Antibacterial Activity Of Ethanol Extracts Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract from Australian Finger Lime.

Australian finger lime (Citrus australasica L.) has become increasingly popular due to its potent antioxidant capacity and health-promoting benefits. This study aimed to determine the chemical composition, antibacterial characteristics, and mechanism of finger lime extract. The finger lime extracts were obtained from the fruit of the Australian finger lime by the ethanol extraction method. The antibacterial activity of the extract was examined by detecting the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for two Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacterial strains in vitro, as well as by assessing variations in the number of bacteria for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in vivo. GC-MS analysis was used to identify the antibacterial compounds of the extract. The antibacterial mechanisms were investigated by assessing cell permeability and membrane integrity, and the bacterial morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The extract demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Gram-negative bacterial species, such as Escherichia coli, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas citri, and CLas. Among the six strains evaluated in vitro, B. subtilis showed the highest susceptibility to the antimicrobial effects of finger lime extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the tested microorganisms varied between 500 and 1000 μg/mL. In addition, the extract was proven effective in suppressing CLas in vivo, as indicated by the lower CLas titers in the treated leaves compared to the control. A total of 360 compounds, including carbohydrates (31.159%), organic acid (30.909%), alcohols (13.380%), polyphenols (5.660%), esters (3.796%), and alkaloids (0.612%), were identified in the extract. We predicted that the primary bioactive compounds responsible for the antibacterial effects of the extract were quinic acid and other polyphenols, as well as alkaloids. The morphology of the tested microbes was altered and damaged, leading to lysis of the cell wall, cell content leakage, and cell death. Based on the results, ethanol extracts from finger lime may be a fitting substitute for synthetic bactericides in food and plant protection.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior) Towards Enterococcus faecalis: A Preliminary Research to the Alternative of Root Canal Irrigant of Primary Teeth

Enterococcus faecalis is a notable pathogen found in the root canals of primary teeth with endodontic infections, often resistant to conventional root canal irrigation solutions, leading to treatment failure. Torch ginger or kecombrang (Etlingera elatior), a spice plant, is reported to contain bioactive compounds with antibacterial properties. This study investigates the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extract of torch ginger against Enterococcus faecalis, evaluating its potential as an alternative irrigant based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and effective concentration. Samples included Enterococcus faecalis ATCC® 29212™ and 70% ethanol extract of torch ginger, tested in eight concentrations (80%, 75%, 65%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, and 3.125%) obtained through maceration, alongside two control groups (NaOCl and saline). The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to determine MIC, while the streaking method from MIC testing identified MBC. Data analysis for MIC and MBC values was conducted using the One-Way ANOVA parametric test (p < 0.05). Torch ginger extract demonstrated antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, with inhibition observed at a minimum concentration of 3.125% with average inhibition zone diameter of 9.63 ± 0.25 mm and reaching up to 80% concentration with average inhibition zone diameter of 15.03 ± 0.21 mm. The MIC was established at 3.125%, and the MBC among the tested concentrations was 80%. The study concludes that the ethanolic extract of torch ginger shows significant antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis. An 80% concentration is identified as the most effective for inhibiting and killing the pathogen, suggesting its potential as an alternative root canal irrigant of primary teeth.

Testing the Antibacterial Activity of Black Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L. Var Nigra) on Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Enterococcus faecalis

Black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) are known to have antibacterial effects caused by secondary metabolites such as tannins, phenolic compounds, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. This study aims to assess the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of black betel leaves (Piper betle L. var nigra) against S. mutans, P. gingivalis, and E. faecalis by measuring the diameter of the inhibition zone formed. This research is a type of pure experimental research (true experimental) with post test only control group design. This experimental research was conducted using the disc diffusion method in vitro, the bacteria were treated with black betel leaf extract (Piper betle L. var nigra) with a concentration variation of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%. The experiment was repeated three times. The results showed that black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against two of the three bacteria. This activity was observed through the presence of distinct clear zones around the paper disks. In conclusion, extracts derived from black betel leaf (Piper betle L. var nigra) had antibacterial activity against S. mutans and P. gingivalis bacteria at 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% concentrations. However, it did not have antibacterial activity against E. faecalis bacteria.

Effect of Nymphaea alba Petal Extract on Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

This study aimed to determine the antibacterial effect of the extract of Nymphaea alba petals, and if antibacterial activities are present then the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract is determined. Currently multidrug resistant bacteria are a major concern for clinicians as most conventional antibiotics do not work against MDR strains and infections with MDR strains are increasing day by day, with many resulting in death. This study focused mainly on the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract. Our study showed that the crude extract is significantly effective against MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae with MIC value <0.78 mg/ml. This confirms the effectiveness of this extract against MDR bacteria.

Phytochemical screening and in vitro antibacterial activity of Moringa oleifera (Lam.) leaf extract

The study aimed to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera Lam. belonging to family Moringaceae. Moringa oleifera is an interesting plant for its use in bioactive compounds. Ethanol and Distilled water were used as a solvent to extract and to detect the phytochemical constituent’s and to screen its antibacterial activity from the leaves of Moringa oleifera. The phytochemical constituents were screened by qualitative analysis method. The phytochemical screening finds out the presence of terpenoids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, etc. in leaf extract of Moringa oleifera. The antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Moringa oleifera was examined against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Antibacterial Activity were carried out with ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera using agar well diffusion method. The present study showed that ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera showed more potent antibacterial activity against S. Aureus and E. coli.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Red Frangipani Flowers (Plumeria rubra L.) on the Growth of the Bacteria Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

Introduction: MRSA is an antibacterial resistance problem that requires serious treatment. The limitations of antibacterials make it difficult to treat infections. The development of alternative antibacterial is needed. Objectives: This study shows the antibacterial effect of ethanol extract of Plumeria rubra L. flowers against MRSA bacteria. Methods: This research is a true experimental research with the only post-test control group design. The Kirby-Bauer test method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Plumeria rubra L. flowers with concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60% in triplicate. The test bacteria used MRSA ATCC 33591 bacteria. Antibacterial activity was assessed from the diameter of the inhibition zone formed in bacterial cultures on agar media. Results: The inhibition zone were not formed after ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra L. flowers at various concentrations. These were not antibacterial activity shown from Plumeria rubra L. flowers extract at concentrations of 20%, 40%, and 60%. Conclusions: The ethanolic extract of Plumeria rubra L. flowers does not show antibacterial activity against MRSA bacteria. Keywords: Red frangipani flowers (Plumeria rubra L.), antibacterial activity, MRSA.

Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of limpasu (Baccaurea lanceolata) pericarpium with the ultrasound assisted extraction method against Propionibacterium acne

Background: Acne, a prevalent skin condition, can arise from factors such as an unhealthy lifestyle, dietary habits, hormonal imbalances, and bacterial infections. Propionibacterium acnes is a notable bacterium responsible for acne. In South Borneo, the pericarpium of the limpasu plant (Baccaurea lanceolata) is traditionally used to treat acne. Objective: This study aims to scientifically validate the empirical antibacterial effects of limpasu pericarpium against Propionibacterium acnes, as reported by the communities in South Borneo. Methods: The ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was utilized to extract compounds from limpasu pericarpium. The antibacterial activity of the limpasu pericarpium extract was evaluated using the disc diffusion method at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% w/v. Clindamycin served as the positive control, and 1% DMSO was the negative control. Results: The lowest concentration (20%) fell within the strong activity category, producing a clear zone diameter of 18.76 mm. Higher concentrations (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%) demonstrated more potent antibacterial effects, with inhibition zones of 23.23 mm, 26.06 mm, 26.93 mm, and 27.33 mm, respectively. Notably, 60% to 100% concentrations exhibited greater inhibitory effects than the positive control, clindamycin, which had an inhibition zone of 25.23 mm. Conclusion: The study confirms the antibacterial properties of limpasu pericarpium against Propionibacterium acnes, supporting the traditional claims of its efficacy by the South Borneo communities.

Antibacterial activity of Kemloko fruit ethanol extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.) against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA bacteria

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country, so the prevalence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria remains high. On the other hand, the high use of antibacterial ingredients in Indonesia causes bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs. One of the herbal plants that some people widely use is Kemloko fruit. This study aimed to determine the activity of Kemloko fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ethanol extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Methods: Simplicia of Kemloko fruit were tested for secondary metabolites and characterization test of the simplicia. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion method, where the disc paper was immersed in the test solution with the ratio of the test concentration. Results: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the secondary metabolite compounds of Kemloko fruit are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Kemloko fruit with agar diffusion method effectively inhibits S. aureus bacteria, namely at a concentration of 80 mg/ml, the inhibition zone is 14.1 mm, and at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, MRSA bacteria obtained an inhibition zone of 14.3 mm. Conclusions: The ethanol extract inhibits the growth of S. aureus and MRSA.

Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Extracts from Delonix regia Against Laboratory Strains of Diarrheal Bacteria

The present study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of ethanolic extracts from <em>Delonix regia</em> leaves against diarrhea-inducing bacteria <em>Escherichia coli</em> and <em>Salmonella typhimurium</em>. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed that <em>D. regia</em> leaves comprise flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, and terpenoids. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis identified various functional groups in the <em>D. regia</em> leaf extract, including O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, C-C, C-O, and C-O-C. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis further confirmed the presence of 16 distinct compounds comprising amino acids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, n-acyl pyrrolidines, and fatty acids. The disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) was employed for the antibacterial tests. The extracts of <em>D. regia</em> leaves at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% generated inhibition zones measuring 5.26 mm, 6.37 mm, 7.27 mm, and 10.18 mm against <em>E. coli</em>, and 5.05 mm, 7.01 mm, 8.77 mm, and 10.04 mm against <em>S. typhimurium</em>, respectively. The commercial antibiotic ciprofloxacin (a positive control) produced inhibition zones of 30.02 mm for <em>E. coli</em> and 28 mm for <em>S. typhimurium</em>. The negative control, consisting of 10% ethanol, showed no inhibitory effect on bacterial growth. These findings indicate that the ethanolic extract of <em>D. regia</em> leaves possesses antibacterial properties against <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. typhimurium</em>. It is likely that secondary metabolite compounds, such as flavonoids and phenolics, contribute significantly to the observed antibacterial activity

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Sirih Cina Leaves (Peperomia pellucida) Using TLC-Bioautography and Agar Diffusion Methods

Sirih cina leaf (Peperomia pellucida) is a plant that contains active compounds of alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids and phenols that have potential antibacterial activity. This research aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of sirih cina leaves (Peperomia pellucida) using the TLC-Bioautography and Agar Diffusion methods. Sirih cina leaf (Peperomia pellucida) was extracted by maceration and evaporated to obtain a thick extract. Screening test result showed that the extract was active at a concentration of 0.1% against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of antibacterial activity testing using the TLC-Bioautography method using the eluent methanol: chloroform (1:4) showed results with Rf values = 0.94, 0.80, 0.65, 0.54, 0.40, 0.30, 0.21, 0.10 against the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In determining the MIC, the value obtained was the same for the three test bacteria at a concentration of 0.5%, while the KBM value was at a concentration of 2% for Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, a concentration of 0.5% for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and a concentration of 1% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The results of antibacterial activity testing using the Agar Diffusion method obtained the largest inhibitory zone diameter at a concentration of 16% against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with an inhibitory zone diameter of 23.20 mm, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an inhibitory zone diameter of 23.63 mm, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with an inhibitory zone diameter. 24.48mm

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Larch Sponge Fruiting Body

Antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a worldwide problem. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the evaluation of plants and fungi with antibacterial activity against various infectious agents. The antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Laricifomes officinalis (Vill.) Kotl. et Pouzar (Polyporaceae) fruiting body was studied. Activity was assessed using the disk diffusion method. L.officinalis ethanol extract showed high activity against Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, as well as moderate activity against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, and Staphylococcus aureus. Listeria monocytogenes were not sensitive to ethanol extract of the fruiting body of L.officinalis.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 (Cannabis sativa L.) Extracts Against Human Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> A new strain of cannabis, <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1, has been approved and registered by the Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Thailand. The <i>C. sativa</i> is acknowledged for its medicinal properties which demonstrated various therapeutic properties, such as anti-cancer and antibacterial activities. This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the stems and leaves of the Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 strain against seven antibiotic-resistant bacteria. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The primary antibacterial activity of ethanolic Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 extracts were determined using the disc diffusion method, while the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. <b>Results:</b> The largest inhibition zone, measuring 12 mm, was observed in leaf extracts against <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> 101. The lowest MIC, at 0.78 mg/mL, was obtained from stem extracts against <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i>. The lowest MBCs, at 12.5 mg/mL, were observed in leaf extracts against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>, <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, multidrug-resistant <i>Klebsiella</i> <i>pneumoniae</i>, <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> 101 and stem extracts against <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i>, multidrug-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> 101. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study presents a novel finding regarding the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts from the leaves and stems of Tanao Si Kan Dang RD1 against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The potential application of these cannabis plant extracts in the development of antibiotics capable of combating antibiotic-resistant pathogenic bacteria represents a promising strategy to address a significant global health concern.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF TIN LEAVES (Ficus carica L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT AGAINST THE BACTERIA Salmonella typhi

Tin (Ficus carica L.) is a plant from the Moraceae family that contains phytochemicals including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, tannins. The purpose of this research was to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of tin leaves against Salmonella typhi bacteria by using the disc diffusion method. Disc paper containing antimicrobials is placed on a medium that has been planted with microorganisms that will diffuse into the media, the clear area indicates an inhibition of microorganism growth. The concentrations of ethanol extract tin leaves used were 10% and 5%. The strength of antibacterial activity can be seen through the parameter of inhibitory strength. Inhibition area 20 mm or more (very strong), 10-20 mm (strong), 5-10 mm (medium) and 5 mm (less). The results showed that the ethanol extract of tin leaves had strong antibacterial activity.

Antibacterial, bacteriolytic, antibiofilm, and synergistic effects of Curcuma species ethanol extracts with antibiotic against multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Introduction: Curcuma species have shown antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The current study was conducted to analyze the antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Curcuma species rhizomes, including Curcuma domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, C. mangga, C. zedoaria, and C. aeruginosa against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR P. aeruginosa). Furthermore, the mechanism action of Curcuma species in combination with antibiotic against MDR P. aeruginosa and its chemical component were also investigated. Methods: Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was carried out by the microdilution method. The synergistic effects of the extract and tetracycline were determined by the checkerboard method. The effect of the combination of Curcuma species and tetracycline to prevent bacterial resistance was investigated using inhibition of biofilm formation, permeability of bacterial cell membrane, and EtBr accumulation methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was also performed. Results: MIC of C. domestica, C. xanthorrhiza, and C. mangga against MDR P. aeruginosa were 125, 250, and 125 µg/mL, respectively. C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract (7.8 µg/mL) in combination with tetracycline (1.9 µg/mL) revealed a synergistic activity with Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index (FICI) value of 0.06. The combination of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract and tetracycline showed inhibitory effects on biofilm formation and efflux pump of MDR P. aeruginosa. This combination also had bacteriolytic activity. GC-MS analysis led to the identification of ar-turmerone (11.63%) and xanthorrhizol (11.36%) as the major compounds. Conclusion: Combination of C. xanthorrhiza ethanol extract and tetracycline might be developed as an alternative treatment against MDR P. aeruginosa.

Antibacterial Activity of Extract Green Seaweed Ulva intestinalis in North Waters of Aceh

The appearance of bacterial resistance and pathogenic infections makes efforts to find new drugs as natural bacterial agents continue. One of them is through the utilization of marine organisms such as seaweed. Some studies show the content of seaweed bioactive compounds has potential in the pharmacological field. This study aims to determine the type of secondary metabolite compounds and antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Ulva intestinalis. Seaweed extraction using the maceration method for 3 x 24 hours and antibacterial activities were tested by disc diffusion method. The results showed that there were 5 types of secondary metabolite compounds in the extract, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, and steroids. The antibacterial activity test of seaweed extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria in the concentration range of 50% to 100% showed a moderate inhibition zone diameter

Antibacterial Activity of Terminalia mantaly Stem Ethanol Extract as Hand Sanitizer Gel

Background: Hand sanitizers generally contain alcohol. However, it can cause dry and irritated skin. Therefore, it is necessary to find antibacterial alternatives that are safe for the skin. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is Terminalia mantaly (T. mantaly). This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel of T. mantaly.Methods: The antibacterial activity test against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae) was carried out using the liquid micro dilution method. The phytochemical tests were also performed. This study was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sains and Informatics, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in April-June 2022.Results: The ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes were 0.63%, 0.63%, 0.16%, and 0.16%, whereas the hand sanitizer gel gave MIC values of 0.63%; 0.31%; 0.16%; and 0.16% respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel had the same results, namely 2.50%, 0.16%, 1.25%, and 1.25%. The physical stability of the hand sanitizer gel from the ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem met the physical stability standards of the gel. Conclusions: The ethanol extract of the T. mantaly stems has stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria than against gram- negative bacteria.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BENALU BATU (Begonia sp) TERHADAP BAKTERI Staphylococcus aureus DAN Escherichia coli

Empirically, begonia leaves are used as a treatment for cancer and ulcers. contains chemical compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and steroids. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of begonia and its effective concentration against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Extraction with 96% ethanol extract using the maceration method. Phytochemical screening test, antibacterial test using various concentrations of 30%, 50%, 100%, positive control (ciprofloxacin) and negative control (aquadest steril) using the disk diffusion method. The results of the phytochemical screening of begonia extract contain alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test for Staphylococcus aureus were obtained with an inhibitory zone concentration of 30%, namely 3.75 mm, 50%, namely 4.37 mm, and 100%, namely 4.87 mm. Meanwhile, Escherichia coli bacteria obtained a concentration of 30%, namely 4.37mm, 50%, namely 4.62 mm, and 100% is nm 4.75mm. The diameter of the inhibition zone for the positive control of ciprofloxacin against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 40.31mm and Escherichia coli was 44.12mm. The ethanol extract of begonia leaves can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria at a concentration of 100% is 4.87mm and Escherichia coli bacteria at a concentration of 100% is 4.75mm

Antibacterial activity of tekelan leaf ethanol extract (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King and H. Rob) against of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country, so the prevalence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria still remains high. On the other hand, the intense use of antibacterial agent in Indonesia causes a tendency for bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs. One of the herbal plants that is widely used by some people is tekelan leaves. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of an ethanol extract of tekelan leaves on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Methods: Simplisia of tekelan leaves was tested for secondary metabolites and simplisa characterization testing. Antibacterial activity testing is carried out by the disc paper method, where the disc paper is immersed in the test solution with a comparison of the test concentration. Results: The results of phytochemical screening show that the secondary metabolites of tekelan leaves are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids/triterpenoids, tannins, and glycosides. The results of the characterization of simplisia moisture content are 7.99%, water-soluble juice content is 13.29%, ethanol-soluble juice content is 12.18%, total ash content is 7.45%, and insoluble acid ash content is 0.92%. The observation of the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves was carried out by the disc diffusion method. The test results showed that the ethanol extract of tekelan leaves was categorized as moderate at concentrations of 1% and 2% and as strong at concentrations of 4%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract had activity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and the MIC value obtained 0.7%. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that ethanol extract had activity to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.

Antibacterial Test Of Avocado Leaf Ethanol Extract (Persea americana Mill) On Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteria

Avocado leaves are one plant that can be used as an antibacterial. The chemical content of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins has the potential to inhibit bacterial growth. This research aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of avocado leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This research uses laboratory experiments using samples of avocado leaf extract (Persea viiiegativeviii Mill). With concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% using the diffusion method. The ability of avocado leaf extract to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria can be seen from the size of the inhibition zone, namely positive by looking at the area of the inhibition zone around the disc using a caliper. This research shows that the diameter of the inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 20% has an inhibition zone diameter of 8.81 mm, namely the medium category, a concentration of 40% has an inhibition zone diameter of 10.11 mm, namely the strong category, a concentration of 60% has an inhibition zone diameter. of 10.71 mm, namely the strong category, a concentration of 80% has an inhibitory zone diameter of 12.16 mm, namely the strong category. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of avocado leaves has activity to inhibit staphylococcus aureus bacteria

Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers

Abstract. Fliou J, Spinola F, Riffi O, Zriouel A, Amechrouq A, Nalbone L, Giuffrida A, Giarratana F. 2023. Phytochemical evaluation and in-vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Moroccan Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers. Biodiversitas 24: 5788-5796. This study performed a preliminary evaluation of the phytochemical composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Lavandula x intermedia leaves and flowers collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco. Phytochemical analyses comprised qualitative colorimetric determinations of alkaloids, anthraquinones, and terpenes and quantitative analysis of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and condensed tannins by UV spectrophotometer. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against different ATCC bacterial strains. The phytochemical analysis showed a high amount of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins in the leaf extract and a higher amount of terpenes based on colorimetric reaction than the flower extract. A positive colorimetric reaction for alkaloids and anthraquinones was detected for both extracts. The antibacterial activity of leaves and flower extract was not different against Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains (p<0.05). The results of the present study suggest the possible use of ethanolic extracts of L. x intermedia collected in the Fez-Meknes region of Morocco as a natural agent against bacterial pathogens.