Antibacterial Activity Of Crude Extracts Research Articles

Combined Antibacterial Activity of Honey Bees (Apis Florae) and Embelia Schimperi Extracts Against Standard and Clinical Isolated Bacteria

Despite tremendous progress in drug development and treatment, infectious diseases caused by bacteria are still a major threat to human and animal health mainly due to drug resistances. These the ever-increasing threats demand a global effort to search for novel solutions. Different parts of plants and bee’s honey have been used, separately or in combination, as a source of therapeutic agents in traditional medicine since ancient time due to bioactive compounds they contain. Therefore the objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of crude extract of Embelia schimperi leaves and combined with bee’s honey (Apis florae) against some standard and clinical pathogenic bacteria. The In-vitro antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested at different concentrations by using agar well diffusion method and measuring zone of inhibition. The data was analyzed by ANOVA. Both the clinical and standard bacteria showed sensitivity to E. schimperi with inhibition zones ranging from 7.17 ± 0.29 to 28.96 ± 0.25. The ethanol extract of E. schimperi leaves and ethanol extract blended with honey have showed significant inhibition against the tested organisms than the chloroform extract and chloroform extract blended with honey respectively. The inhibition zone was lower against S. aureus during both the Chloroform leave extract and the chloroform blended with honey. The highest inhibition zone was observed against E. coli with the ethanol leave extract and against K. pneumonia with the ethanol mixed with honey. Therefore, the E. schimperi leaves extract and synergy with honey has witnessed broad spectrum antibacterial activity.

A new indole alkaloid, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts from Saccocalyx satureioides

The new acylated indole alkaloid glucoside indole-3-carboxylic acid-(6'-O-caffeoyl)-β-D-glucoside 1 has been isolated from the ethyl acetate (EtOAC) extract of Saccocalyx satureioides Coss. & Dur. (Lamiaceae) together with eight known secondary metabolites 2-9. Two indoles 2 and 3, five methylated flavone aglycones 4-8 and one monoterpene glucoside 9 were reported for the first time in the genus Saccocalyx. The structural elucidation of these compounds was accomplished by spectroscopic methods including 1 D (1H and 13C) and 2 D (COSY, HSQC and HMBC) NMR techniques, and mass spectrometry, and by comparison with literature data. Light petroleum, EtOAc, chloroform and n-butanol (n-BuOH) extracts of S. Satureioides were screened for their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene bleaching methods. The antibacterial activity of these extracts indicates that n-BuOH and EtOAc extracts possess the strongest activity.

Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Crude Extracts of Leaves and Seeds of Datura stramonium

Datura stramonium, known by the common name Jimson weed, belongs to nightshade family; its origin can be traced back to Mexico, it has also been grown in other regions including Nigeria. This plant possesses antimicrobial agents which aid in its efficacy for treatment of ailments. Hence, this study investigated the antibacterial activities and phytochemical screening of aqueous and methanol extract of leaves and seeds of Datura stramonium. Leaves and seeds of the plant sample were processed to obtain fractions of crude extracts which were used against bacterial isolates such as, E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhi and P. aeruginosa. Phytochemical screening of the samples was also done to detect the presence of alkaloid, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannin, terpenoids, sterol and phenols. Results obtained showed the susceptibility pattern against the bacterial isolates at concentrations ranging from 0.5 – 2.5 mg/mL. The methanol extract of leaves of the plant sample showed high susceptibility pattern against E. coli and S. typhi. The study shows that crude extracts of leaves and seed of the plant sample were effective against the test organisms. The phytochemicals constituents were also present except sterol which is lacking in the seed sample due to the solvent used such as ethanol but may be present if other solvent is used. Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of D. stramonium leaves and seeds were as a result of presence of phytochemical constituents because they are fundamental biomedicals, which are considered biologically to be active compounds.

Antibacterial properties and phytochemical screening of Tamarix nilotica leaves from Sudan

The antibacterial activity of crude extracts of leaves coated with wax and other de-waxed leaves of Tamarix nilotica, against nine human pathogenic bacteria were evaluated using the agar plate well-diffusion method with plant extract concentration of 100 mg/ml. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined. The antibacterial activity was found in the least MIC, as 7.5 mg/ml, belonged to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Most susceptible gram-negative bacteria were P. aeruginosa and least susceptible gram-negative bacteria were E. coli and S. typha. In gram-positive bacteria, most and least susceptible were S. aureus and B. cereus, respectively. These findings should stimulate the research for novel, natural product such as many anti-bacterial agents. The percentage yield of epicuticle wax from Tamarix nilotica leaves, extracted with n-hexane was 0.7%. The results of the preliminary phytochemical analyses of the ethanol extract of the leaves coated with wax and de-waxed leaves of Tamarix nilotica were performed. Steroids, phenolic compounds, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and sugars are present in all of the two samples analyzed except sugars in de-waxed leaves.

Phytochemical Analysis and <i>In-Vitro</i> Antibacterial Activity of Chloroform, Water and Ethanolic Stem Extracts of <i>Calliganum polygonoides (Phog)</i>

Plants have been recognized long ago as rich sources of natural products for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. It has been reported that plant extracts are commonly used in traditional medicine and its contribution with respect to health coverage was estimated for over 80% of the world’s population, especially in the developing world. The present investigation, qualitatively evaluated the present of some certain phytochemicals in the crude extract of the macerated plant stem obtained from three solvents (ethanol 90%, distilled water and chloroform). Ethanolic extract shows higher presence of phytochemicals over water and chloroform extract. The in-vitro antibacterial activity of crude extract of the plant’s stem was tested on one gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and one gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). The test was performed by simple Agar diffusion Assay. Zone of inhibition (mm) of the extracts was determined. Of the various extract that was tested ethanolic extract was the one which shows remarkable effect on the microbes (Escherichia Coli 9.40mm and Staphylococcus Aureus 14.60mm). Based on these discovery it might be concluded that Calligonum polygonoides possessed great potential against these human pathogens. It might also be speculated that these plant extract can be subjected to further chemical and biochemical analysis to characterize their chemical constituents and the chemical compound responsible for the antibacterial activity.

Extraction and Purification of Fucoxanthin from Sargassum sp. as Anti-acne

Fucoxanthin is a pigment of a carotenoid group in brown seaweed. Fucoxanthin has high biological activity, therefore, it is suitable for the antibacterial activity. Acne is a disease caused by bacterial activity. The purposes of this study were to obtain fucoxanthin active compounds of Sargassum sp. and to determine antibacterial activity of crude extract and fucoxanthin active fraction as anti-acne compounds at bacteria causing acne. Extraction of fucoxanthin used maceration method and its purification was carried out by silica gel column method. Antibacterial activity test used disk diffusion method. The yield of crude extraction and yield of active fraction of Sargassum sp. were 0.54% and 0.13% respectively. Fucoxanthin active fraction was identified at 0.53 Rf value. The total content of fucoxanthin was 0.47 mg/g. The functional groups of fucoxanthin active fraction consisted of alcohols, alkanes, methyl, alkenes, esters and aromatic alkenes. Fucoxanthin active fraction had anti-acne activity at 125, 250, 500 and 1,000 ug/disk against of Propionibacterium acnes and at 500 and 1,000 ug/disk against of Staphylococcus aureus.<br /><br />

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Constituents of Extracts of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora Leaves.

Fourteen fungal endophytes were isolated from the Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora leaves collected from Northern Thailand. Eight genera were identified including Aspergillus, Ascochyta, Nigrospora, Blastomyces, Colletotrichum, Exidia, Clitopilus, and Nomuraea. The antibacterial activity of crude extracts from all endophytic fungi was tested against nine human bacterial pathogens: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. All crude extracts showed some degree of antibacterial activity, but the crude extract from Nigrospora MFLUCC16-0605 exhibited broad spectrum activity with MIC values ranging from 7.81 to 250µg/mL. The antioxidant activity of all crude extracts was also investigated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Crude extract from MFLUCC16-0605 had high antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 15.36μg/mL) comparable to the trolox and gallic acid standards showing IC50 values of 2.56 and 12.89μg/mL, respectively. The chemical composition of the crude extract from MFLUCC16-0605 was determined using GC-MS. Sixty-two compounds were identified representing 92.09% of crude extract with six major components including 5E,9E-farnesyl acetone, columellarin, totarene, laurenan-2-one, and 8S,13-cedranediol. PCR amplification and sequencing of the barcoding region identified MFLUCC16-0605 as belonging to Nigrospora genus. The notable activities of MFLUCC16-0605 indicate that the endophyte is a potent natural resource and its use as an antibacterial/antioxidant agent should be further explored.

Studies on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Plantago lanceolata leaves

Studies on antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of Plantago lanceolata leaves

Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of some South African medicinal plants against multidrug resistant etiological agents of diarrhoea

BackgroundThis study evaluated the antibacterial activity of some plants used in folklore medicine to treat diarrhoea in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.MethodsThe acetone extracts of Acacia mearnsii De Wild., Aloe arborescens Mill., A. striata Haw., Cyathula uncinulata (Schrad.) Schinz, Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt., E. comosa (Houtt.) Wehrh., Hermbstaedtia odorata (Burch. ex Moq.) T.Cooke, Hydnora africana Thunb, Hypoxis latifolia Wight, Pelargonium sidoides DC, Psidium guajava L and Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) van der Merwe were screened against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, multi-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Isangi, S. typhi, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri type 1b and Sh. sonnei phase II. A qualitative phytochemical screening of the plants extracts was by thin layer chromatography. Plants extracts were screened for antibacterial activity using serial dilution microplate technique and bioautography.ResultsThe TLC fingerprint indicated the presence of terpenoids and flavonoids in the herbs. Most of the tested organisms were sensitive to the crude acetone extracts with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.018–2.5 mg/mℓ. Extracts of A. striata, C. uncinulata, E. autumnalis and P. guajava were more active against enteropathogens. S. aureus and Sh. flexneri were the most sensitive isolates to the crude extracts but of significance is the antibacterial activity of A. arborescens and P. guajava against a confirmed extended spectrum betalactamase positive S. enterica serovar Typhimurium.ConclusionThe presence of bioactive compounds and the antibacterial activity of some of the selected herbs against multidrug resistant enteric agents corroborate assertions by traditional healers on their efficacies.

Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of verbena officinalis Linn root or Atuch (Amharic)

Assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial activities of crude extracts of verbena officinalis Linn root or Atuch (Amharic)

Antibacterial Activity of the Crude Extract of a Gastropod <i>Cellana radiata</i> (Born, 1778) from the Visakhapatnam Coast, Andhra Pradesh, India

The present study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Cellana radiata collected from Visakhapatnam coast, Andhra Pradesh. The whole animal extracts from methanol and ethyl acetate were obtained by both dry and wet methods and tested for their activity against three pathogenic bacteria i.e . Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio harveyi . The extracts obtained from methanol (wet), ethyl acetate (dry) and ethyl acetate (wet) showed inhibition zones of 12 mm, 13 mm and 18 mm respectively against V. harveyi .

English

Traditional medicinal plants claim many traditional uses across different parts of the world. In Ethiopia, it remains the main source of treatment for the majority of human population and livestock. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibacterial activity of crude extracts of some traditional medicinal plants commonly used for traditional human medication in selected localities of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Data on ethno-botanical information and traditional uses of medicinal plants were gathered using semi-structured interview questionnaire involving a total of 30 experienced respondents of the study area.  Candidate traditional medicinal plants were collected from Sigmo District of Jimma Zone, South western Ethiopia, labeled, processed, and extracted in accordance with standard procedures and the plant samples were deposited at Herbarium of Jimma University, Ethiopia. Antibacterial activities and minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC) of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of leaves and stems of three frequently used plants [Kosteletzkya begonifolia, Leucas martinicensis, and Ranunculus multifidus] were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus DSM 7346, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSM 1117, Escherichia coli ATCC 25722 and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 13311. Phytochemical constituents of the extracts were determined following standard analytical procedures. Results revealed that leaves were the most frequently used parts of the three medicinal plants. They are usually used for the treatment of tooth ache and gastro-intestinal ailments. The highest antimicrobial activities were observed in petroleum ether extract of K. begonifolia stems against S. aureus [Inhibition Zone (IZ), 28.3-30 mm], P. aeruginosa (IZ: 27-28.67 mm), E. coli (IZ: 28.3-31 mm) and S. typhimurium (IZ, 28-30.3)]. The extract displayed activity significantly closer to that of the control antibiotics, ciprofloxacin (IZ, 30-35 mm). Likewise, chloroform extracts of leaves of R. multifidus and methanol extracts of L. martinicensis displayed strong activities against S. aureus (IZ, 26.67±0.8 mm) and E. coli (IZ 26.67±3.3 mm), respectively. The lowest MIC observed in the current study was 5.6 mg/mL and recorded for both petroleum and chloroform extracts of leaves of R. multifidus, L. martinicensis, and K. begonifolia against S. aureus. The observed antibacterial activities could be accounted to combinations of phytochemical compounds isolated from the test plants including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids and cardiac glycosides. Leaves of the three traditional medicinal plants evaluated in the current study displayed promising antibacterial activities against bacterial test strain. However, the highest activity was observed in petroleum ether extract of stems of K. begonifolia against all test strains with Inhibition Zone (IZ) diameter ranging between 28-31 mm. Further toxicity and pharmacokinetic study are recommended.   Keywords: Medicinal plant, MIC, plant extract, Ethiopia, Jimma, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activities of crude extract of Nymphaea lotus (water lily) against fish pathogens

Background This study was designed to determine the role of aqueous extract of water lily (Nymphaea lotus) for potential antibacterial activity against some gram-negative fish pathogenic bacteria.Material and methods Aqueous extracts of the dried whole plant Nymphaea lotus was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against four bacteria strains, namely, Escherichia coli, Vibrio anguillarum, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Aeromonas hydrophila and Salmonella typhi. Inhibitory growth values were determined in colony forming unit per gram (cfu/g) for each pathogen while examination of phytochemical constituents of the crude extricate of the plant was also carried out qualitatively.Results Phytochemical screening of the crude aqueous extract revealed the high presence of saponins, alkaloids and carbohydrate, moderate presence of cardiac glycosides, tannins, phenolics, anthroquinones, terpenoid, quinones, catechins and trace of flavonoids.Conclusion The antibacterial analysis of crude aqueous extracts showed moderate varying degrees of resistance against the microbes especially Escherichia coli and Vibrio anguillarum where complete growth inhibition was observed. Hence, this plant aqueous extract can help in the treatment of fish bacterial infections.Journal of Biomedical Sciences. 2015;2(4):38-42.

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Combretum edwardsii, Combretum krausii, and Maytenus nemorosa and Their Synergistic Effects in Combination with Antibiotics.

The study investigated the antibacterial activity of crude extracts of C. edwardsii, Combretum krausii, and Maytenus nemorosa as well as their interactions with selected antibiotics against drug resistant bacterial strains. Using the rapid p-iodonitrotetrazolium chloride colorimetric assay, minimum inhibitory concentration values of plant extracts and antibiotics were determined. The interactions of plant extracts and antibiotics were studied using a checkerboard method. The MICs of the plant extracts and antibiotics were in the range of 0.037–6.25 and 0.001–2.5 mg/ml, respectively. The plant fractions tested in the present study displayed varying levels of antibacterial activity depending on the bacterial strains. Generally, Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible of the three strains of bacteria while the other two beta-lactamase producing Gram-negative bacteria were the most resistant. The hexane leaf extract of M. nemorosa was the most active (MIC = 37 μg/ml) against S. aureus. Ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. krausii was the most active against Klebsiella pneumoniae and ethyl acetate leaf extract of C. edwardsii was the most active against Escherichia coli. Synergistic interactions were detected in 13% of the combinations against E. coli, 27% of the combinations against K. pneumoniae and 80% of the combinations against S. aureus. The few synergistic interactions observed in the present study suggest that the crude extracts of the leaves of M. nemorosa, C. edwardsii, and C. krausii could be potential sources of broad spectrum antibiotic resistance modifying compounds.

Extremophiles as Biofactories of Novel Antimicrobials and Cytotoxics – An Assessment of Bioactive Properties of Six Fungal Species Inhabiting Rann of Kutch, India

Objective: In this study we report the antibacterial and cytotoxic activity of the fungi isolated from Little Rann of Kutch, India. Methods: Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 35 fungal isolates was assessed at an initial concentration of 40μg/ml against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Promising fungal isolates were identified by their morphology. Extracts of identified isolates were further tested at varying concentrations (10-40μg/ml) against Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus apart from K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Cytotoxic activity was assessed against cancer cell line MCF- 7. Phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid estimation was done to understand the fungi’s chemoprofile. Findings: In preliminary screening, six isolates showed significant activity against K. pneumoniae (14-17 mm) and E. coli (14-22 mm). These were identified as Aspergillus flavus, A. cremeus, A. versicolor, A. terreus, Penicillium purpurogenum and Eurotium amstelodami . On further evaluation of fungal extracts against four test pathogens, A. versicolor was found to be the most effective (8-11 mm), followed by A. terreus (8-10 mm) and A. cremeus (8-10 mm) at 10μg/ml each. A. versicolor and P. purpurogenum were found to be most cytotoxic, with IC50 values of 6.26 and 6.30 respectively, followed by A. flavus, E. amstelodami, A. cremeus and A. terreus. Phenolic content was highest in A. versicolor (268.77±0.18 μg/mg GAE); flavonoid and alkaloid were maximum in P. purpurogenum - 91.17±0.44 μg/mg QE and 89.13±0.28 μg/mg PNE, respectively. Improvements/Applications: Six fungi isolated from Little Rann of Kutch, India, hold tremendous potential as a source of novel antimicrobials and cytotoxics. The results warrant more exhaustive bioassays and identification of active principles.

Antibacterial effects of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Müll. Arg extracts and compounds on gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary tract pathogens

Ethnopharmacological relevanceThe leaves, stems and roots of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Müll. Arg. are used as traditional medicine in many African countries for the management of gastrointestinal, respiratory and urinary tract infections as well as for the treatment of wounds. Aim of the studyTo determine the in vitro antibacterial activity of the crude extracts of leaves and stems of A. cordifolia on gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary tract pathogens and to identify the compounds in the extracts that may be responsible for this activity. Materials and methodsThe antibacterial activities of crude extracts [hexane, chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH) and water (H2O)] as well as pure compounds isolated from these extracts were evaluated by means of the micro-dilution assay against four Gram-positive bacteria, i.e. Bacillus cereus ATCC 11778, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and S. saprophyticus ATCC 15305, as well as four Gram-negative bacterial strains, i.e. Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC 23246 and Proteus mirabilis ATCC 43071. The isolation of the active constituents was undertaken by bio-autographic assays in conjunction with chromatographic techniques. The identification and characterisation of the isolated compounds were done using mass spectrometry (MS) and Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) as well as 1D- and 2D- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. ResultsThe leaves and stems of A. cordifolia exhibited varied antibacterial activity against all eight pathogens. Most of the MIC values ranged between 63 and 2000µg/ml. The highest activities for the crude extracts (63µg/ml) were observed against S. saprophyticus [stem (EtOAc, CHCl3 and hexane), leaves (MeOH, EtOH, EtOAc and CHCl3)], E. coli [stem (MeOH and EtOH), leaves (MeOH, EtOH, EtOAc and CHCl3)], M. catarrhalis [leaves (EtOAc and CHCl3)], K. pneumoniae [stem (CHCl3), leaves (CHCl3)] and S. aureus [leaves (CHCl3)]. Seven constituents [stigmasterol (1), stigmasta-4,22-dien-3-one (2), friedelin (3), friedelane-3-one-28-al (4), 3-O-acetyl-aleuritolic acid (5), 3-O-acetyl-erythrodiol (6) and methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (methyl gallate) (7)] were isolated from the stem MeOH extract. All these compounds displayed some antibacterial activity against the eight pathogens with highest activity against S. saprophyticus (2µg/ml). Furthermore, this is the first report of compounds 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 isolated from A. cordifolia and where a complete set of 2D-NMR data for fridelane-3-one-28-al (4) is presented. ConclusionThe study demonstrated that the antibacterial activities of A. cordifolia extracts may be due to the presence of the seven isolated compounds, where compounds 3–6 showed the best activity. The observed activity against gastrointestinal, skin, respiratory and urinary tract pathogens supports the traditional use for the treatment of such ailments.

Antibacterial Activity of Isolated Cyanobacteria Species Oscillatoria sp.

Cyanobacteria are a highly diverse group of prokaryotes recognised as a potent source of biologically active compounds with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties. In the present study cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. was isolated from Senanayaka Samudra Reservoir in Sri Lanka and pure monocultures and mass cultures were prepared. Oscillatoria sp. was harvested after 24 days of incubation at exponential growth to extract compounds using methanol and hexane. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify compounds present in the crude extract. Antibacterial activity of crude extract was determined by agar well diffusion and disk diffusion methods against gram positive bacteria of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCCm25923 and gram negative bacteria of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 25853, Salmonella typhii and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. The results showed that the solvents with different polarities had effects on dry biomass of extracted residue. 10% biomass was extracted by hexane extraction protocol where 60% of biomass was extracted by methanol extraction. The highest antibacterial activity in methanol extract was detected against S.typhii in disk diffusion method and the mean diameter of inhibition zone was around 22 mm and mean diameter of inhibition zones of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were recorded as 17, 17 and 15 mm respectively within 24 hours. In agar well diffusion method, methanol extract showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. typhii and mean diameter of inhibition was around 54 mm and mean diameter of inhibition zones of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and E. coli were recorded as 52, 50 and 52 mm respectively within 24 hours. In the hexane extract, antibacterial activities was detected only for S. aureus in both methods and mean inhibition zones were recorded in 22 and 11 mm for agar well diffusion method and disk diffusion method respectively within 24 hours. GC-MS analysis revealed that the crude extract of Oscillatoria contains important fatty acid compounds such as hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid methyl ester), methyl tetradecaoate (myristic acid methyl ester) and 13- Tetradecanoic acid (methyl ester) which possesses antibacterial and antifungal properties. Thus, the result of the study showed that the Osillatoria contained compounds which are potential for pharmaceutical invention. Keywords: Oscillatoria sp. Antibacterial compounds, Well diffusion, Disk diffusion

In vitro antibacterial activity of crude extracts of 9 selected medicinal plants against UTI causing MDR bacteria

Urinary tract infection (UTI) has become a more grievous problem today, due to multidrug resistance of infecting Gram-positive (GP) and Gram-negative (GN) bacteria, sometimes even with multiple infections. This study examines effectivity of 9 tropical flowering plants (Anogeissus acuminata, Azadirachta indica, Bauhinia variegata, Boerhaavia diffusa, Punica granatum, Soymida febrifuga, Terminalia chebula, Tinospora cordifolia and Tribulus terrestris) for possible use as source of antimicrobials for multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, along with main-stream antibiotics. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from urine samples of patients attending and admitted in the hospital. Antibiograms of 11 isolated bacteria (GPs, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus; and GNs, Acinetobacter baumannii, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were ascertained by the disc-diffusion method, and antibacterial effectivity of plant extracts was monitored by the agar-well diffusion method. Isolated bacteria were floridly MDR to most antibiotics of the day. Methanol extracts of 9 plants were used, and extracts of 3 plants, A. acuminata, P. granatum and S. febrifuga at least caused 25–29mm as the maximum size of zone of inhibition on bacterial lawns. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of methanol extracts of 9 plants were recorded. The methanol extract of A. acuminata had 0.29mg/ml as the lowest MIC value and 0.67mg/ml as the lowest MBC value, against MDR S. aureus, signifying effectivity; but, it had the highest MIC value of 3.41mg/ml. and the highest MBC value of 4.27mg/ml for most other MDR bacteria including E. coli. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was done for these 9 plants and information on leading phytochemicals was presented retrieved from PubChem database. Thus, three effective-most plants in controlling MDR-UTI bacteria in vitro were A. acuminata, P. granatum and S. febrifuga, which can be promoted as complementary medicine.

Spectrophotometric Studies of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extract from Cocoa Pods Infected with Phytophthora palmivora

Spectrophotometric Studies of the Antibacterial Activities of Crude Extract from Cocoa Pods Infected with Phytophthora palmivora

Antibacterial Activity of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. from Turkey

In this research, the antibacterial activity of crude extracts obtained from leaves of pennyroyal (<i>Mentha pulegium</i> L.) plant against <i>Escherichia coli</i> ATCC 25922, <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> ATCC 29212, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> ATCC 29213 and <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> ATCC 12228 was investigated. Acetone and methanol were used as chemical solvents to prepare the extracts of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. The determination of antibacterial activity was performed by using disc diffusion method. For each extract, its own solvent was utilized as negative control. Standard antibiotic discs (Clindamycin, Tetracycline and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic acid) were also used as positive control. The results of present study showed that the crude extracts of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. prepared in acetone and methanol had antibacterial activity against test microorganisms and the most antibacterial effect was observed against <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i>. It was determined that the extract of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. (6400 µg/disc) has more antibacterial activity against <i>E. faecalis</i> and <i>S. epidermidis</i> than Tetracycline (10 µg/disc) and has more antibacterial activity against <i>E. coli</i> than Clindamycin (10 µg/disc). However it was found that antibacterial activity of <i>Mentha pulegium</i> L. extract (6400 µg/disc) was close to Tetracycline (10 µg/disc) for <i>E. coli</i> and <i>S. aureus</i> and was close to Clindamycin (10 µg/disc) for <i>E. faecalis</i>.