Release Of Antibacterial Agents Research Articles

The promising application of pectin/ɛ-polylysine as coating material on anodized titanium surfaces for orthopedic implants: Preparation, characterization and biomedical properties

The increasing demands for implants due to aging and orthopedic necessitate advancements in coating technologies to enhance implant performance, especially when it comes to the infections and inflammation at the implantation site. The development of bioactive coatings with antibacterial properties, superior adhesion, and the controlled release of antibacterial agents is of significant importance. This study investigates the application of pectin/ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) composite coatings on anodized titanium surfaces, with the aim of improving the bioactivity, biocompatibility, and antibacterial properties of the anodized surface. The multifunctional nature of these coatings addresses critical challenges associated with successful implantatins and offers promising solutions for biomedical applications. The anodization was first carried out at 40 V, followed by the dip coating of the pectin/ɛ-PL layer. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, and laser profilometry were used to investigate the surface structure and the roughness of the applied layer. Corrosion tests, and MTT/anti-bacterial assays were utilized to investigate the electrochemical and biomedical properties of applied coating layers. Results indicated that pectin-1 % ɛ-PL exhibited excellent anti-bacterial properties, with cell viability above 50 %. Apatite crystals were also formed on coated specimens after 2-weeks of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), implying that applied coating layers are bioactive. Adhesion tests showed a remarkable improvement in mechanical properties of pectin top layer with the addition of ɛ-PL. Overall, the pectin-ɛ-PL composite coating exhibited some interesting properties, making it a promising easy-to-apply top coat on anodized surfaces in biomedical applications.

Batch preparation and characterization of zein-based beaded nanofiber membranes for active food packaging

Active packaging can efficiently enhance the shelf life of food, realizing the encapsulation and effective release of antibacterial agents and antioxidants. Zein is a natural protein derived from corn, widely used in food packaging. In this work, zein-based nanofiber membranes (NFMs) with beaded structures for food packaging were fabricated in batch using a self-made free surface electrospinning. The characteristics of NFMs were investigated in terms of their morphologies, structures and properties. The results illustrated that the antioxidant activity of NFMs was significantly improved after adding licorice extracts. Moreover, after adding the eugenol to the zein/licorice extract NFMs, zein/licorice extract/eugenol (ZLE) NFM had outstanding antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which effectively prolonged the shelf-life of the grapes when it was used to package grapes. It proved that ZLE NFM had great potential in food packaging applications.

Quinizarin-based photoactive porous polymers from emulsion templates: Monoliths versus membranes in photobactericidal applications

The increasing challenge of antimicrobial resistance and the persistent threat of infectious diseases are strong incentives for development of novel materials that effectively and sustainably combat bacterial proliferation. Macroporous materials contribute to this endeavor, but the reported antibacterial porous polymers rely on the release of antibacterial agents, which carries the risk that their efficacy will diminish over time. This work reports a facile synthesis by emulsion templating polymerization of innovative photo-bactericidal macroporous polymers functionalized by a quinizarin photosensitizer that generates antibacterial reactive oxygen species under visible light. In brief, a monomethacrylated quinizarin (QMA) derivative, known for its ability to generate bactericidal singlet oxygen upon visible light irradiation, is copolymerized with a bio-based acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) under high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) conditions, resulting in 3D-interconnected quinizarin-functionalized macroporous monoliths. The QMA-functionalized polyHIPEs are also structured into membranes by photocuring thin layers of HIPEs to increase their external surface and promote interaction with light. Photobleaching tests show the ability of these materials to generate bactericidal singlet oxygen. Antibacterial tests also demonstrate the sustained antibacterial efficacy of the QMA-based porous membranes, providing a promising avenue for the development of next-generation antibacterial materials.

Advanced antibacterial materials for the prevention of nosocomial infections

Abstract Nosocomial infections, as the most common adverse event in health care environments, have become an urgent global challenge. It is of great significance in solving nosocomial infections to improve patient survival rates and reduce the economic burden on patients. Antibacterial materials play a crucial role in the prevention and treatment of nosocomial infections. Since traditional antibacterial materials are not sufficient to satisfy the increasing clinical requirements, advanced antibacterial materials are widely developed in biomedical applications and hospital health fields, aiming at achieving more efficient, longer-lasting, and safer antimicrobial effects. This article outlines the construction strategies and mechanisms of advanced antibacterial materials, including bacterial adhesion prevention, release of antibacterial agents, contact-kill materials, and multistrategy-based sterilization. Meanwhile, the latest progress in advanced antibacterial materials in clinical departments and public environments is summarized and explored, including dressings, medical sutures, implants, bone cements, catheters, plastics products, ceramics, and fiber fabrics. Finally, the challenges and future directions for researches and translations of advanced antibacterial materials are discussed, providing comprehensive reference and guidance for the development of medical system and clinical applications.

Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablet Formulation of Azithromycin dihydrate for treatment of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

The buccal drug delivery system is a versatile delivery system which can be designed for local or systemic effect. The objective of the study was to developed patient complacent tablet which can give sustain release of antibacterial agent for relief of upper respiratory tract infection. Azithromycin dihydrate is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic widely used to prevent bacterial infections in the upper respiratory tract. The mucoadhesive buccal tablets of azithromycin dihydrate were formulated by varying concentrations of polymers (natural and synthetic), glidant and other excipients. The drug-excipient compatibility studies were carried out through DSC and FTIR studies. The selected excipients were found to be compatible. Further the dry blend of drug-excipients was evaluated for pre-compression properties. The prepared tablets were evaluated as per the general monograph for tablets of IP. The studies were also carried out to evaluate sustained release of the drug and mucoadhesivity of the tablets. A 23 level (2 level and 3 factors) factorial design was navigated to study the effect of natural, synthetic polymers and the glidant on mucoadhesive strength and percentage cumulative drug release at 8 hours. The responsive variables were analysed using ANOVA by Design-Expert version 12.0. It was concluded that these excipients significantly affected the response variables. The optimized tablet formulation was found to have an adequate mucoadhesion and a cumulative percentage release. The final product was performed for accelerated stability studies, optimized formulation was found to be stable at room temperature and accelerated temperature for three months.

Electrophoretic deposition of photothermal responsive antibacterial coatings on titanium with controlled release of silver ions

Burst release of antibacterial agents generated by the surface antibacterial modification of Ti implants frequently results in a reduction in their biocompatibility and substantial toxic side effects. In this study, core-shelled nanoparticles namely AgNR@MSN, were synthesized successfully by mesoporous silica shell in-situ encapsulated Ag nanorods, and then co-deposited with chitosan to form a AgNR@MSN-chitosan composite coating on Ti substrate by electrophoretic deposition. The developed composite coating, due to the presence of AgNR, presented excellent photothermal effect under the irradiation of an 808 nm near-infrared laser, leading to both rapid increase of local temperature and triggered release of Ag ions for bacterial-killing effect against both E. coli and S. aureus. The addition of AgNR@MSN also improved the wettability of the coating and the MSN shell with mesoporous tunnels could barrier the contact and release rate of Ag to improve the biocompatibility. The developed photothermal responsive coating could be considered as a promising platform for achieving controlled release of Ag ions with outstanding antibacterial and biocompatible properties.

A sequential sustained-release hydrogel with potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenesis-promoting properties for the treatment of periodontitis

Periodontitis is a pathological disorder characterized by inflammation and tissue destruction; it is primarily attributed to bacterial infection and immune responses. Nevertheless, existing strategies for drug delivery in periodontal treatment are insufficient to accommodate the intricate anatomical morphology of the periodontium and the complex oral environment. Furthermore, the disordered release of antibacterial agents and bone-promoting substances are not conducive to the natural healing of periodontal tissues, thus resulting in suboptimal therapeutic outcomes for periodontitis. In this study, we successfully co-loaded methylene blue (MB) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres encapsulating Sema3A into a dopamine-grafted sodium alginate hydrogel (SA-DA). Experimental evidence indicates that MB/Sema3A@SA-DA exhibits favorable injectability, adhesion, and compression resistance characteristics, thus allowing it to adapt to the intricate therapeutic conditions of the oral cavity. The prompt release of MB (within 14 h) demonstrates its high antibacterial efficacy against periodontal pathogens upon exposure to 660 nm light, thereby establishing a microenvironment conducive to osteogenesis devoid of bacterial interference. Furthermore, the protracted release of Sema3A (within 28 d) shows noteworthy osteogenic capabilities and facilitates the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 phenotype. In a rat model of periodontitis, MB/Sema3A@SA-DA can be perfectly applied in situ to local periodontal lesions, and the sequential release of MB and Sema3A effectively achieved antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and osteogenic effects. This therapeutic system avoids the abuse of antibiotics, surgical trauma, and repetitive administration. Hence, MB/Sema3A@SA-DA emerges as a safe, effective, minimally invasive, comfortable, and cost-effective treatment strategy with considerable potential for clinical implementation in periodontitis management.

Development of novel EGCG/Fe loaded sodium alginate-based packaging films with antibacterial and slow-release properties

Antibacterial food packaging with slow and sustained release of antibacterial agents exerts a crucial role in ensuring food quality and safety. Herein, metal-phenolic networks based on epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and iron (Fe), as well as thyme essential oil nano-emulsion (TEON) were successfully incorporated into sodium alginate (SA) matrix to prepare SA-based films through solution casting method. The effects of EGCG/Fe and different concentrations of TEON on the morphology, structure, physical properties, and functional characteristics of SA-based films were systematically analyzed. Results showed that the addition of EGCG/Fe and TEON significantly enhanced the mechanical intensity, flexibility, thermal stability, UV shielding, water vapor barrier performance, and oxygen barrier ability of the SA-based films. In addition, the introduction of TEON made the SA-based films slow-release of thyme essential oil, which obviously enhanced the antioxidant and dynamic antimicrobial properties of the films. Ultimately, the SA-based film revealed an outstanding preservation effect on pork by significantly reducing the increase rate of pH value and total plate count of pork. This developed SA-based films loaded with EGCG/Fe and TEON were expected to become a potential antibacterial material with slow-release properties for food packaging applications.

Schiff base synergized with protonation of PEI to achieve smart antibacteria of nanocellulose packaging films

Microbial growth and reproduction can cause food spoilage. Developing the controlled release packaging films for food is an ideal solution. In this study, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was grafted to cellulose nanofibers (CNF) films by Schiff base, and when the CNF/PEI films were stimulated by pH, PEI released from the CNF/PEI films due to Schiff base hydrolysis, improving the antibacterial efficiency of PEI. Stimulated by acid with pH of 4, the PEI cumulative release rate of the CNF/PEI800 and the CNF/PEI2000 films reached to 92.90 % and 87.28 %, respectively. At the same time, the amino groups of PEI protonated by obtaining H+, the charge density increased, and PEI molecular chains extended, enhancing the antibacterial activity of films. The Zeta potential value on the surface of the CNF/PEI film increased with the decrease of pH value. Schiff base synergized with protonation of PEI to achieve smart antibacteria of CNF packaging films. The antibacterial rates of the film against L. monocytogenes and E. coli were 94.7 % and 90.6 % at pH 4, but 29.5 % and 23.6 % at pH 8, respectively. The developed films also had good barrier properties of oxygen, visible light and mechanical properties, and had an attractive application prospect in food preservation to control release of antibacterial agent.

Fabrication and Characterisation of the Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Properties of Chitosan-Cerium Oxide Porous Scaffolds.

Bone damage arising from fractures or trauma frequently results in infection, impeding the healing process and leading to complications. To overcome this challenge, we engineered highly porous chitosan scaffolds (S1, S2, and S3) by incorporating 30 (wt)% iron-doped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Fe-DCPD) minerals and different concentrations of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2) (10 (wt)%, 20 (wt)%, and 30 (wt)%) using the lyophilisation technique. The scaffolds were specifically designed for the controlled release of antibacterial agents and were systematically characterised by utilising Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methodologies. Alterations in the physicochemical properties, encompassing pore size, swelling behaviour, degradation kinetics, and antibacterial characteristics, were observed with the escalating CeO2 concentrations. Scaffold cytotoxicity and its impact on human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BM-MSCs) proliferation were assessed employing the 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) assay. The synthesised scaffolds represent a promising approach for addressing complications associated with bone damage by fostering tissue regeneration and mitigating infection risks. All scaffold variants exhibited inhibitory effects on bacterial growth against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli strains. The scaffolds manifested negligible cytotoxic effects while enhancing antibacterial properties, indicating their potential for reducing infection risks in the context of bone injuries.

Innovative biomaterials for the treatment of periodontal disease

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease that involves the destruction of hard and soft tissues surrounding the tooth. Routine periodontal treatment includes mechanical debridement (surgical and non-surgical) and the systemic administration of antibiotics. In contrast, severe and chronic periodontitis involves aggressive tissue destruction and bone resorption, and the damage is usually irreversible. In these severe cases, bone grafts, the delivery of growth hormones, and guided tissue regeneration can all be used to stimulate periodontal regeneration. However, these approaches do not result in consistent and predictable treatment outcomes. As a result, advanced biomaterials have evolved as an adjunctive approach to improve clinical performance. These novel biomaterials are designed to either prolong the release of antibacterial agents or osteogenic molecules, or to act as immunomodulators to promote healing. The first half of this review briefly summarizes the key immune cells and their underlying cellular pathways implicated in periodontitis. Advanced biomaterials designed to promote periodontal regeneration will be highlighted in the second half. Finally, the limitations of the current experimental design and the challenges of translational science will be discussed.

Magnetic Hydrogel Micromachines with Active Release of Antibacterial Agent for Biofilm Eradication

Bacterial biofilms are widely found in nature, and they can be a major factor in many local chronic infections inside the human body. To date, effective elimination of biofilms is intractable for conventional antibiotic therapies due to the existence of bacteria‐protecting extracellular polymeric substances. For biofilm eradication in tiny tubular structures, magnetic hydrogel micromachines (MHM) are designed that are capable of performing mechanical disruption of biofilms while releasing antibacterial agents in a controllable fashion. Two modes of motion controlled by external magnetic fields, namely planar rotation and wobbling modes, have been investigated to drive the micromachines to interact and destruct biofilms. In addition, the presented micromachines are composed of thermosensitive PNIPAm hydrogel that can load with the antibacterial agent (H2O2) and release them upon heating. The Fe3O4 nanoparticles embedded in the hydrogel matrix act as catalysts for the Fenton reaction, generating bacteria‐killing free radicals. The synergetic biofilm elimination effect has been experimentally demonstrated in well plates and small tubes. The presented MHMs may provide a new design to treat biofilm‐related infections in narrow and confined spaces.

Antibacterial hydrogel with pH-responsive microcarriers of slow-release VEGF for bacterial infected wounds repair

Bacterial infection causes wound inflammation and makes angiogenesis difficult. It is urgent to develop effectively antibacterial and pro-vascularizing dressings for wound healing. The hydrogel is developed with pH-responsive drug-releasing microcarriers which were loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) that promotes angiogenesis and actively respond to wound pH for control and prolong VEGF release. The surfaces of the microcarriers were coated with polydopamine which can reduce the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in situ, and dynamically crosslink with the polyacrylamide, which forms a stable slow-release system with different release behavior for the VEGF and AgNPs. The hydrogel inhibited bacterial formation and accelerated wound healing. With the hydrogel dressing, 83.3% ± 4.29% of the wound heals at day 7, which is 40.9% ± 8.5% higher than the non-treatment group in defect infected model. The antibacterial properties of hydrogel down-regulate early inflammation-related cytokines, and the release of VEGF in the middle and late phases of wound healing in response to pH changes promotes angiogenesis and up-regulate the expression of angiogenesis-associated cytokine. The sequential release of antibacterial agents and pro-vascularizing agents in response to the change in wound microenvironmental cues facilitate temporally controlled therapy that suites the need of different wound healing phases. Collectively, the hydrogel loaded with multifunctional microcarriers that enable controlled release of AgNPs and VEGF is an effective system for treating infected wounds.

Antibacterial-Based Hydrogel Coatings and Their Application in the Biomedical Field—A Review

Hydrogels exhibit excellent moldability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and extracellular matrix-like properties, which make them widely used in biomedical fields. Because of their unique three-dimensional crosslinked hydrophilic networks, hydrogels can encapsulate various materials, such as small molecules, polymers, and particles; this has become a hot research topic in the antibacterial field. The surface modification of biomaterials by using antibacterial hydrogels as coatings contributes to the biomaterial activity and offers wide prospects for development. A variety of surface chemical strategies have been developed to bind hydrogels to the substrate surface stably. We first introduce the preparation method for antibacterial coatings in this review, which includes surface-initiated graft crosslinking polymerization, anchoring the hydrogel coating to the substrate surface, and the LbL self-assembly technique to coat crosslinked hydrogels. Then, we summarize the applications of hydrogel coating in the biomedical antibacterial field. Hydrogel itself has certain antibacterial properties, but the antibacterial effect is not sufficient. In recent research, in order to optimize its antibacterial performance, the following three antibacterial strategies are mainly adopted: bacterial repellent and inhibition, contact surface killing of bacteria, and release of antibacterial agents. We systematically introduce the antibacterial mechanism of each strategy. The review aims to provide reference for the further development and application of hydrogel coatings.

An All‐In‐One Self‐Degradable Flexible Skin Patch with Thermostatic Control and Spontaneous Release of Antibacterial Ions to Accelerate Wound Healing

AbstractSmart wound dressings supply new techniques for wound management. Nevertheless, techniques to combine microenvironment control of the wound beds and spontaneous release of antibacterial agents while reducing secondary injury of the wound due to frequent replacement of wound dressings have not been sufficiently developed. Herein, this work proposes a degradable and flexible skin patch that can assist wound healing through the combined effect of thermostatic control, slow release of antibacterial metallic ions, and humidity control. The skin patch features a degradable zinc‐silver (Zn‐Ag) gird line heater and a Zn temperature sensor fabricated through screen printing and water sintering. The sintered degradable patterns of Zn‐Ag and Zn offer electrical conductivities of 307664.4 and 72400 S m−1, enabling closed‐loop thermostatic control of the wound under a temperature range of 43 ± 2 °C. The gradual degradation of the nanocomposites in a humid environment results in an antibacterial effect with more than 99% antibacterial efficiency (AE) on the wound site due to the release of Ag and Zn ions. The skin patches are demonstrated to improve wound healing in rats and rabbits by 18.35% and 51.57%, respectively. The flexible skin patch revolutionizes the wound treatment procedure by replacing traditional wound dressing with degradable materials and flexible circuits.

Selective Separation of Hazardous Chemicals from Vapor Phase by an Easily Accessible Breathing Coordination Polymer Derived from Terpyridyl/terephthalate Mixed Ligands.

Coordination polymers are extensively studied materials because of their various potential applications. Amongst them, breathing coordination polymers that are capable of exchanging lattice occluded guest molecules with other guests via single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-SC) fashion are particularly intriguing. Herein, we disclose an easily accessible breathing coordination polymer namely DMF@Zn-CP capable of exchanging as many as 23 guest molecules of various kinds in SC-SC fashion when the crystals of the coordination polymer were exposed to the corresponding vapor of the guests. Selectivity experiments revealed that it was also capable of separating selectively hazardous chemicals such as dichloro-methane, benzene and fluorobenzene from the corresponding complex mixture of vapors of halomethanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and halobenzenes. The breathing coordination polymer could also be exploited as drug delivery vehicle; slow and sustained release of anti-bacterial agents (benzyl alcohol/phenethyl amine) as guests against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria was evident in zone inhibition assays. A mixed ligand strategy wherein a nitrile containing terpyridyl ligand (L) and terephthalate (TA) co-ligand were reacted with Co(II)/Ni(II)/Zn(II) nitrate salts was adopted herein. Three coordination polymers namely MeOH@Co-CP, DMF/H2 O@Ni-CP and DMF@Zn-CP were isolated and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Studies revealed that only DMF@Zn-CP possessed the ability to breath in response to the vapors of the guests as stimuli.

Expression of concern: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of xanthan gum-succinic anhydride hydrogels for the ionic strength-sensitive release of antibacterial agents.

Expression of concern for 'In vitro and in vivo evaluation of xanthan gum-succinic anhydride hydrogels for the ionic strength-sensitive release of antibacterial agents' by Bailiang Wang et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2016, 4, 1853-1861, https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TB02046H.

Multifunctional hydrogel coatings with high antimicrobial loading efficiency and pH-responsive properties for urinary catheter applications.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infections are one of the most common hospital-acquired infections. Encrustation formation results from infection of urease-producing bacteria and further complicates the situation. A typical sign of the initial onset of encrustation formation is the alkalization of the urine (pH up to 9-10). However, effective antibacterial strategies with high antimicrobial loading efficiency and pH-responsiveness of antimicrobial release are still lacking. In this study, we developed a poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-tannic acid (polySBMA-TA) hydrogel coating, which served as a universal, efficient, and responsive carrier for antimicrobials on urinary catheters. Common antimicrobials, including poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-iodine, copper ions, and nitrofurazone were loaded into the polySBMA-TA coating in high efficiency (several fold higher than that of the polySBMA coating), via the formation of multiple non-covalent interactions between the antimicrobials and hydrogel coating. The hydrogel coatings maintained good antibacterial properties under neutral conditions. More importantly, the pH-responsive release of antibacterial agents under alkaline conditions further enhanced the antibacterial activity of the coatings, which was advantageous for killing the urease-producing bacteria and preventing encrustation. In vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that the hydrogel coating has good biocompatibility, and could effectively inhibit bacterial colonization and encrustation formation. This study offers new opportunities for the utilization of a simple and universal antimicrobial-loaded hydrogel coating with smart pH-responsive properties to combat bacterial colonization and encrustation formation in urinary catheters.

Development of PP/EPDM thermoplastic elastomer by doped with 2-hydroxypropyl- 3-piperazinyl-quinoline carboxylic acid methacrylate based neusilin® for sanitary applications

The effect of the addition of 2-Hydroxypropyl-3-Piperazinyl-Quinoline carboxylic acid Methacrylate (HPQM) in Neusilin® into thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV) Polypropylene/ethylene propylene diene monomer (PP/EPDM) type on the mechanical and antibacterial properties were studied. Ethylene propylene diene monomer compounds were mixed with Zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA), Dicumyl peroxide (DCP), and paraffin oil by a two-roll mill machine. Polypropylene and HPQM in Neusilin® were extruded by varies HPQM content 0, 1250, 2500, 3750 and 5000 ppm. Polypropylene added antibacterial agent and EPDM compounds were mixed by twin-screw extruded weight ratios of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 w/w with varied screw speeds of 60, 80, and 100 r/min. Polypropylene/Ethylene propylene diene monomer compounds were produced by compression moulding to form specimens. The mechanical properties were tested by tensile test and hardness test. It was found that screw speed did not affect the mechanical properties. Disk diffusion test and plate count agar (PCA) method were used for antibacterial properties. For both methods, the specimens contained an antibacterial agent against Escherichia coli ( E. coli ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ATCC 25923). The result of the disk diffusion test suggests that the more HPQM in Neusilin® content, the more the inhibition radius of only E. Coli bacteria. Plate count agar method proceeded by varying the contact time at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Viable cell counts of E. coli decreased significantly at HPQM content 2500 ppm, while the viable cell count of S. aureus remained unchanged at 3750 ppm. Moreover, the rubber ingredients in EPDM, which are DCP and ZDMA, affect the release of antibacterial agents by hydrophobic characteristics and compatible conditions.

Durable antibacterial and temperature regulated core-spun yarns for textile health and comfort applications

Antibacterial textiles play an important role in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. However, the development of their application is limited due to the lack of controlled release of antibacterial agents, low antibacterial efficiency and poor antibacterial durability under high temperature environment. The preparation of antimicrobial nanofibers by heating-controlled release and electrospinning may be an effective solution. In this paper, we prepared twisted composite yarns with high abrasion resistance, excellent electrothermal properties, light properties, antibacterial properties and slow-release properties using the technique of conjugate electrospinning combined with the conventional twisting process. With an applied voltage of 2 V, the temperature of the composite twisted fabric can reach 45 ℃, which obviously promotes the release of antibacterial agent in the nanofiber compared with the normal temperature. The photo thermoelectric properties of the yarn also enable body temperature management, with heating to high temperatures at low voltages. In addition, the twisted composite yarn inhibited S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans up to 99.6 %, 95.7 % and 72.5 %, respectively, and the inhibition rate was almost unchanged after 20 times of water washing. The twisted composite yarn reported in the present article would provide a new methodology for to multi-functional textiles.