The emergence of new virulent Vibrio strains resistant to common antibiotics has caused significant economic losses to shrimp farming worldwide. It is mandatory to adopt new strategies to control shrimp farming related vibriosis. Essential oils (EOs) have several biological properties among of which the quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity is appealing for vibriosis control. In this work, we evaluated QS inhibitory activity of five EOs obtained from oregano (Organum vulgare), tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia), lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris), at sublethal doses. EOs involvement in bioluminescence shutdown, biofilm formation and swarming motility was evaluated in four Vibrio strains of aquaculture interest including V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus. Oregano oil (EOOv) and tea tree oil (EOMa) were further tested in in vivo assays due to their significant effects (P < 0.05) on QS inhibition. EOOv was the most efficient one and exerted a comparable QS inhibitory effect to EOMa at a lower concentration in vivo (2.5 μg mL−1 of EOMa versus 1.0 μg mL−1 of EOOv). The lowest active doses of EOOv and EOMa that inhibited QS had no toxic effects on hemocytes and larvae of P. vannamei. A challenge test was performed in P. vannamei postlarvae (PL8) with V. campbellii, grown previously in the presence of EOOv or EOMa at sublethal active doses. Our results indicated that both EOs affected the virulence of V. campbellii and were able to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce shrimp mortality (EOOv in a 40% while EOMa in a 32%). A field bioassay was also carried in earthen ponds to test two different concentrations of EOOv and EOMa for feed supplementation (2.5 and 5.0 mg kg−1 respectively). EOOv increased significantly (P < 0.05) shrimp survival and yield at both doses, whereas EOMa increased shrimp survival and yield only at the highest dose. In conclusion, EOOv and EOMa constitute suitable alternatives to reduce vibrios virulence and to increase yield in shrimp culture systems.