Antitumor Activity Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Physicochemical properties, immunomodulation and antitumor activities of polysaccharide from Pavlova viridis.

Polysaccharides synthesized by microalgae can be used as the functional ingredients of food or drugs. Here, we investigated the physicochemical properties and bioactivities of the polysaccharide from microalgae Pavlova viridis, and indicated the structure-activity relationship. The polysaccharides (PPS0) were degraded with H2O2-vitamin C assisted by ultrasonic waves. The functional group content, monosaccharide composition, and average molecular weight (avg-MW) were detected by chemical or chromatographic method. The immunomodulatory activities were evaluated in vitro by detecting nitric oxide (NO) emission, neutral red uptake and macrophage proliferation. Antitumor activities of degraded fragments were detected using S180-tumor-bearing mouse model by intragastric administration. Degraded polysaccharides PPS1 and PPS2 were obtained at avg-MW of 386.96 and 54.99 kDa. The sulfate group content of polysaccharide was 16%, and the uronic acid content was 5.88 and 8.48%. PPS mainly consisted of fructose, glucose and mannose. All the degraded PPSs could increase phagocytosis and proliferation of macrophages, and stimulated NO emission in a dose-dependently way. PPS2 in Low-MW fragments had the strongest immunoenhancing activities. Different doses of PPS all could inhibit the growth of implanted S180 tumor. At dose of 200 mg/kg/day, the tumor inhibition rate of PPS2 was 57.06%, about 23.6% less than that of CTX-treated group. Different-MW PPS significantly increased lymphocyte proliferation. At 200 mg/L, the proliferation index of PPS2 was 1.37, 2.03 times higher than that of CTX-treated group. The polysaccharides of Pavlova viridis had potential antitumor activities by improving immune response. Moreover, the bioactivities depend on their molecular weight.

Characterization, antioxidant and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from purple sweet potato

Three polysaccharides, PSPP1-1, PSPP2-1 and PSPP3-1, were isolated from purple sweet potato. The three polysaccharides belonged to β-type polysaccharides and contained low proportions of proteins and uronic acids. PSPP1-1 and PSPP3-1 with molecular weights of 33.3 and 75.3kDa, respectively, were composed of rhamnose, xylose, glucose and galactose, whereas PSPP2-1 with molecular weight of 17.8kDa was composed of rhamnose and galactose. The three polysaccharides possessed in vitro antioxidant (scavenging DPPH radicals, chelating ferrous ions and reducing power) and antitumor activities (against SGC7901 and SW620 cells) in a dose-dependent manner. Among the three polysaccharides, PSPP2-1 exhibited the strongest reducing power, scavenging activity on DPPH radicals and chelating capability on ferrous ions. PSPP1-1 showed the strongest inhibitory activities on the growth of SGC7901 and SW620 cells. In addition, flow cytometry results showed that PSPP1-1 could induce apoptosis in SGC7901 and SW620 cells. These results suggest that polysaccharides from purple sweet potato are potential natural antioxidant and antitumor agents that can be used as drugs or functional food ingredients.

Polysaccharides from Cymbopogon citratus with antitumor and immunomodulatory activity

Context: Most of the present studies on the antitumor efficiency of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf (Gramineae) are limited to its low-mass compounds, and little information about the antitumor activity of polysaccharides from this plant is available.Objectives: This study focused on the potential antitumor and immunomodulatory activities of polysaccharides (CCPS) from C. citratus.Materials and methods: CCPS was isolated using the water extraction-ethanol precipitation method. The sarcoma 180 (S180) cells-inoculated mice were intraperitoneally administrated with CCPS (30–200 mg/kg/d) for seven consecutive days. The effects of CCPS on tumor growth, thymus and spleen weights, splenocyte proliferation, and cytokine secretion in the tumor-bearing mice were measured. The cytotoxicity of CCPS (50–800 μg/mL) towards S180 cells was also studied.Results: CCPS significantly inhibited the growth of the transplanted S180 tumors, with the inhibition rates ranging from 14.8 to 37.8%. Simultaneously, CCPS dose-dependently improved the immunity of the tumor-bearing mice. With the highest dose of 200 mg/kg/d, the thymus and spleen indices were increased by 21.9 and 91.9%, respectively; ConA- and LSP-induced splenocyte proliferations were increased by 32.7 and 35.3%, respectively. The secretions of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 2 (IL-12), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were increased by 103.2, 40.2, 23.6, and 26.3%, respectively. Nevertheless, almost no toxicity of CCPS towards S180 cells was observed, with the maximal inhibition rate less than 15% at the CCPS concentration of 800 μg/mL.Conclusion: CCPS exhibited antitumor activity in vivo, and this activity might be achieved by immunoenhancement rather than direct cytotoxicity.

Purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii residue

A novel water-soluble polysaccharide from Pleurotus eryngii residue was isolated and further purified by DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography to yield PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3. Molecular weights were determined by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Gas chromatography (GC) analysis of monosaccharide composition confirmed that PEPE-1, PEPE-2 and PEPE-3 were heteropolysaccharides and mainly composed of glucose. Sulfate and uronic acid content, ultraviolet and infrared spectrum were also evaluated. The antitumor activities of the polysaccharides against HepG-2 cells were studied in vitro. Results showed that the three polysaccharides could suppress the proliferation and enhance lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of HepG-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The effect increased in the order of PEPE-1<PEPE-2<PEPE-3, respectively. The same order was also observed with uronic acid content. Findings presented in this study suggested that the polysaccharides extracted from P. eryngii residue might be suitable for functional foods and natural antitumor drugs development.

Optimization of fermentation process of Cordyceps militaris and antitumor activities of polysaccharides in vitro

The influence of medium composition and cultural conditions on simultaneous yield of mycelia, intracellular polysaccharide, adenosine, and mannitol by Cordyceps militaris CGMCC 2909 was investigated with desirability functions in this study. An optimization strategy based on the desirability function approach, together with response surface methodology (RSM) has been used to optimize medium composition, and the optimal medium was obtained via the desirability as follows: yeast extract 10.33 g/L, sucrose 27.24 g/L, KH2PO4 5.60 g/L and the optimal culture conditions are initial pH 6, 25°C, rotation speed 150 r/minute, inoculum size 4%(v/v), and medium capacity 40 mL/250 mL. Under these conditions, the yield of mycelia, intracellular polysaccharide, adenosine and mannitol reached 12.19 g/L, 0.6 g/L, 61.84 mg/L, and 1.38 g/L, respectively, and the D value was 0.77. Furthermore, the polysaccharides showed significant antitumor activities against HeLa and HepG2 in vitro in a dose-dependent manner in 72 hours. At a concentration of 1000 mg/mL, the inhibition rate of polysaccharides was 92.38% and 98.79%. The IC50 for HeLa and HepG2 were 70.91 μg/mL and 97.63 μg/mL, respectively.

The Immunostimulatory and Anti-tumor Activities of Polysaccharide from &lt;i&gt;Agaricus bisporus&lt;/i&gt; (brown)

Agaricus bisporus is one of the most consumed culinary mushrooms in the world. The white type of Agaricus bisporus has been demonstrated with various bioactivities beneficial to human health. However, little was known about its brown type. In this study, the anti-cancer and immunoregulatory potential of Agaricus bisporus (brown) polysaccharide were investigated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, the polysaccharide had a significant antiproliferative effect on Hela cells (cervical cancer cells), especially at the high concentration of 200 μg/ml. The spleen index, thymus index and carbon clearance ability of mice were remarkably increased by the polysaccharide treatment, indicating the polysaccharide had a promising benefit for immunodulation in vivo. Furthermore, the polysaccharide increased the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells with 19.1% at 50µg /ml and 34.5% at 100µg /ml, which demonstrated the immunodulation mechanism was in close conjunction with macrophages. In conclusion, these results indicated that Agaricus bisporus (brown) polysaccharide possessed strong immunostimulatory and anti-tumor bioactivity in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, it could be explored as a novel natural antitumor agent with immunomodulatory activity.

Isolation, characterization, and biological activities of polysaccharides from medicinal plants and mushrooms

Abstract Polysaccharides from medicinal plants and mushrooms form a major class of bioactive compounds with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Some of their biological activities include antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antitumor, gastrointestinal protection, antidiabetic, and hepatoprotective effects. Immunomodulatory and antitumor activities of polysaccharides, from medicinal plants and mushrooms, are of special interest in this review. The epidermal growth factor receptor molecules, such as HER family receptors, play a critical role in the formation and growth of cancer. Rational development of targeted therapeutic agents requires a clear understanding of cancer at the molecular level. This chapter therefore attempts to provide a molecular basis of cancer formation, development, and growth. This chapter then provides strategies for rational screening programs for the discovery of targeted cancer therapeutics. Major part of the plant-based polysaccharide research in biomedical arena has so far been on crude extracts or partially purified polysaccharides. To understand the precise function of plant/mushroom polysaccharides in immunomodulatory and antitumor mechanism, there is an urgent need for the development of improved separation and purification techniques that will allow a study of detailed structure–function relationship. A review of literature on separation methods is provided in this chapter, which is followed by suggestion for novel strategies for the purification of polysaccharides extracted from plant/mushroom sources. Methods for structural characterization of bioactive polysaccharides will then be highlighted after a brief discussion on structure–activity relationship. The mechanism of action of plant polysaccharides as anticancer agents is then briefly discussed. Finally, this chapter provides possible directions for future research in this important area.

Partial characterization, antioxidant and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from Philomycusbilineatus

Four polysaccharides (PBP60-A, PBP60-B, PBP60-C and PBP60-D) were purified from slug (Philomycusbilineatus) by ion-exchange chromatography. The antioxidant activities were studied by ABTS, DPPH, hydroxyl radical, superoxide radical and reducing power assay. In vitro antitumor activities were evaluated by MTT assay. Results demonstrated that PBP60-A was mainly composed of Man, Rha, Glc, Gal, Xyl and Fuc in a mole ratio of 6.13:3.08:8.97:5.22:2.46:1.13. PBP60-B was composed of Man, GlcN, Rha, GalN, GlcU, Glc, Gal, Xyl and Fuc in a mole ratio of 0.90:0.31:1.15:0.37:0.24:1.02:3.84:0.93:1.99. PBP60-C and PBP60-D were composed of Man, GlcN, Rha, GalN, GlcU, Glc, Gal, Xyl, Fuc and an unknown monosaccharide. Antioxidant tests indicated that four polysaccharides exhibited significant antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner. PBP60-D presented relative stronger antioxidant activity. PBP60-C showed higher antitumor activity against A549 and MCF-7 cells in vitro. At concentration of500μg/mL, the antitumor activities of PBP60-C on theA549 and MCF-7 cells were 65.30% and 42.45%, respectively. These results indicated that polysaccharides from Philomycusbilineatus could be explored as potential natural antioxidants and cancer prevention agents.

Antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Lepista sordida against laryngocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo

Four water-soluble polysaccharides (LSPa1, LSPb1, LSPb2 and LSPc1) extracted from the fruiting bodies of Lepista sordida were prepared by DEAE cellulose-52 anion-exchange and Sepharose 6 Fast Flow gel-permeation chromatography. LSPa1 was composed of Glc, Man and Gal with a molar ratio of 3.2: 1.3: 0.6. LSPb1, LSPb2 and LSPc1 were composed of Glc, Man, Gal, Rha and Ara in the proportions of 2.6: 2.1: 0.9: 0.6: 0.3, 1.2: 1.0: 2.3: 0.6: 0.5, 0.2: 0.3: 2.3: 0.3: 2.0, respectively. The high-performance gel-permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis showed that the average molecular weight (Mw) of four polysaccharides were approximately 156, 134, 96 and 57kDa, respectively. MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays indicated that three acidic polysaccharides, namely LSPb1, LSPb2 and LSPc1, possessed more potent antiproliferative effect on human laryngocarcinoma Hep-2 cells than neutral polysaccharide LSPa1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner and the effect increased in the order of LSPa1<LSPb2<LSPb1<LSPc1, which is the same as their uronic acid content. Furthermore the tumor volume and tumor weight were also obviously suppressed after two weeks’ treatment of LSPc1 to mice engrafted with Hep-2 cancer cells. Results of these studies demonstrated that the polysaccharide LSPc1 had a potential application as natural antitumor drugs.

Advance in studies on anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides in latest five years

Polysaccharides widely exist in animals, plants, microorganisms, and possess various biological activities including anti-tumor, anti-virus, anti-oxidant and immunomodulatory. Polysaccharides shows notable anti-tumor activity and less toxicity, and becomes a hotspot in the studies of anti-tumor drugs. Therefore, there is huge potential for developing polysaccharides into a novel antitumor medicine. This article summarized polysaccharides derived from animals, plants, microorganisms which have significant antitumor effect in the latest 5 years; findings indicate that polysaccharides show the anti-tumor effect directly by inducing tumor cell apoptosis and indirectly as an immunoenhancement. This article also looks into the future of studies on anti-tumor activity of polysaccharides.

Isolation, purification, immunological and anti-tumor activities of polysaccharides from Gymnema sylvestre

Five water-soluble polysaccharides, including GSP11 (xylose:glucose=1:2.47), GSP22 (rhamnose:glucose:galactose=1.6:1:1.22), GSP33 (rhamnose:glucose:galactose=1:1.5:1.1), GSP44 (xylose:glucose:galactose=1:1.03:1.2) and GSP55 (rhamnose:xylose:glucose:galactose=1:1.21:1.81:2.58), were obtained from Gymnema sylvestre and tested for their immunological and anti-tumor activities. The molecular weights of the five water-soluble polysaccharides were 5.3×104, 5.4×105, 9.5×105, 1.0×106 and 1.9×106Da, respectively. Immunological activity tests revealed that both crude and deproteinated polysaccharides (GPS) possess good immunological activities, especially on blood serum hemolysin formation at 300mg/kg. MTT assays revealed that all samples possessed anti-tumor activities in a dose-dependent manner except for GSP22 in AGS cells. At a concentration of 640μg/mL, GSP11 and GSP33 showed good activities in U937 cells, with inhibitory rates of 78.6% and 83.8%, respectively, and GSP22 showed good activity in SGC cells with an inhibitory rate of 78.2%.

Preparation, preliminary characterization, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from the flower of tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

In the present study, the crude polysaccharides from the flowers of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) (TFPS) were prepared with hot water and further fractionated on a DEAE-52 cellulose chromatography to afford three purified fractions of TFPS-1, TFPS-2 and TFPS-3. Then, their preliminary structures, antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro and hepatoprotective activity in vivo were investigated. Compared with TFPS-2 and TFPS-3, TFPS-1 had relative higher content of sulfate and relative complicated monosaccharide composition. In addition, TFPS-1 and TFPS-3 showed relative stronger antioxidant activity and inhibitory activity on the growth of human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells. For hepatoprotective activity in vivo, we demonstrated that crude TFPS significantly prevented the increase of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, reduced the formation of malondialdehyde and enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury mice. The results suggested that TFPS should be a potent natural polymer with antioxidant, hepatoprotective and antitumor activities.

Chemical composition and antitumor activity of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus

The alkaline soluble polysacchride AIOPA isolated and purii¬ed from Inonotus obliquususing gel i¬ltration was subjected to composition analysis and determined for the antitumor and immunomodulatory activitives. Based on the results of high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), gas chromatography (GC) and infra-red (IR) spectrum, AIOPA consisted of rhamnose, xylose, manose, galactose, glucose and galacturonic acid in a molar ratio of 3.09:1.61:2.06:4.45:19.7:1 with a molecular weight of 6.3 kDa. In the present study, it was found that AIOPA remarkably enhanced spleen and thymus index in mice bearing S180 sarcoma, and also stimulated LPS-induced splenocyte proliferation. Immunomodulatory activity assay in vitro indicated AIOPA could signii¬cantly enhance cellular lysosomal enzyme activity, nitric oxide (NO) formation and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α) secretion in macrophages. Furthermore, AIOPA dose-dependently stimulated macrophages to produce NO through the up-regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity and the maximal effect occurred at a concentration of 300 ug/ml by AIOPA.These data suggest that the antitumor activity of AIOPA may be associated with its potent immunostimulating effect. Key words: Inonotus obliquus, polysaccharide, immunomodulatory, antitumor.

Antitumor Activity of Polysaccharides and Saponin Extracted from Sea Cucumber

The density gradient of S180 cells were treated with various extracts at a concentration of polysaccharides (P1 and P2) and saponins (S1 and S2) measured after 22h, 44h, 68h and 92 h post-treatment. P1, P2, and saponin S1 were extracted from Acaudina leucoproct, and S2 was extracted from the concentrated liquid of Stichopus japonica. The cytotoxic effects of S1 and S2 on S180 cells was demons treated dose and time dependent, using MTT assay. Saponin S2 exhibited the highest potency against S180 cells, with an IC50 of 41.04 µg/ml at 44 h. Additionally, by Annexin V/PI staining, we observed more viable cells under polysaccharides treatment compared to the saponins. These results indicate that the in vitro anti-tumor effects of saponins S1 and S2 are more potent than those of polysaccharides P1 and P2.

Antitumor activity of polysaccharides isolated from Patrinia heterophylla

The research investigated the effect of Patrinia heterophylla Bunge (Valerianaceae) polysaccharides (PHB-P1) on U14-bearing mice. The tumor weight of mice treated with PHB-P1 (30, 60 mg/kg body weight) was significantly lower than that of the control group, a decrease of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed, and the serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) level was increased slightly. The number of apoptotic tumor cells was significantly increased in the mice by treatment of PHB-P1 (30, 60 mg/kgbw). Cell cycle analysis showed the accumulation of tumor cells in the G2/M phase and a relative decrease of the S phase. By the immunohistochemical analysis, PHB-P1 (30, 60 mg/kgbw) might up-regulate the expression of p53 and Bax, and significantly inhibited the expression of Bcl-2 in tumor tissues. In conclusion, PHB-P1 could inhibit tumor growth and induce tumor cell apoptosis.

Extraction, purification, characterization and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum

Ultrasonic-aid extraction (UAE) was applied to the extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and then the crude polysaccharides were purified by filtration, DEAE cellulose-52 chromatography and Sephadex G-100 size-exclusion chromatography in that order. Two main fractions, GP-1 and GP-2, were obtained through the extraction and purification steps. The characterizations, such as molecular weight, monosaccharides composition, ultraviolet spectrum and infrared spectrum of the two fractions were analyzed in this study. Furthermore, the influence of G. lucidum polysaccharides fractions upon activation of macrophage cell (RAW 264.7) and antitumor activities to the human breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231) in vitro were evaluated by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay. The results indicated that GP-1 and GP-2 can increase the proliferation and pinocytic activity of macrophage significantly and play an inhibited effect on the cancer cell, moreover, the antitumor activity of the GP-1 and GP-2 increased with the participation of the antitumor factors induced from macrophage by polysaccharides fractions.

Preparation and the antitumor activity in vitro of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake

Tricholoma matsutake is the most valuable mushroom exhibiting a characteristic and delicate flavor as well as several biological activities among the various mushroom species. Extraction procedure and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake mycelium were studied in this work. Single factor tests and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design were applied to optimize the water extraction conditions. The polysaccharides yields increased when the ratio of water to sample increased from 10:1 to 30:1, extraction time from 1 to 4 h and temperature from 60 to 90°C as invested in single factor tests. To enhance further polysaccharides extraction, the extraction conditions were studied with RSM. The optimum extraction conditions were confirmed as follows:extraction time 4.3 h, the ratio of water to sample 29.2:1, extraction temperature 93.8°C. The extraction rate of polysaccharides under this condition could reach the highest value of 18.43% with one time extraction, and, 21.63% with two times extraction. Furthermore, the polysaccharides presented significant antitumor activity against B16 human melanoma cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. At the concentration of 10 mg/ml, the inhibition rate of polysaccharides got 67%.

Anti-Tumor Activity of Polysaccharides Isolated from Patrinia scabra Bunge on U14 Cervical Carcinoma Bearing Mice

The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Patrinia scabra Bunge polysaccharide (PSB-P2) on cervical cancer cell (U14)-bearing mice. The tumor weight of mice treated with PSB-P2 (40, 80 mg/kg b.w.) was significantly lower than that of the control group and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was decreased, while serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP) level was only changed slightly. Meanwhile, the number of apoptotic tumor cells was significantly increased in the mice by the treatment of PSB-P2 (40, 80 mg/kg b.w.). At the same time, cell cycle analysis showed the accumulation of tumor cells in the G0/G1 phase and a relative decrease in the S phase. On the other hand, using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, PSB-P2 (40, 80 mg/kg b.w.) showed the up-regulation of p53 and Bax, and significant inhibition of Bcl-2 in tumor tissues. It suggests a possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of PSB-P2 on tumor growth.

Antitumor activity of degraded products of lentinan: its correlation with molecular weight.

Lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide from Lentinus edodes, was degraded to seven fractions by treatment with formic acid. The low molecular-weight fractions (I and II) showed no antitumor activity against sarcoma-180 solid-type tumor and the absorption maximum of Congo Red did not shift in their presence in 0.1M sodium hydroxide. The medium molecular-weight fraction III, which required the increase of doses (5 or 10 mg/kg) for inhibition of tumor growth, caused a little shift. On the other hand, the absorption maximum of Congo Red shifted largely by the presence of high molecular-weight fractions (IV approximately VII) which showed the inhibition ratio of over 95% in a dose of 1 mg/kg. Participation of molecular weight in the antitumor activity of polysaccharides which contain (1 leads to 3)-beta-D-glucan main chain was discussed.

Extraction and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake

Extraction and antitumor activity of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake