Antitermitic Activity Research Articles

Quality Analysis and Anti-termite Activity of Essential Oils from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Litsea firma (Blume) Hook F

Quality Analysis and Anti-termite Activity of Essential Oils from the Leaves, Stems, and Roots of Litsea firma (Blume) Hook F

Aktivitas Antirayap Kulit Batang dan Akar Tumbuhan Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Kokosan (Lansium domesticum cv Kokossan) is one of the Meliaceae family plants known to produce various compounds with various activities. The Meliaceae family is known to have fruit seeds with a bitter taste that can be utilized as an antifeedant in insects. However, research on the bioactivity and content of secondary metabolites in the roots and bark of kokosan as termiticides against subterranean termites has never been reported. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolite compounds and test the anti-termite activity of extracts and fractions of kokosan root and stem bark against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren termites. Root and stem bark powder were macerated separately using methanol solvent and then fractionated to obtain n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol fractions (residue). Each extract and fraction was fed to termites through cellulose paper at a concentration of 5% for 3 days. Based on the results of phytochemical tests on extracts and fractions from the roots and bark of kokosan, it is known to contain alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, and phenolic compound groups. The results of the anti-termite activity test are based on the percentage mortality value obtained by the methanol extract of the most active root with a value of 97.2% and paper weight loss of only 6.92%. In the ethyl acetate fraction of the roots, mortality was 84.4% and paper weight loss was 2.38%, and the n-hexane fraction of the stem bark showed mortality of 87.6% and paper weight loss of 2.20%. The kokosan root obtained has the most active activity against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren.

Efficacy of Mentha piperita (Peppermint), Azadirachta indica (Neem), Syzygium aromaticum (Clove), Brassica nigra (Mustard) oils on termites

Termites are detritophagous insects feeding on plant parts and wood component of building causing great loss thus, they are important to be managed. The use of pesticides of plant origin in pest management is considered to be environment friendly unlike synthetic pesticides that poses great threat to the environment. In this research, efficacy comparison of different Botanical oils (Mentha piperita, Azadirachta indica, Syzygium aromaticum, Brassica nigra) regarding their anti-termite activity was calculated. The Botanical oils were tested for their insecticidal activity by exposing termites to oil. The study involves four treatment groups with varying concentration of oils (0.5 ml, 1 ml), each group consisted of 15 termites. The number of mortalities (mean± S.E.) after treatment was calculated and analyzed. The Botanical oils were effective in killing termites. 1 ml Botanical oil of Mentha piperita shows highest average mortality. The results suggested that these essential oils had beneficial activities of economic value for the development of new or latest and safe termite control product.

Calocedrus formosana Essential Oils Induce ROS-Mediated Autophagy and Apoptosis by Targeting SIRT1 in Colon Cancer Cells.

Colorectal cancer is the most common cancer that affects both sexes and has a poor prognosis due to aggressiveness and chemoresistance. Essential oils isolated from Calocedrus formosana (CF-EOs) have been shown to demonstrate anti-termite, antifungal, anti-mosquito, and anti-microbial activities. However, the anticancer effects of CF-EOs are not yet fully understood. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying CF-EOs-mediated anti-proliferative activity in colon cancer cells. Here, cell impedance measurements showed that CF-EOs inhibit proliferation in colon cancer cells with wild-type or mutant p53. Flow cytometry revealed that CF-EOs at 20, 50 µg/mL significantly induced ROS generation and autophagy in both HCT116 p53-wt and HCT116 p53-null cell lines, whereas pretreatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) markedly attenuated these changes. CF-EOs also induced apoptosis at 50 µg/mL in both lines, as determined by flow cytometry. Protein analysis showed that CF-EOs markedly induced apoptosis markers, including Trail, cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cleaved PARP, as well as autophagy markers, such as the levels of ULK1, Atg5, Atg6, Atg7, and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II. CF-EOs were further found to inhibit the activity and expression of the NAD+-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 to increase the levels of acetylated p53 (Ac-p53) in p53-wt cells and acetylated c-Myc (Ac-c-Myc) in p53-null cells, ultimately inducing apoptosis in both lines. Interestingly, suppression of SIRT1 by CF-EOs enhanced the acetylation of ULK1, which in turn prompted ROS-dependent autophagy in colon cancer cells. The induction of apoptosis and autophagy by CF-EOs suggests that they may have potential as a promising new approach for treating cancer. Collectively, our results suggest that essential oils isolated from Calocedrus formosana act as a promising anticancer agent against colon cancer cells by targeting SIRT1 to induce ROS-mediated autophagy and apoptosis.

Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitermite valorization of extractable substances from the heartwood of four major species of the Gabonese forest-timber sectors

The aim of this study was to focus on the chemical characterization and the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-termite properties of extractable substances from the heartwood of Tieghemella africana, Testulea gabonensis, Staudtia kamerunensis, Entandrophragma utile in Gabon with a view to their valorization. The results of cold maceration extractions revealed that the extractable content varies with wood species and solvent. The high extract contents were obtained with acetone and ethanol, except for S. kamerunensis where the levels of dichloromethane and water extracts were high, respectively, 3.40 and 6.35%. E. useful showed a high content with dichloromethane (4.15%). Phytochemical screening indicated the presence in the acetonic, ethanolic, and water extracts of the wood species several groups of bioactive molecules, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, free quinones, sterols and triterpenes, and saponins. The results of the total phenols assay corroborated those obtained during the phytochemical screening. The results of anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-termite activities revealed that they vary with wood species, solvent, and concentration in terms of anti-termite activity. The strong anti-inflammatory activities were recorded with the ethanolic, acetonic, and water extracts where the EC50 values of all the essences were the lowest and close to that of our control, diclofenac (555.25 μg/mL). The ethanol extracts of the wood species showed strong activities, particularly those of S. kamerunensis and E. useful where we obtained low EC50 values of 604.13 and 602.38 μg/mL, respectively. The strong antioxidant activities were recorded with the acetonic, ethanolic extracts of S. kamerunensis and E. useful whose respective EC50 values (6.50 and 4.50 μg/mL) for S. kamerunensis and (4.50 and 3.01 μg/mL) for the E. useful. Similarly, the water extract of E. useful whose value is close to that of gallic acid (0.40 μg/mL) our control. The antitermite activity revealed that the acetone and ethanol extracts of the wood species and the water extract of E. useful at 20 mg/mL showed interesting antitermite activities. The strongest activities were recorded with the dichloromethane extracts of the wood species, where the survival rates of the termites were the lowest. Particularly with the dichloromethane extract of E. useful with a survival rate of 30% at 10 mg/mL and 1.70% at 20 mg/mL.

Larvicidal and anti-termite activities of microbial biosurfactant produced by Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 isolated from marine sponge Clathria sp.

The widespread use of synthetic pesticides has resulted in a number of issues, including a rise in insecticide-resistant organisms, environmental degradation, and a hazard to human health. As a result, new microbial derived insecticides that are safe for human health and the environment are urgently needed. In this study, rhamnolipid biosurfactants produced from Enterobacter cloacae SJ2 was used to evaluate the toxicity towards mosquito larvae (Culex quinquefasciatus) and termites (Odontotermes obesus). Results showed dose dependent mortality rate was observed between the treatments. The 48 h LC50 (median lethal concentration) values of the biosurfactant were determined for termite and mosquito larvae following the non-linear regression curve fit method. Results showed larvicidal activity and anti-termite activity of biosurfactants with 48 h LC50 value (95% confidence interval) of 26.49 mg/L (25.40 to 27.57) and 33.43 mg/L (31.09 to 35.68), respectively. According to a histopathological investigation, the biosurfactant treatment caused substantial tissue damage in cellular organelles of larvae and termites. The findings of this study suggest that the microbial biosurfactant produced by E. cloacae SJ2 is an excellent and potentially effective agent for controlling Cx. quinquefasciatus and O. obesus.

AKTIVITAS ANTIRAYAP DARI EKSTRAK METANOL GUBAL KAYU GAHARU BUAYA (Aetoxylon sympetalum) TERHADAP RAYAP TANAH (Coptotermes sp.) (ANTITERMITE ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT AGARWOOD BUAYA (Aetoxylon sympetalum) ON SUBTERRANEAN TERMITES (Coptotermes sp.))

Agarwood buaya (Aetoxylon sympetalum) is a Kalimantan endemic plant whose utilization has not been optimal. This plant has potential as an anti-termite, one of which is sapwood. This study aims to determine the content of secondary metabolites from the results of phytochemical screening, components of agarwood buaya sapwood based on GC-MS analysis fraction n-hexane and anti-termite activity against subterranean termites (Coptotermes sp.). Research that has been done is divided into four steps, maceration and fractionation, phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, and testing the activity of termites using a forced feeding test method. Crude methanol extract from 1 kg of dried agarwood buaya sapwood was 240.787 g (24.0787%), consisting of 0.8339% n-hexane fraction, 86.3663% chloroform fraction, and 0.7571% methanol fraction. The results of phytochemical screening on agarwood buaya sapwood extract showed that it contained flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, and phenolic compounds. Identification of the components of agarwood buaya sapwood fraction n-hexane through GC-MS yielded compounds a4-chloro-6-methoxy-2-methylquinolin-8-amine (10.33%), stigmasterol among other (5.94%), n-hexa-decanoic acid (3.2%), 6-octa-decenoic acid (2.99%), and 1,2-Benzene-diol, 3,5-bis(1,1-dimethyl-ethyl) (2.01%). Termite activity test was carried out for 3 days with variations in the concentration of 0% (negative control), 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4% (w/v), and 0.25% (v/v) (fibronil as positive control). The results of anti-termite testing show the most active fraction was the methanol fraction (LC50 0.146%) followed by the chloroform fraction (LC50 0.167%), methanol crude extract (LC50 0.192%), and the n-hexane fraction (LC50 0.208%).

The Antitermitic and Antifungal Activities and Composition of Vinegar from Durian Wood (Durio sp.)

The Antitermitic and Antifungal Activities and Composition of Vinegar from Durian Wood (Durio sp.)

Anti-Termite Activities of The Bioactive Compounds of Gaharu Culture (Aetoxylon sympetalum) From Maceration Results Using Acetone Solvent

Agarwood is a plant known for its aromatic resin, which is one of the most widely distributed species in Indonesia. This research was carried out in several stages, namely maceration, partitioning, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), and termites activity. The test was carried out for 3 days with variations in the concentration of 0% (negative control), 0.1%, 0.2%. 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5% (w/v), and 0.25% fipronil reagent as positive controls. The crude extract yield of sapwood gaharu aloe acetone obtained was 23,4321% and the partition result of 233,789 grams of crude extract of acetone consisted of n-hexane fraction with a yield of 3.812%, chloroform fraction of 42.205%, and acetone fraction of 43.621%. The results of the phytochemical test showed that aloe vera sapwood contained alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics and saponins. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane fraction showed the number of peaks as many as 55 peaks which may contain 55 compounds in the fraction. The compound with the highest % area was 4-Chloro-6-methoxy-2-methyl quinoline-8-amine (10.33%) followed by stigmasterol compound (5.94%). The results of the termite activity test showed that the most active fraction as an anti-termite was acetone fraction (LC50 0.082%) followed by chloroform fraction (LC50 0.134%), crude extract (LC50 0.144%) and n-hexane fraction (LC50 0.176%)

Aktivitas Antirayap Ekstrak dan Fraksi Biji Jeruk Sambal (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) Terhadap Rayap Tanah (Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren)

Citrus microcarpa is one of the Rutaceae family plants which is commonly used for food industries to enhance aroma and flavor. This plant contains secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics. Unfortunately, bioactivity information, specifically anti-termites from citrus seeds is unreported. The aim of this study was to determine anti termite activity of the methanol extract and fractions of the citrus seeds against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren. The research was carried out in several stages, starting from maceration, partitioning, phytochemical testing, and termite activity testing for 7 days. The results of the subterranean termite mortality test were justified based on the LC50 values, from the smallest to the largest values, respectively, chloroform fraction 1.689%, methanol fraction 1.783%, n-hexane fraction 1.788%, and methanol extract 2.324%. The results of termite mortality which reached 100% for each tested sample were due to the extract and fractions of the citrus seeds have antifeedant activities.

Anti-Termite Activity of Azadirachta excelsa Seed Kernel and Its Isolated Compound against Coptotermes curvignathus

Azadirachta excelsa, is a plant belonging to the same genus as Indian neem (Azadirachta indica), and its use as a pesticide is reported by few studies. Despite being a different species, it is expected to have the same biopesticide potential as A. indica. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the anti-termite activity of n-hexane and methanol extracts of A. excelsa seed kernel at various concentrations against Coptotermes curvignathus. The methanol extract demonstrated greater termicidal activity than n-hexane at doses test of 2%, 4%, and 8%. It also showed 100% termite mortality on the third day of administering the 8% dose. According to the gas chromatography with mass spectrometry data, the putative main components of the n-hexane extract were hexadecanoic acid, ethyl ester (18.99%), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (16.31%), and 9-octadecenal (16.23%). In contrast, the principal constituents of methanol extract were patchouli alcohol (28.1%), delta-guaiene (15.15%), and alpha-guaiene (11.93%). Furthermore, limonoids profiling of A. excelsa methanol extract was determined using Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. The number of limonoids identified tentatively was fifteen, such as 6-deacetylnimbin, nimbolidin C, nimbolide, 6-acetylnimbandiol, 6-deacetylnimbinene, salannol, 28-deoxonimbolide, gedunin, nimbandiol, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, 2’,3’-dihydrosalannin, marrangin, nimbocinol, and azadirachtin. They were the same as those reported in the seed and leaves of A. indica, but its largest component in A. excelsa was 6-deacetylnimbin. As a result, the presence of these compounds may be responsible for the anti-termite activity of A. excelsa seed kernel extract. Additionally, column chromatography of methanol extract yielded 6-deacetylnimbin, which was found to be antifeedant and termiticide against C. curvignathus.

Phenolics Content and DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Dalbergia latifolia leaf ethanolic extract

Dalbergia latifolia is one of the famous species that naturally grows in Java, Indonesia. The wood of this species is purple in color and the leaf is utilized as forage. The purpose of this study is to determine the bioactivity and phenol contents of D. latifolia leaf ethanolic extract. The antioxidant activity and anti-termite activity were measured through the DPPH method and Neotermes bosei activity. Furthermore, phenol contents were determined through colorimetric method and ethanolic extract constituents were identified by GC-MS. The DPPH inhibition of ethanol extract of D. latifolia leaf exhibited 138.20±2.14 µg/ml. While the measurement of total phenol and total flavonoid content of D. latifolia leaf showed a value of 192.67±9.41 mg GAE/ g and 55.23±5.11 mg QE/ g of dried extract sample. The termiticidal activity of ethanolic extract showed low activity. The GC-MS detection showed fatty acids as dominant compounds. The inhibition of DPPH by D. latifolia leaf ethanol extract in this study suggested this leaf is potent as antioxidant agents.

Anti-termite Activities of Extracts from Euphorbia tithymaloides and Euphorbia tithymaloide variegatus

The objective of this work was to investigate the anti-termite properties of solvent extracts of two Euphorbia plant species, Euphorbia tithymaloides and Euphorbia tithymaloides “variegatus”. Termiticidal activity of stem barks and leaf extracts were analysed by using anti-termite activity tests. All crude extracts obtained by petroleum ether and ethyl acetate exhibited 100% repellency activities at a concentration of 36 mg mL-1. Average repellency time decreased as the concentration of crude extracts were increased. Contact bioassay tests revealed that crude extracts from stem barks are more potent than extracts from leaves; and non-polar solvents gave crude extracts which are more effective that those extracted by polar solvents. Crude extracts obtained by petroleum ether from stem barks of both E. tithymaloides and E. tithymaloides “variegatus” plants species gave dissimilar peaks in GC-MS chromatograms, except two peaks, which correspond to the compounds: 1-heptadecene and n-hexadecanoic acid. Crude extract from E. tithymaloides gave a prominent peak corresponding to the compound tetracontane as the principal constituent (73.7%) of the extract. Since this peak is absent in crude extracts from E. tithymaloides “variegatus” stem barks, its presence in crude extracts from E. tithymaloides stem barks can be attributed to its high termite lethality assay results. In general, from the results obtained from this work, it could be concluded that the Euphorbia species are potential sources of botanical pesticides against termites.

Antitermitic Activity of Woods Impregnated with Medical Plant Mentha Spicata (Mint) Extract against Subterranean Termite

Antitermitic Activity of Woods Impregnated with Medical Plant Mentha Spicata (Mint) Extract against Subterranean Termite

Composition of Essential Oil of Healthy and Diseased Indian Rosewood Trees (Dalbargia Sissoo DC.)

The evergreen rosewood tree (Dalbargia sissoo or Indian rose wood tree), was once a major source of fuel wood and later used in the furniture industry, is now dying in a slow and mysterious death across Pakistan, India and other South Asian countries. In the present study chemical changes produced in essential oil of diseased Dalbergia sisso and chemical derivatization of essential oil were investigated to determine antioxidant and antitermitic activities. The potential ability of secondary metabolites present in disease affected trees was much lower to act as effective antioxidants to fight against oxidative damage. Results obtained showed that Tetradecane, Tertadecene and their derivatives present in Dalbergia sissoo trees play very vital role for keeping trees healthy. The Tukey HSD test, Scheffé, Bonferroni and Holm multiple comparison post-hoc tests clearly showed that Tetradecane and its derivative are significantly different in healthy and disease affected trees from each other. Bangladesh J. Bot. 51(3): 455-460, 2022 (September)

Termicidal Activity and Chemical Components of Wood Vinegar from Nipah Fruit against Coptotermes curvignathus

The termicidal activity and chemical components of wood vinegar from two sources of biomass, nipah fruit shells (NFS) and a mixture of shells and fiber (MSF), were evaluated against Coptotermes curvignathus. A no-choice test was carried out to evaluate their termicidal activity using filter paper samples treated with 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, 10.0%, and 12.5% NFS or MSF vinegar. Both wood vinegars exhibited antitermitic activity against C. curvignathus. The results show that increased concentrations of NFS and MSF vinegar significantly increased termite mortality. In particular, the NFS vinegar caused complete mortality and the lowest filter paper mass losses at 2.18% when treated with 12.5% wood vinegar. The most abundant chemical compounds of NFS vinegar were cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride, 2,5-dichlorophenol, 2-propanone, acetic acid, propanoic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, 3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal, and trans-geraniol. Meanwhile, the main compounds in the MSF vinegar were 1,2-ethanediol, formic acid, acetic acid, ethanoic acid, 2-furancarboxaldehyde, phenol, 2-methoxy phenol, and 4-methyl phenol.

Nanostructured multifunctional wood hybrids fabricated via in situ mineralization of zinc borate in hierarchical wood structures

Developing feasible and eco-friendly methods to fabricate multifunctional wood remains an imperative yet challenging task. Prompted by biomineralization, this study proposes the fabrication of nanostructured wood hybrids with efficient flame retardancy, smoke suppression, mold resistance, and antitermite activity via in situ mineralization of nanosized zinc borate (ZnB) particles in a hierarchical void system of wood. ZnB was successfully deposited in the hierarchical nano/microporous cell wall structures, as confirmed by X-ray microtomography and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The mineralized wood exhibited excellent heat insulation performance during combustion. The limiting oxygen index of the mineralized wood with 22.1 wt% ZnB (MW22) increased from 22.6% of the untreated wood to 41.2%. Cone calorimetry testing revealed reductions of 51.4%, 89.0%, and 79.5% in average CO yields, total smoke production, and maximum smoke production ratio, respectively, in MW22 relative to those in the untreated wood; the peak heat release rate and total heat release also decreased by 46.9% and 47.9%, respectively. A noncombustible film of molten ZnB covered and cross-linked the carbonaceous char layer, forming a cohesive and robust 3D residual skeleton, which endowed thermal insulation to the wood, delayed oxygen diffusion, reduced flammable gas release, and suppressed toxic smoke. Antitermite tests showed a mothproofing rating of 10 for MW22, far higher than the rating of 4 for untreated wood. Moreover, MW22 exhibited exceptional mold resistance, with an average infection of 0 and an average protective efficiency of 100%. Therefore, in situ mineralization of the wood cell wall architecture with ZnB provides a facile and feasible strategy to fabricate multifunctional integrated wood, which is suitable for scaling up and can be potentially used in modern green buildings.

Green synthesis, characterization and antibacterial, antifungal, larvicidal and anti-termite activities of copper nanoparticles derived from Grewia asiatica L.

BackgroundThe current study was conducted to find out an eco-friendly and cost-efficient way to prepare copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by utilizing Grewia asiatica L. leaf extract, which was found to be a very effective antimicrobial and larvicidal chemical.MethodsCharacterization of nanoparticles was also carried out by utilizing Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, scanning electron microscope along with X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The artificially prepared nanoparticles in the laboratory were approximately in the range of 2 µm in size and crystalline in nature. The CuNPs were tested for their antimicrobial activity against different types of fungi and bacteria, also some mosquito and termite. All the results and observations were tested with a one-way analysis of variance keeping the probability level at < 0.0001.ResultsThe copper nanoparticles exhibit significant antibacterial and antifungal activities and are also found lethal for many mosquito and termite species. Antibacterial activity was checked against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, their zone of inhibition was 17 nm and 20 nm, respectively. The antifungal potential was checked against Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae and the zone of inhibition was recorded at 20 mm and 23 mm, respectively. CuNPs were also found lethal for many mosquitoes and maximum efficacy of CuNPs against Aedes aegypti larva was observed at 100 mg/ml after 24 h. Termite species such as Heterotermes indicola were exposed to CuNPs and the highest mortality rate in termites was seen at 100 ppm concentration of CuNPs. Current research provides the first investigation of CuNPs of G. asiatica as a larvicidal and as an anti-termite. G. asiatica garden-fresh leaves were collected from Railway colony Mughalpura.ConclusionsThis study proves that CuNPs have a toxic effect on insects and can also be utilized as a biological control of insects. By using such a scientific approach, the scientists can lower the costs of chemical usage and a biodegradable alternative could be provided.

Phytochemical and Anti-Termite Efficiency Study of Guibourtia tessmanii (harms) J. Léonard (Kévazingo) Bark Extracts from Gabon

This study aimed to explore the biodiversity of chemical compounds found in the bark of Guibourtia tessmannii from Gabon, commonly called Kévazingo, and evaluate their anti-termite activity to determine their potential values as a source of development of anti-termite products that can be valued in the fields of fine chemicals and wood preservation. Extraction of G. tessmannii bark powders was carried out using the cold maceration method with trichloroethylene, acetone, ethanol, and water. Phytochemical screening made it possible to highlight groups of chemical families present in the extracts. Anti-termite activity was tested on the wild termites “Cubitermes sp” of the genus Isoptera. The yield of the extracts were 17.11% for the buttress and 13.42% for the height at 6 m. Phytochemical tests revealed that alkaloids, polyphenols, sterols, tannins, reducing compounds, flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones were present in the extracts. Results of anti-termite activity indicated that anti-termite activity varied with the different parts of the bark studied, extraction solvent, and concentration (50/50) and (25/75) of the extracts used. The extracts at 50/50 concentration showed a slightly better anti-termite activity compared to the 25/75 concentration. In addition, the buttress Kévazingo or buttress showed the strongest anti-termite activity for the aqueous extract with a survival rate of 0% after 2 days.

Termiticidal Activity of Methanol Extract of Pegagan (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Toward Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren

Termiticide activity of methanol extract of Centella asiatica L. Urban against Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren was investigated using the no choice test. The chemical components of methanol extract of C. asiatica were identified by GC-MS. The antitermite activity showed that the percentage of termite mortality increased when the concentrations of extract increased. The concentrations of 25% indicated the highest termite mortality which reached 100% on the sixth day. Profiling GC-MS methanol extract of C. asiatica revealed 85 chemical components. Based on MS spectral data, 56 chemical components were identified which were grouped into fatty acids (27.09%), esters (23.73%), hydrocarbons (16.56%), ethers (8.28%), sesquiterpenes (1.61 %), alcohol (1.55 %), aldehydes (3.50%), monoterpenes (1.08%), diterpenes (0.67%), steroids (0.43%), and ketones (0.31 %). Among these, the presence of palmitic acid, patchouli alcohol, and β-caryophyllene may be responsible for its termiticide activity. Other compounds such as triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and glycosides that were reported previously not detected by GC-MS in this study, possibly contributing to its activity.