanoparticles (Cs NPs) containing neem extracts were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antibacterial properties, explicitly targeting multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria. The neem extracts were analyzed using GC–MS, which identified components such as hydrocarbons, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, alkaloids, and glycosides. Results revealed that the PE extract showed significant antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria. In addition, the PE extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity, exceeding both the EA extract and vitamin C. In addition, both extracts exhibited notable antibiofilm activity, significantly inhibiting the production of biofilm. The Cs NPs, loaded with neem extracts, exhibited significant antibacterial action against multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms. The Cs NPs/EA materials had the greatest zone of inhibition values of 24 ± 2.95 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Similarly, the Cs NPs/PE materials exhibited a zone of inhibition measurement of 22 ± 3.14 mm against P. aeruginosa. This work highlights the various biochemical components of neem extracts, their strong abilities to combat bacteria and oxidative stress, and the possibility of Cs NPs containing neem extracts as effective treatments for antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.