Antibacterial Active Ingredient Research Articles

Antibacterial Activity and Mechanism of Taxillμs chinensis (DC.) Danser and Its Active Ingredients

Taxillμs chinensis (DC.) Danser is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It has not been reported regarding antibacterial active ingredients and mechanisms of action. However, the Chinese patent medicine Yinhua Miyanling Tablets containing Taxillμs chinensis has an obvious anti-infective effect in our patent. Therefore, we speculate that Taxillμs chinensis may have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this paper is to study the antibacterial effect and mechanism of Taxillμs chinensis and find active compounds with antibacterial activity and a mechanism. We studied the antibacterial effect and mechanism of Taxillμs chinensis extract. The compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of Taxillμs chinensis were preliminarily identified by UPLC-Q-Orbitrap and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Above all, the antibacterial effect and antibacterial mechanism of the active components of Taxillμs chinensis were determined. Finally, we found, for the first time, that Taxillμs chinensis has a good antibacterial effect and ethyl acetate extract has the best effect. In addition, we found, for the first time, that it has an active component, 4-indolecarbaldehyde, and the component has a good broad-spectrum antibacterial effect. Above all, the active chemical 4-indolecarbaldehyde of Taxillμs chinensis can destroy the bacterial structure, make it unable to maintain normal morphology, and significantly increase the number of deaths. In short, Taxillμs chinensis has an antibacterial effect, and one of its main antibacterial components is 4-indolecarbaldehyde. The antibacterial mechanism of Taxillμs chinensis and 4-indolecarbaldehyde is related to the change in bacterial membrane permeability.

Effects of capsaicin loads on the properties of capsicum leaf protein-based nanocellulose composite films

This study aims to enhance the functionality of conventional protein-based nanocellulose composite films (PNCF) to meet the high demand for natural antimicrobial packaging films. Capsicum leaf protein (CLP) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) extracted from capsicum leaves were used as raw materials. Capsaicin, an essential antibacterial active ingredient in the capsicum plant, was used as an additive. The influence of different capsaicin loads on PNCF physicochemical and material properties was investigated under alkaline conditions. The results show that all film-forming liquids (FFLs) are non-Newtonian fluids with shear thinning behavior. When the capsaicin loading exceeds 20 %, the surface microstructure of PNCF changes from dense lamellar to rod-like. Capsaicin did not alter the PNCF crystal structure, thermal stability or chemical bonding. Capsaicin can be loaded onto the PNCF surface by intermolecular hydrogen bonding reactions with CLP and CNC, preserving capsaicin's biological activity. With increasing capsaicin loads from 0 % to 50 %, the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of PNCF decreased, whereas the diameter of the inhibition zone increased. All PNCFs have UV-blocking properties with potential applications in developing biodegradable food packaging materials. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the high-value utilization of capsicum cultivation waste and the preparation of novel PNCF.

Photothermal controlled antibacterial Ta4C3Tx-AgNPs/nanocellulose bioplastic food packaging

Uncontrolled antibacterial, insufficient barrier and low strength are the bottlenecks of food packaging applications. Herein, Ta4C3Tx nanosheet as a template was used to prepare Ta4C3Tx immobilized silver nanoparticles (Ta4C3Tx-AgNPs), which was compounded with nanocellulose to obtain high-strength and high barrier controllable bactericidal nanocellulose-based bioplastic packaging (CTa-Ag). The results indicated that due to the hydrogen bonding between nanocellulose and Ta4C3Tx, the bridging effect of QCS (quaternized chitosan) and the filling of Ta4C3Tx-AgNPs, the CTa-Ag had tightly stacked microstructure, which endowed them with excellent mechanical properties (4.0 GPa), ultra-low oxygen permeability (0.009 cm3/m2·d·atm) and stable photothermal conversion efficiency. Importantly, the packaging exhibits the ability to control the release of antibacterial active ingredients. Moreover, the synergistic effects of controllable release of nano active factors, photothermal and photocatalysis in CTa-Ag gave it long-lasting antibacterial properties. This study brings new insights into the design and manufacture of multifunctional, controllable and long-lasting antibacterial bioplastic food packaging.

Functionalized Calixarenes as Promising Antibacterial Drugs to Face Antimicrobial Resistance.

Since the discovery of polyphenolic resins 150 years ago, the study of polymeric compounds named calix[n]arene has continued to progress, and those skilled in the art perfectly know now how to modulate this phenolic ring. Consequently, calix[n]arenes are now used in a large range of applications and notably in therapeutic fields. In particular, the calix[4]arene exhibits multiple possibilities for regioselective polyfunctionalization on both of its rims and offers researchers the possibility of precisely tuning the geometry of their structures. Thus, in the crucial research of new antibacterial active ingredients, the design of calixarenes finds its place perfectly. This review provides an overview of the work carried out in this aim towards the development of intrinsically active prodrogues or metallic calixarene complexes. Out of all the work of the community, there are some excellent activities emerging that could potentially place these original structures in a very good position for the development of new active ingredients.

Production of Youcare Hand Sanitizer with Chitosan as Antibacterial Active Ingredient in Blangcrum Village

Keeping hands clean from viruses and bacteria is the easiest way to prevent disease transmission. Apart from washing hands with soap, using hand sanitizer products without water or hand sanitizers is also recommended. The purpose of the dedication is to manufacture antibacterial hand sanitizer products which are dominated by natural active ingredients, namely chitosan and Vitamin E moisturizing ingredients which are soft, safe and comfortable for users, and smell good because they contain essential oil. The presence of Chitosan reduces the alcohol content which is too strong but provides more effectiveness for its antimicrobial properties. Hand sanitizers usually contain alcohol, for example, ethanol, as an active substance that works as an antiseptic. Other ingredients are water, fragrance, and glycerin. The use of alcohol as the main antibacterial agent in hand sanitizers can have negative effects on users, including irritation to the hands down to the throat and can even cause digestive disorders. , comfortable and of course affordable by all levels of society. There are two hand sanitizers, namely hand sanitizer gel and hand sanitizer spray. The targeted output of this community service program can increase the productivity and efficiency of handsanitizer production and proposed intellectual property (IP) in the form of patents and trademarks.

Tunicate-mimetic antibacterial hydrogel based on metal ion crosslinking and chitosan functionalization for wound healing

With the increasing prevalence of drug-resistant bacterial infections and frequent occurrences of slow wound healing, the development of novel antibacterial wound dressings has become a serious challenge. Hydrogel dressings have attracted extensive attention on wound healing due to their unique three-dimensional network structures and properties. However, it is a challenge to develop natural long-acting antibacterial hydrogels with multiple functions such as excellent cell affinity, wet adhesion and mechanical properties. Inspired by the wound healing mechanism and adhesion characteristics of tunicates, a series of biomimetic antibacterial hydrogels were prepared by utilizing pyrogallol-modified chitosan (GACS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as matrix, zinc ions (Zn2+) as crosslinking and antibacterial agents, and ethyl N-lauroyl l-arginate hydrochloride (LAE) as the antibacterial active ingredient. The morphology, swelling, water retention, degradability, wet adhesion, biocompatibility, mechanical and rheological properties of PVA/GACS/Zn2+/LAE hydrogels were evaluated. And the adhesion ability conferred by the pyrogallol structures enabled the hydrogel with enhanced antibacterial effect and hemostatic ability. Moreover, the in vivo experiments on rat models with full-thickness infected wounds confirmed that PVA/GACS/Zn2+/LAE hydrogels could efficiently kill bacteria, significantly improve the wound microenvironment, greatly promote fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition and ultimately accelerate wound healing. In a word, this study provided a feasible and simple way for the development of biomimetic antibacterial hydrogel dressings applied in infected wounds, which could not only seal wounds with various shapes and provide a moist and antibacterial environment for wounds, but also have certain mechanical strength, excellent wound adhesion, good biocompatibility and hemostatic performance.

Multi-functional nanofiber membranes with asymmetric wettability and pine-needle-like structure for enhanced moisture-wicking

Developing air cleaning membranes that simultaneously meet the needs of efficient moisture transfer, particulate matter (PM) filtration, and bacterial inhibition still faces great challenges. Herein, a membrane with asymmetric wettability and pine-needle-like nanorods (NRs) was successfully prepared through hydrothermal treatment following sequential electrospinning. The zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods, in-situ grown on the hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, guide water transfer by extending to hydrophobic polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) channels, enhancing unidirectional water transport. Meanwhile, the ZnO nanorods also release antibacterial active ingredients and increase the contact between fibers and aerosols, so harmful microbes are deactivated after the aerosols are captured by the membrane. Consequently, the PVDF/(ZnO NRs@PAN) membrane exhibits an excellent water vapor transport rate (12.47 kg m−2 d−1), PM0.3 removal efficiency (99.83%), and bacteria inhibition rate (99.99%). Moreover, the membrane maintains high filtration performance after 10-cycle filtration and cleaning. Thus, the membrane shows extensive application prospects in the scenario that involves aerosol filtration, moisture management, and microbe inhibition, such as masks, protective clothing, and fresh air systems. This work paves the way for developing multi-functional air cleaning membranes with asymmetric wettability, based on interface design and microstructure regulation.

PEMBUATAN SABUN PADAT EKSTRAK DAUN SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens Jack) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus

Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids that are used as body cleaning agents, in solid form, foam, or without additives. Solid soaps on the market have the color, shape, aroma and additives needed by the skin as well as active ingredients that are able to reduce pathogenic microorganisms on the skin. Antibacterial active ingredients against Staphylococcus aureus can be obtained from sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack) because it contains chemical compounds such as alkaloids, steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. This study aims to determine the physical properties of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532: 2016 and determine the antibacterial activity of solid soap of sungkai leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus. Sungkai leaf extract is added with volume variations, namely 0 mL, 5 mL 10 mL, 15 mL, and 20 mL. The resulting solid soap is physically tested and antibacterial tests against Staphylococcus aureus. The results showed that solid soap of sungkai leaf extract has physical properties in accordance with the quality standards of SNI 3532-2016 and can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The best results were obtained at the addition of 10 mL of sungkai leaf extract. The soap has a dense texture, the aroma of sungkai leaf extract is not too pungent, pH 9.8, foam stability is 87.80%, moisture content is 3.54% and the diameter of the inhibitory zone against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 10 mm

Rapid capture and killing of bacteria by lyophilized nFeS-Hydrogel for improved healing of infected wounds

Due to their antibacterial activity, sulfur-containing nanomaterials are increasingly being developed into nanodrugs against bacterial infection. Nano iron sulfide (nFeS) is a new nanomaterial that can convert organic sulfur into inorganic sulfur, which has excellent antibacterial activity. However, the inorganic sulfur produced by nFeS can easily change its form or volatilize in aqueous solution, which may affect the efficacy of nFeS. We propose a new strategy to encapsulate nFeS in a hydrogel to preserve inorganic sulfides, and the macroporous structure of the hydrogel can capture bacteria to increase their interaction with nFeS. The in-depth characterization conducted in this study demonstrate that the water swelling characteristics of the lyophilized nFeS-Hydrogel and the ability to effectively maintain the antibacterial active ingredients in nFeS results in more effective killing of harmful bacteria than pure nFeS, while also prolonging the shelf life of antibacterial activity. We discovered that bacteria exhibit a unique mode of cell death when nFeS contained in hydrogels interacts with the cells by producing hydrogen polysulfanes, which increased intracellular ROS levels and reduced GSH levels. Furthermore, the nFeS-Hydrogel was found to reduce inflammation and exhibited excellent biocompatibility. Accordingly, the nFeS-Hydrogel has great application prospects as a fast excipient for clearing infection, reducing inflammation, and accelerating wound healing.

Crude metabolites from endophytic fungi inhabiting Cameroonian Annona muricata inhibit the causative agents of urinary tract infections

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common bacterial infections. The global emergence of multidrug-resistant uropathogens in the last decade underlines the need to search for new antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action. In this regard, exploring endophytic fungi inhabiting medicinal plants used locally against urinary tract infections could be a promising strategy for novel drug discovery. This study investigates crude metabolites from endophytic fungi isolated from Annona muricata as potential sources of antibiotic drugs to fight against uropathogens and reduce related oxidative stress. Crude ethyl acetate extracts from 41 different endophytic fungi were screened against three bacterial strains using the broth microdilution method, and fungi producing active crude extracts were identified using ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 nucleotide sequences. The antibacterial modes of action of the five most active extracts were evaluated using Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Klebsiella oxytoca strains. The DPPH and FRAP assays were used to investigate their antioxidant activity, and their cytotoxicity against the Vero cell line was evaluated using the MTT assay. Out of the 41 crude extracts tested, 17 were active with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 3.125 μg/mL to 100 μg/mL and were not cytotoxic against Vero cell lines with a cytotoxic concentration 50 (CC50) >100 μg/mL. The more potent extracts (from Fusarium waltergamsii AMtw3, Aspergillus sp. AMtf15, Penicillium citrinum AMf6, Curvularia sp. AMf4, and Talaromyces annesophieae AMsb23) significantly inhibited bacterial catalase activity, lysed bacterial cells, increased outer membrane permeability, and inhibited biofilm formation, and the time-kill kinetic assay revealed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity. All seventeen extracts showed weak ferric iron-reducing power (1.06 to 12.37 μg equivalent NH2OH/g of extract). In comparison, seven extracts exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activity, with RSA50 ranging from 146.05 to 799.75 μg/mL. The molecular identification of the seventeen active fungi revealed that they belong to six distinct genera, including Aspergillus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Meyerozyma, Penicillium, and Talaromyces. This investigation demonstrated that fungal endophytes from Cameroonian Annona muricata, a medicinal plant used locally to treat bacterial infections, might contain potent antibacterial metabolites with multiple modes of action. The antibacterial-guided fractionation of these active extracts is currently ongoing to purify and characterise potential antibacterial active ingredients.

The Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap supplemented with Extracts combination of Cyperus rotundus L. and Flowers of Plumeria acuminata, Michelia alba, or Cananga odorata Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli Bacteria

<p>Secondary metabolites found in white Frangipani flowers <em>(Plumeria acuminata)</em>, white tropical Magnolia flowers <em>(Michelia alba)</em>, Ylang flower (<em>Cananga Odorata</em>), and Nutgrass <em>(Cyperus rotundus L.) </em>are thought to be employed as antibacterial active ingredients in detergent. This research aims to create liquid antibacterial soap using an extract mixture of Nutgrass with white Frangipani flower (F1), white tropical Magnolia flower (F2), or Ylang flower (F3). Phytochemical screening tests for the ethanol extracts of Nutgrass and those three flowers, pH tests, total active ingredients tests, and antibacterial activity tests against <em>S. aureus </em>and <em>E. coli </em>bacteria were carried out during the formulation of the liquid soap preparation with the addition of these extracts. The extraction procedure was maceration with a 70% ethanol solvent, yielding extracts of 9.28 percent frangipani flower, 8.12 percent white tropical Magnolia flowers, 9.8 percent Ylang flower, and 8.88 percent Nutgrass. The liquid soap quality testing findings met the established norms (SNI 4085:2017). This research shows that the soap formulas (F0, F1, F2, and F3) can inhibit <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em> germs in antibacterial activity tests using the disc diffusion method. Based on the diameter of the inhibition zone, the antibacterial activity against <em>E. coli</em> of liquid soap with Nutgrass & white tropical Magnolia flower extracts (F2) is not significantly different from liquid soap without extracts (F0). The F2 formula shows to be less effective than both the two liquid soaps containing extracts of Nutgrass & white Frangipani flower (F1) and Nutgrass & Ylang flower (F3). However, the three formulas of liquid soaps (F1, F2, and F3) tend to be more effective in antibacterial activity against <em>S. aureus</em> than a liquid soap that did not contain extracts (F0).</p>

Anti-enteric efficacy and mode of action of tridecanoic acid methyl ester isolated from Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms leaf.

Monochoria hastata (L.) Solms (family Pontederiaceae), an ethnomedicinal aquatic herb, is used to remedy several gastrointestinal diseases by various ethnic groups in India. The present study aimed to purify and characterize the antibacterial active ingredient against gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and its mode of action using in vitro experimental models. The active lead molecule in the ethyl acetate extract (EA-Mh) fraction has been purified and characterized through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR), and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) methods. The anti-enteric efficacy has been evaluated against enteropathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. The synergistic and antagonistic studies were done on E. coli MTCC 723 using standard antibiotics (ampicillin and kanamycin, final conc. 50µg/ml) in a sterilized 96-well micro-plate, incubated at 37 ℃ for 24h. The chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses revealed the presence of tridecanoic acid methyl ester (TAME) in the bioactive fraction. The compound causes significant extracellular leakage activity by disrupting cellular morphology in the Enterococcus faecalis MCC 2041T and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium MTCC 98, at a dose of 375μg/ml and 750μg/ml, respectively. The SEM study shows a significant rupturing of E. coli and E. faecalis cells due to TAME induced autolysis. It has synergistic activity with ampicillin. The in silico molecular docking through the AutoDock Vina 4.2 and GROMACS (ver. 5.1) Charmm27 force field results showed that the TAME had a strong binding affinity Escherichia coli DNA Gyrase B (PDB ID: 5l3j.pdb) protein and caused conformational changes. Thus, the manuscript reports the first time on the characterization of TAME from this plant with a detailed antibacterial mode of action studies.

UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SPRAY BAU KAKI EKSTRAK KULIT JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia) DENGAN VARIASI Gelling agent TERHADAP BAKTERI Bacillus subtilis

ABSTRACT Sweat is produced by the apocrine glands, if infected by bacteria that play a role in the decay process will certainly produce foot odor. Some of the bacteria that cause, including Staphylococcus epidermis, Corynebacterium acne and there is one bacterium that causes pungent foot odor that is Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis enzyme leucine dehydrogenase produced the highest, resulting in isovaleric acid foot odor. Lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) has the potential to be developed for the antibacterial active ingredient of foot odor contained in tannins, alkaloids and flavonoids. Spray can be effective for inhibition of feet due to water fleas or bacterial infections. The purpose of this research is to test the inhibitory zone of the preparation of foot odor spray ethanol extract of lime peel (Citrus aurantifolia) with variations of gelling agent. Bacterial inhibition zone testing on extracts of lime peel spray preparations using the disc method. This test was carried out on spray with extract concentration of 0% extract base carbopol, 0% extract base HPMC, 0.2% extract base carbopol, 0.2% extract base HPMC, 0.4% extract base carbopol, 0.4% extract base HPMC and positive control with an average inhibition zone of 9,13 mm, 9,12 mm, 11,86 mm, 11,29 mm, 13,17 mm, 12,30 mm, 8,13 mm against the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Antibacterial test results were analyzed using ONE WAY ANOVA, the results of statistical analysis on the preparation of lime peel extract showed a significant inhibition zone difference of 0.000 (P = <0.05) between all concentrations. Lime peel extract spray is effective in inhibiting the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Key words: Sweat of foot odor, Lime skin (Citrus aurantifolia), Spray, bacteri Bacillus subtilis

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-bacterial Active Ingredients Derived from the Extract of the Leaves of Hydrangea Petiolaris

Anti-inflammatory and Anti-bacterial Active Ingredients Derived from the Extract of the Leaves of Hydrangea Petiolaris

Tumorigenic bacteria in colorectal cancer: mechanisms and treatments.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common and the second most fatal cancer. In recent years, more attention has been directed toward the role of gut microbiota in the initiation and development of CRC. Some bacterial species, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Salmonella sp. have been associated with CRC, based upon sequencing studies in CRC patients and functional studies in cell culture and animal models. These bacteria can cause host DNA damage by genotoxic substances, including colibactin secreted by pks + Escherichia coli, B. fragilis toxin (BFT) produced by Bacteroides fragilis, and typhoid toxin (TT) from Salmonella. These bacteria can also indirectly promote CRC by influencing host-signaling pathways, such as E-cadherin/β-catenin, TLR4/MYD88/NF-κB, and SMO/RAS/p38 MAPK. Moreover, some of these bacteria can contribute to CRC progression by helping tumor cells to evade the immune response by suppressing immune cell function, creating a pro-inflammatory environment, or influencing the autophagy process. Treatments with the classical antibacterial drugs, metronidazole or erythromycin, the antibacterial active ingredients, M13@ Ag (electrostatically assembled from inorganic silver nanoparticles and the protein capsid of bacteriophage M13), berberine, and zerumbone, were found to inhibit tumorigenic bacteria to different degrees. In this review, we described progress in elucidating the tumorigenic mechanisms of several CRC-associated bacteria, as well as progress in developing effective antibacterial therapies. Specific bacteria have been shown to be active in the oncogenesis and progression of CRC, and some antibacterial compounds have shown therapeutic potential in bacteria-induced CRC. These bacteria may be useful as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for CRC.

POTENSI EKSTRAK DAUN KEMANGI (Ocimum sanctum L.) SEBAGAI ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Antibacterial compounds are compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth. The components contained in the basil leaf extract have the potential to be developed as a source of antibacterial active ingredients. Basil leaves are a plant that has antibacterial potential. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity of the basil leaf extract (Ocimum sanctum L.) with various concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Antibacterial activity test using the well diffusion method. The results showed that basil leaf extract (Ocimum sanctum L.) concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% could inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. The concentration of basil leaf extract was 100% effective as an antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. ATCC 25923 of 12.60 mm.

Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Serbuk Kering Sargassum cristaefolium Terhadap Bakteri Escherischia coli dan Salmonella thyposa

Sargassum cristaefolium dried powder can be used as food and fed additives as well as a beverage powder, contained some minerals and terpenoid active ingredients. This study aimed to determine the anti-bacterial activity of Sargassum cristaefolium dried powder on the inhibition of Escherischia coli and Salmonella thyposa bacteria in vitro. The research showed that the dried powder of Sargassum cristaefolium had better inhibition on Salmonella thyposa (2.3 mm) compared to Escherischia coli (1.2 mm) although it was classified as weak bactericidal. Sargassum cristaefolium dried powder showed positive testing for alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids and tannins and does not contain saponins, had low toxicity (LC50 322 ppm). The LCMS test showed a peak at 2.16 retention time with a molecular weight of 339.39 m/z. The structure of the Sargassum cristaefolium antibacterial active ingredient should be clarified using C-NMR and H-NMR.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK DAUN SIRIH SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF ANTIBAKTERI DALAM GEL HAND SANITIZER NON-ALKOHOL

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong>. </strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari efektivitas ekstrak daun sirih sebagai pengganti bahan aktif antibakteri pada hand sanitizer. Ekstrak daun sirih diperoleh dengan cara maserasi daun sirih selama 3x24 jam dalam larutan alkohol 70%. Kadar alkohol pada ekstrak daun sirih hasil maserasi diuapkan dalam vacuum evaporator (T = 60<sup>o</sup>C) hingga volume ekstrak yang tersisa sekitar 15%. Ekstrak ini digunakan sebagai bahan antibakteri aktif dalam pembuatan gel pembersih tangan. Bahan kimia dasar pembuatan gel seperti karbomer (zat pembentuk gel), propilen glikol (penstabil), gliserin, nipagin dan trietanolamina / TEA (zat alkali) dicampur dan diaduk dalam air suling (sekitar 85 ml) dengan komposisi 0,3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0,02 g dan 0,2 ml, masing-masing. Volume ekstrak yang ditambahkan ke dalam gel divariasikan 8, 10, dan 12 ml. Terakhir, volume hand sanitizer ditambahkan aquades untuk mengatur volumenya 100 ml. Efektivitas dan kualitas hand sanitizer ini dianalisis senyawa aktifnya, keasaman gel (pH), organoleptik, daya hambat pertumbuhan bakteri, dan dispersi gel. Staphylococcus aureus dipilih sebagai bakteri yang diuji karena ditemukan di tangan. Kehadiran saponin, tanin, dan flavonoid terdeteksi secara kualitatif di dalam produk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan ekstrak daun sirih 12 ml (sampel III) memiliki kinerja terbaik pada kisaran konsentrasi ekstrak yang diteliti (8-12 ml). Sampel III memiliki keasaman (pH) dan zona hambat masing-masing sekitar 5 dan 9,78 mm2. Area hambat ini lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan hand sanitizer komersial yang memiliki luas 2,98 mm2. Namun, daya sebar hand sanitizer ini sedikit lebih rendah dibandingkan hand sanitizer komersial (sekitar 167% dan 180%). Uji organoleptik menggambarkan bahwa produk ini dapat diterima di masyarakat karena tidak mengiritasi dalam pemakaian. Produk ini lebih aman sebagai hand sanitizer dibandingkan produk sejenis yang menggunakan alkohol sebagai bahan aktifnya.</p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> This research aims to study the effectiveness of betel leaf extract as a substitute for antibacterial active ingredients in hand sanitizer. Betel leaf extract is obtained by maceration of betel leaves for 3x24 hours in 70% alcohol solution. The alcohol content in the betel leaf extract from maceration was evaporated in the vacuum evaporator (T = 60<sup>o</sup>C) until the remaining extract volume was around 15%. This extract is used as an active antibacterial ingredient in making hand sanitizer gel. The basic chemicals of making gels such as carbomer (gelling agent), propylene glycol (stabilizer), glycerin, nipagin and triethanolamine / TEA (alkalizing agent) are mixed and stirred in distilled water (about 85 ml) with compositions of 0.3 g, 4 ml, 3 ml, 0.02 g and 0,2 ml, respectively. The volume of extract added in the gel was varied 8, 10, and 12 ml. Finally, the volume of hand sanitizer was added distilled water to adjust its volume 100 ml. The effectiveness and quality of this hand sanitizer were analyzed its active compounds, gel acidity (pH), organoleptic, the inhibitory ability of bacterial growth, and gel dispersion. <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> was chosen as the bacteria tested because it found in the hands. The presence of saponin, tannins, and flavonoids is detected qualitatively in the product. The results showed that adding 12 ml extract of betel leaf (sample III) has the best performance in the studied range of extract concentration (8-12 ml). Sample III has the acidity (pH) and the inhibitory zone about 5 and 9.78 mm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. This inhibitory area is higher than that of the commercial hand sanitizer, which has an area of 2.98 mm<sup>2</sup>. However, the spreadability of this hand sanitizer is slightly lower than that of the commercial one (about 167% and 180%). Organoleptic tests depict that this product is acceptable in the community because it does not irritate in use. This product is safer as hand sanitizer than the similar products that use alcohol as an active ingredient.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Keywords </strong>: betel leaf, antibacterial, hand sanitizer, Staphylococcus aureus</p>

Antibacterial activities of Physalis angulata herb extract on white feces diseases (WFD) in Litopenaeus shrimp vannamei

Litopenaeus vannamei shrimp is one of the leading export commodities in fisheries from Indonesia, however White Feces Diseases (WFD) cause deaths up to 30% and decrease their growth and production. WFD is caused by the accumulation of several Vibrio bacteria in shrimp water and intestines. One of the local herbs that has the potential as antiproliferation, antidiabetic, anticytotoxic commonly used in the treatment of humans diseases is Physalis angulata known as ciplukan. The aim of this study was to obtain ciplukan extract which has an antibacterial activity of Vibrio sp., and to analyze the anti-bacterial effect of ciplukan extract on Vibrio bacteria from vannamei infected with WFD. This study used descriptive and experimental methods using a randomized block design. Data collection methods were carried out through direct observation of the object under study. Observation data were analyzed by F- test followed by HSD. The results showed that the extract of ciplukan plants contained antibacterial active ingredients. Chloroform solvent extracts had the best antibacterial activity with 13 mm inhibition zone on green bacterial colonies and 16.5 mm in yellow bacterial colonies derived from shrimp intestinal infected with WFD. The best concentration that provides the highest inhibition zone as obtained by 10% chloroform extract.

Randomized controlled trial evaluating the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate and para-chloro-meta-xylenol handwash formulations in real-world doses

Chlorhexidine gluconate-based soaps have become the gold standard for handwashing in critical care settings and para-chloro-meta-xylenol is an effective alternative antibacterial active ingredient. This study benchmarked 2 novel foaming handwashes, compared to a bland soap for antimicrobial effectiveness using the health care personnel handwash method at realistic soap doses (0.9 mL and 2.0 mL). To our knowledge, this is the first published efficacy study on realistic soap doses. Both soaps met Food and Drug Administration success criteria.