Anti-stress Activity Research Articles

Bacillus velezensis HBXN2020 alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice by improving intestinal barrier integrity and reducing inflammation

Bacillus velezensis is a species of Bacillus that has been widely investigated because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, most studies on B. velezensis have focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, with few reports on antagonizing Salmonella Typhimurium infections. In this investigation, it was discovered that B. velezensis HBXN2020, which was isolated from healthy black pigs, possessed strong anti-stress and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Importantly, B. velezensis HBXN2020 did not cause any adverse side effects in mice when administered at various doses (1×107, 1×108, and 1×109 CFU) for 14 days. Supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores, either as a curative or preventive measure, dramatically reduced the levels of S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 in the mice’s feces, ileum, cecum, and colon, as well as the disease activity index (DAI), in a model of infection caused by this pathogen in mice. Additionally, supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores significantly regulated cytokine levels (Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Il10) and maintained the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin protein. Most importantly, adding B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores to the colonic microbiota improved its stability and increased the amount of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Akkermansia). All together, B. velezensis HBXN2020 can improve intestinal microbiota stability and barrier integrity and reduce inflammation to help treat infection by S. Typhimurium.

Bacillus velezensis HBXN2020 alleviates Salmonella Typhimurium infection in mice by improving intestinal barrier integrity and reducing inflammation.

Bacillus velezensis is a species of Bacillus that has been widely investigated because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, most studies on B. velezensis have focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, with few reports on antagonizing Salmonella Typhimurium infections. In this investigation, it was discovered that B. velezensis HBXN2020, which was isolated from healthy black pigs, possessed strong anti-stress and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Importantly, B. velezensis HBXN2020 did not cause any adverse side effects in mice when administered at various doses (1×107, 1×108, and 1×109 CFU) for 14 days. Supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores, either as a curative or preventive measure, dramatically reduced the levels of S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 in the mice's feces, ileum, cecum, and colon, as well as the disease activity index (DAI), in a model of infection caused by this pathogen in mice. Additionally, supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores significantly regulated cytokine levels (Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Il10) and maintained the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin protein. Most importantly, adding B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores to the colonic microbiota improved its stability and increased the amount of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Akkermansia). All together, B. velezensis HBXN2020 can improve intestinal microbiota stability and barrier integrity and reduce inflammation to help treat infection by S. Typhimurium.

Bio Evaluation of Mirabilis Jalapa Leaves Extract for Anxiolytic Activity in Animal Model

Anxiety is an exaggerated feeling of apprehension, uncertainty and fear. It is an unpleasant state of tension with an anticipation of imminent danger. It may be regarded as a particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to environmental events that are Novel. In recent times, there are many indigenous plants have beneficial properties to treat mental disease and psychic complaints. Mirabilis Jalapa Linn (family- Nyctanginaceae) is one of the plants that used for health care and medicinal purpose for thousands of years. It has traditionally been used in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, muscle pain, abdominal colic, and diarrhea. However, studies have evidenced its antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-stress and many other activities. The purpose of this study was to prepare & evaluate Methanolic extract of leaves of mirabilis Jalapa for the treatment of anxiety in animal models. The dried leaves were extracted with methanol separately and administered the dose of 200mg/kg and employed in elevated plus maze test and open field test with 2mg/kg i.p.of Diazepam as a standard drug to assess the anxiolytic activity. The result reveled that methanol leaf extract was more impetus due to high amount of flavonoid, phenolic compound, steroids; terpenoid contents possess tremendous anti-anxiety activity. This study suggested that the M.Jalapa is much more active compound consistent medicinal plant to derive a potent drug against Anxiety

γCyclodextrin-assisted Aqueous Extract of Cinnamon for Cancer and Stress Management.

Our goal was to investigate the use of Cyclodextrin in creating an aqueous extract of Cinnamon with a high content of its bioactive ingredients, validated by cell-based assays. Due to their safety and cost-effectiveness, natural compounds have garnered attention for cancer therapy, which often faces challenges related to drug toxicity and resistance. Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum; also known as Ceylon Cinnamon) is a commonly used spice with a history in folk medicine for treating various ailments. However, its active ingredients suffer from poor solubility, stability, and bioavailability, which limits its use and benefits. We prepared γCyclodextrin (γCD)-assisted aqueous extract of Cinnamon (CD-CIN) and compared its activity with the DMSO extract (DM-CIN). The cells were exposed to CD-CIN and DM-CIN extracts under normal and stressed (oxidative, metal, and hypoxic) conditions and then analyzed for stress and cancerous phenotypes using various molecular assays. We found that CD-CIN possesses considerable anticancer activity that involves the activation of tumor suppressor proteins and DNA damage response. Low, non-toxic concentrations of DM-CIN and CD-CIN caused comparable inhibition of migration and invasion capability of cells, supported by molecular marker analyses. Furthermore, protection against oxidative, metal, and hypoxia stress, as well as induction of differentiation, was recorded in both DM-CIN and CD-CIN treated cells, as compared to the control. We report CD-CIN as a new economic and easy Cinnamon-derived resource that possesses considerable anticancer and antistress activities and hence warrants further chemical, in vitro, and in vivo studies.

Panax notoginseng: Pharmacological Aspects and Toxicological Issues.

Current evidence suggests a beneficial role of herbal products in free radical-induced diseases. Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen has long occupied a leading position in traditional Chinese medicine because of the ergogenic, nootropic, and antistress activities, although these properties are also acknowledged in the Western world. The goal of this paper is to review the pharmacological and toxicological properties of P. notoginseng and discuss its potential therapeutic effect. A literature search was carried out on Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. The following search terms were used: "notoginseng", "gut microbiota", "immune system", "inflammation", "cardiovascular system", "central nervous system", "metabolism", "cancer", and "toxicology". Only peer-reviewed articles written in English, with the full text available, have been included. Preclinical evidence has unraveled the P. notoginseng pharmacological effects in immune-inflammatory, cardiovascular, central nervous system, metabolic, and neoplastic diseases by acting on several molecular targets. However, few clinical studies have confirmed the therapeutic properties of P. notoginseng, mainly as an adjuvant in the conventional treatment of cardiovascular disorders. Further clinical studies, which both confirm the efficacy of P. notoginseng in free radical-related diseases and delve into its toxicological aspects, are mandatory to broaden its therapeutic potential.

Mixtures of Three Mortaparibs with Enhanced Anticancer, Anti-Migration, and Antistress Activities: Molecular Characterization in p53-Null Cancer Cells.

Mortalin, a member of the Hsp70 family of proteins, is commonly enriched in many types of cancers. It promotes carcinogenesis and metastasis in multiple ways of which the inactivation of the tumor suppressor activity of p53 has been firmly established. The downregulation of mortalin and/or disruption of mortalin-p53 interactions by small molecules has earlier been shown to activate p53 function yielding growth arrest/apoptosis in cancer cells. Mortaparibs (Mortaparib, MortaparibPlus, and MortaparibMild) are chemical inhibitors of mortalin isolated by cell-based two-way screening involving (i) a shift in the mortalin staining pattern from perinuclear (characteristics of cancer cells) to pancytoplasmic (characteristics of normal cells) and (ii) the nuclear enrichment of p53. They have similar structures and also cause the inhibition of PARP1 and hence were named Mortaparibs. In the present study, we report the anticancer and anti-metastasis activity of MortaparibMild (4-[(4-amino-5-thiophen-2-yl-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-thiazol-2-amine) in p53-null cells. By extensive molecular analyses of cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis pathways, we demonstrate that although it causes relatively weaker cytotoxicity compared to Mortaparib and MortaparibPlus, its lower concentrations were equally potent to inhibit cell migration. We developed combinations (called MortaparibMix-AP, MortaparibMix-AM, and MortaparibMix-AS) consisting of different ratios of three Mortaparibs for specifically enhancing their anti-proliferation, anti-migration, and antistress activities, respectively. Based on the molecular analyses of control and treated cells, we suggest that the three Mortaparibs and their mixtures may be considered for further laboratory and clinical studies validating their use for the treatment of cancer as well as prevention of its relapse and metastasis.

Exploring the Potential of Tinospora cordifolia: Formulation and Evaluation of an Innovative Antiacne Cream

The study explores the causes, evaluation, and treatment of Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory condition caused by Cutibacterium acnes, affecting the pilosebaceous unit. Tinospora cordifolia which is commonly known as gurjo, guduchi or giloy. It is a Menispermaceae herbaceous vine that is only found in the tropics of the Indian subcontinent. The usefulness of these remedies is still debatable despite clinical research, despite being used in Ayurveda to treat a variety of diseases. It has therapeutic qualities such as anti-diabetic, antipyretic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, antimalarial, Antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory, and anti-neoplastic activities, which have been described by scientific research. In this research we have tried to evaluate the formulation of Tinospora cordifolia that shows the Anti-microbial activity for the treatment of Acne vulgaris. We have tested the microbial growth with the help of nutrition broth. We have performed various evaluation parameters of formulation like pH, viscosity, spreadability, physical appearance etc. The results that were obtained were under expectated limits.

Effect of Shatavarichinnaruhadi Ksheerakasaya in Perimenopausal Symptoms

Menopause is referred to as Rajakshaya in Ayurveda, which is the body's transition from a Pitta- to a Vata-dominant condition. It comes under Swabhavika vyadhi and occurs in Jara pakwa sareera, which causes Dhatus to gradually deteriorate. Treatment of perimenopausal symptoms may benefit from medications with Rasayana, Medhya, Balya, Dahasamana, Vayasthapaka, and Rasarakthaprasadaka characteristics. A 44-year-old woman who sought treatment for hot flushes, excessive sweating, particularly at night, irritability, mood swings, numbness in the extremities, sleep disturbances, and vaginal itching is presented here. Assessment was done using Greene Climacteric Scale. Among all the symptoms, hot flushes and night sweats were the most distressing one for the subject. Shatavari chinnaruhadiksheerakasaya mentioned in Chikitsamanjari in Vataraktha context possess Vatapittapradhana Tridoshasamana, Rasarakthapradhaka, Dahasamana, Rasayana, Medhya, Balya like properties which can be beneficial in reducing the most wretched vasomotor symptoms. Apart from these, the formulation exhibits anti-oxidant, free radical scavenging, phytoestrogenic and anti-stress activity. Ksheera is Vata pitta samana, Rasayana, Sheeta veerya, Vrishya, Ojasyam, Dhatuvardhaka, and Jeevaneeya. For thirty days, 48ml of Shatavarichinnaruhadi ksheerakasaya was administered twice daily, one hour before food. The severity of symptoms particularly hot flushes and night sweats were considerably reduced after treatment. Thirty days after quitting the drug, a follow-up was conducted, and this time the severity of the symptoms was also less severe than it had been before therapy. From this case report, it is evident that Shatavarichinnaruhadi ksheerakasaya is effective for the management of perimenopausal symptoms especially the most disturbing vasomotor symptoms

Oral Safety Evaluation of the Aqueous Fruit Extract of Annona Muricata in Wistar Rats

Annona muricata fruit (i.e. Soursoup or custard apple a tropical plant species known for its edible fruit)has been attributed with numerous medicinal benefits (including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-protozoan, antioxidant, anxiolytic, anti-stress, anti-ulcerogenic, wound healing, hepato-protective, anti-icteric, hepatoprotective, anticancer and antihyperglycemic activities) as well as some toxicological effects (neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration). Despite its ancestral use and wide applications in human health, scientific information on its oral safety remains scanty. In this study, the oral safety of 100 mg/kd/day, 200 mg/kg/day and 400 mg/kg/day of the aqueous fruit extract of Annona Muricata (AFAM) was evaluated in young adult, male and female white albino Wistar rats using standard acute and 42-days sub-chronic oral toxicity testing guidelines on anthropometric, biochemical, hematological and histo-pathological endpoints. In addition, preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses of AFAM were undertaken using standard procedures. Results of the study showed that the estimated LD50 value for the acute oral toxicity study of AFAM calculated to be greater than 5 g/kg body weight/oral route although the testing was associated with transient but reversible behavioral toxicities. For its sub-chronic oral toxicity testing, AFAM treatment resulted in profound %weight gain, decreases in the serum triglycerides and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol and liver enzymes. Similarly, prolonged oral AFAM treatments caused significant decrease and increase in the differential neutrophils and platelet counts, respectively while the hist-opathological features of hepatic steatos is and renal tubule collapse in the AFAM-treated livers and kidneys, respectively suggested possible increased intrahepatic lipids biosynthesis and nephrotoxicity. The preliminary phytochemical analyses of AFAM showed the presence and relative amount of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, glycosides, saponin, and reducing sugars while the Gas Chromatography-Mass spectroscopy showed the relative abundance of thirteen compounds. Composite analyses conducted on the extract showed the presence of carbohydrate (64.65%), protein (2.14%), moisture content (8.07%), ash value (6.73%), lipid (14.22%) and fiber (4.19%). Overall, the study suggested that the prolonged AFAM oral treatments could predispose to the development of fatty liver disease from de novo intrahepatic biosynthesis of triglycerides, nephrotoxicity and hematotoxicity. In conclusion, the results of this study showed that prolonged consumption of AFAM should be with a great caution as it could pose serious health concerns.

Antimicrobial Activity of Syzygium aromaticum Essential Oil in Human Health Treatment.

The use of natural compounds to prevent and treat infective diseases is increasing its importance, especially in the case of multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms-mediated infections. The drug resistance phenomenon is today a global problem, so it is important to have available substances able to counteract MDR infections. Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry (commonly called clove) is a spice characterized by several biological properties. Clove essential oil (EO) consists of numerous active molecules, being eugenol as the principal component; however, other compounds that synergize with each other are responsible for the biological properties of the EO. S. aromaticum is traditionally used for bowel and stomach disorders, cold and flu, oral hygiene, tooth decay, and for its analgesic action. Its EO has shown antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, neuro-protective, anti-stress, anticancer, and anti-nociceptive activities. This review aims to investigate the role of E. S. aromaticum EO in the counteraction of MDR microorganisms responsible for human disorders, diseases, or infections, such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Candida albicans, Giardia lamblia, Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. This study might orient clinical researchers on future therapeutic uses of S. aromaticum EO in the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases.

24-Epibrassinolide Reduces Drought-Induced Oxidative Stress by Modulating the Antioxidant System and Respiration in Wheat Seedlings.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) represent a group of plant signaling molecules with a steroidal skeleton that play an essential role in plant adaptation to different environmental stresses, including drought. In this work, the effect of pretreatment with 0.4 µM 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) on the oxidant/antioxidant system in 4-day-old wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied under moderate drought stress simulated by 12% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG). It was revealed that EBR-pretreatment had a protective effect on wheat plants as evidenced by the maintenance of their growth rate, as well as the reduction in lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage from plant tissues under drought conditions. This effect was likely due to the ability of EBR to reduce the stress-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate the activity of antioxidant enzymes. Meanwhile, EBR pretreatment enhanced proline accumulation and increased the barrier properties of the cell walls in seedlings by accelerating the lignin deposition. Moreover, the ability of EBR to prevent a drought-caused increase in the intensity of the total dark respiration and the capacity of alternative respiration contributes significantly to the antistress action of this hormone.

Withania somnifera as a Phytoherbal Growth Promoter for Broiler Farming – A Review

Abstract Poultry production significantly contributes to bridging the food gap worldwide. Several nations have limited the usage of antibiotic growth promoters due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics and the occurrence of residual antibiotics in the edible tissues of birds. The world is now turning to using natural alternatives to increase poultry production as well as birds’ resistance to diseases. Withania somnifera (WS; family: Solanaceae) is a precious medicinal herb utilized in several countries due to its distinct chemical, medicinal, and physiological properties. This plant has antioxidant, anti-aging, antimicrobial, antitumor, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, antistress, and growth-promoting activities. In poultry, the dietary inclusion of WS revealed a promising result in enhancing productive performance, increasing disease resistance, reducing stress effects, and maintaining the bird’s health. Thus, the current review highlights the morphological features, distribution, chemical structure, and pharmacological features of Withania somnifera as a growth promoter herb for farming broiler chickens.

A Comprehensive Review for Drug Target on Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.): Ethnopharmacological, Phytochemical, Pharmacognostical, and Clinical Significance

Popular medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia is used in numerous traditional medicines to treat a wide range of illnesses. The common names Amrita and Guduchi are members of the Menispermaceae family. It has been used to treat a variety of illnesses, including diabetes, leprosy, skin conditions, dysentery, and fever, and is regarded as an essential herbal plant in the Indian system of medicine (ISM). Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Lignans, Steroids, and other chemical compounds have been reported to be present in the plant, establishing the phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The current review emphasizes the importance of pharmacology, specifically antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, antistress activity, hypolipidemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti-HIV potential, antiosteoporotic effects, antitoxic effects, wound healing, anticomplementary activity. In this review, the pharmacological importance of antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-diabetic activity, anti-stress activity, hypolipidemic effect, hepatic disorder, anticancer anti-HIV potential, antiosteoporotic effects, antitoxic effects, wound healing, anticomplementary activity, and immunomodulating activity, systemic infection, and Parkinson's disease is highlighted.

Mass Spectrometric Identification of Metabolites after Magnetic-Pulse Treatment of Infected Pyrus communis L. Microplants

The major goal of this study is to create a venue for further work on the effect of pulsed magnetic fields on plant metabolism. It deals with metabolite synthesis in the aforementioned conditions in microplants of Pyrus communis L. So far, there have been glimpses into the governing factors of plant biochemistry in vivo, and low-frequency pulsed magnestatic fields have been shown to induce additional electric currents in plant tissues, thus perturbing the value of cell membrane potential and causing the biosynthesis of new metabolites. In this study, sixty-seven metabolites synthesized in microplants within 3–72 h after treatment were identified and annotated. In total, thirty-one metabolites were produced. Magnetic-pulse treatment caused an 8.75-fold increase in the concentration of chlorogenic acid (RT = 8.33 ± 0.0197 min) in tissues and the perturbation of phenolic composition. Aucubin, which has antiviral and antistress biological activity, was identified as well. This study sheds light on the effect of magnetic fields on the biochemistry of low-molecular-weight metabolites of pear plants in vitro, thus providing in-depth metabolite analysis under optimized synthetic conditions. This study utilized high-resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, metabolomics methods, stochastic dynamics mass spectrometry, quantum chemistry, and chemometrics, respectively. Stochastic dynamics uses the relationships between measurands and molecular structures of silylated carbohydrates, showing virtually identical mass spectra and comparable chemometrics parameters.

Antioxidant, Antistress, Nootropic activity and its Correlation studies of aqueous extract of Punica granatum fruit estimated by Noninvasive biomarkers and Y-maze test in rodents

The memory loss associated with increased oxidative stress due to increased level of free radicals. Oxidative stress has been involved in several diseases includes cancer, atherosclerosis and neurodegenerative diseases.This study aimed to estimate the correlation of antioxidant and antistress activity with nootropic activity of aqueous extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum) by in-vivo noninvasive studies using rats. The in-vitro antioxidant activity was determined based on the ability of the Punica granatum to scavenge free radicals and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity. The antistress effect of the aqueous extract of Punica granatum for 24h treatment (100 and 300mg/kg, p.o.) was evaluated by using the forced swim stress test in rats. The 24h urinary excretion of vanillylmandellic acid (VMA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA) and ascorbic acid (AA) was determined in all groups under normal and stressed conditions by HPLC and spectrophotometric methods in all groups, were selected as noninvasive biomarkers. Nootropic activity activities of Punica granatum fruit extract were estimated as locomotor and working memory in rats in a Y-maze apparatus. Administration of aqueous extract of Punica granatum at a dose of 100 and 300mg/kg reduced the urinary metabolite levels. Punica granatum treatment showed significant dose dependent variation in non-invasive biomarker levels in urine samples of rats taken after 24h. The treatment with Punica granatum extracts improved the percentage entry of rats into safer zone, it means acquisition (learning) retention and retrieval (memory) were improved in rats compared to stress controls. Cognition determined by working memory and locomotor activity results were shown to be dose-dependent. The results of this study strongly suggestedantioxidant, antistress and nootropic activity effect of Punica granatumin rodents were correlated. The data obtained were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed bytukey test. p<0.05 was considered to be significant. There is substantial evidence that flavonoids play an active role in providing antioxidant, antistress and nootropic activities of Punica granatum extracts. The findings of the present investigations indicate that the Punica granatum has significant antistress activity, which may be due to the immunostimulating property and increased resistance, nonspecifically, against all experimental stress conditions. The study provided scientific evidence for their utility as nootropic agents and to advocate their use in foods.

Evaluation of Phytochemical and Antistress Activity of Averrhoa carambola L.

In India, the medicinal plant Averrhoa carambola L. has been utilised for centuries to cure a wide range of illnesses and problems. The goal of the current study was to assess the ethanolic seed extract of Averrhoa carambola L. (EEAC) for its phytochemical and anti-stress properties Flavonoids were identified as the main phytoconstituents by EEAC. Studies on acute toxicity were conducted on albino mice. At a level of 2000 mg/kg body weight, the ethanolic extract did not have a deadly effect, and no abnormalities or deaths were seen for a 14-day period. The EEAC effect and the gold standard Ashwagandha were evaluated. The anti-stress potential of this plant was examined using swimming endurance tests, anoxic stress tolerance tests and immobilisation stress models. The findings show that 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg dosages of an ethanolic extract of Averrhoa carambola L. seed significantly reduced stress levels. Based on the findings, it was determined that Averrhoa carambola L. has strong anti-stress properties.

Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of moringa grown in hydroponics and soil in Ararat Valley

Background: Moringa has a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic influence, and the water extract of its leaves can decrease the amount of glucose during Diabetes Mellitus. Moringa leaves in extract or powder form influenced type I and type II diabetes by enhancing insulin secretion and improving glycogen synthesis and glucose uptake in the liver and muscles. This occurred in the case of type I diabetes, as well as by inhibiting glucose uptake and slowing gastric emptying in the case of type II diabetes.Objective: In our study, we try to evaluate the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and antistress activity of Moringa grown for the first time in Armenia in hydroponic and soil conditions to find out the beneficial cultivation method of Moringa from the point of view of these activities.Materials and Methods: The study was done with the usage of a rabbit model, using water extract of Moringa leaves made with a 150 mg count of leaves on 1 kg weight of the animal. Hyperglycemia in the rabbits was induced by 21-day immobilization stress (3 hours a day). Rabbits were divided into 4 groups: the first group was treated with the extract from the hydroponic Moringa in a dose of 2 ml/day, the second group received the extract from the soil Moringain a dose of 2 ml/day, the third group was the control—which did not receive any extract, but was exposed to stress, like first and second groups— and the fourth group was the norm, which did not receive any extract and was stress free. Each group included 3 animals as means of replication. The glycogen level was measured in the livers, hearts, and muscles of rabbits. The level of glucose, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL were measured in the serum of animals.Results: Our results showed that after a 21-day period of stress, the increased level of glucose stays at a high level in control groups, while the use of a hydroponic Moringa extract developed stress tolerance in animals and in soil Moringa extract stabilizes glucose levels in the blood. The cholesterol exceeded the norm 1.8 times in the control group and was inferior in hydroponic and soil groups by 1.5 and 1.4 times, respectively. These changes reflect the amount of HDL and LDL. Under stress conditions, the quantity of glycogen decreased from the norm in the liver, muscles, and heart muscle in the control group (2.5; 2.4; and 2.4 times, respectively) and increased in hydroponic (1.6; 1.5; and 2.1 times, respectively) and soil (1.6; 1.5; and 2.4 times, respectively) groups. This evidence shows that under stress conditions the glucose level of blood is improved on the 21st day of stress in groups that received the extract of moringa because of glucose exchange to glycogen with high efficiency in different organs.Keywords: antistress activity, diabetes, HDL, glucose, Moringa oleifera, total cholesterol

Comparative Analysis of Stress-Protective Activity and Prevention of Fatigue during Physical Load of Standardized Humic Acids from Peat and Officinal Preparations of Succinic Acid in Experiment.

The effect of humic acids and substances with similar action - derivatives of succinic acid (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) and combined agent consisting of succinic acid, nicotinamide, riboflavin, and riboxin on the performance and stress resistance of experimental rats was studied. Performance was assessed in the test of exhaustive forced swimming with a load, stress resistance was evaluated by the serum level of corticosterone and open field behavior, and the state of anaerobic metabolism was estimated by the serum level of lactate after swimming test. Humic acids from peat showed anti-stress activity comparable to that of the officinal preparation and preventive effect on fatigue during physical exercise. They can be recommended as a component for the development of drugs that increase human performance and stress resistance.

Pharmacological Evaluation of Benincasa Hispida Cogn. Fruit on Chronic Foot Shock Induced Stress in Mice

Stress can be defined as a brain-body reaction towards stimuli arising from the environment or from internal cues that are interpreted as a disruption of homeostasis. A number of reports indicated that treatment with herbal plant extracts could lead to a significant reduction in stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antistress activity through Inescapable electric chronic foot shock model in mice and to assess the effect of extract on stress induced behavioral changes in animals and to determine the efficiency of Benincasa hispida Cogn. Extract on Motor activity and Elevated plus maze to assess anxiety. In this study, mice were divided into five groups with five animals each. The first group received ip dose of the vehicle saline (2ml/kg). The second group received diazepam 1mg/kg ip along with foot shock. Third, fourth, and fifth groups received oral dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg /kg of fruit extract of Benincasa hispida along with foot shock. Inescapable electricFoot-shocks (intensity 0.8mA, interval: 10sec, duration:10sec) were delivered through a grid floor once daily for 21 days. The results showed that Benincasa hispida extract (200 and 400mg/kg) was found to have an antistress effect. The dose of Benincasa hispida extract (200 and 400mg/kg), increased entries into open arm and the time spend in open arm on the elevated plus maze test indicate that extract reduced the stress level and it significantly reduced the spontaneous motor activity and decreased the anxiety. The results suggest that the ethanolic extract of Benincasa hispida has potential antistress effect that can be explored for therapeutic advantage as an alternative treatment in medical conditions.

NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF ABELMOSCHUS ESCULENTUS ON CHRONIC STRESS AND EVALUATION OF LOSS OF MEMORY, ADAPTOGENIC EFFECT

Objective: Objective of this study was to determine if there was any neuroprotective effect of Abelmoschus esculentus L and its role in preventing memory loss during stressful conditions. Methods: The powder of A. esculentus L. pods was extracted with methanol and was used for evaluating anti-stress activity in experimental mice groups. The five experimental mice groups, namely, control, stress control, animals treated with extract followed by exposure to stress, animals exposed to stress followed by extract treatment, and mice groups treated with diazepam was evaluated. Biomarkers included were cortisol, brain homogenate acetylcholine esterase (AchE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). In conjugation, working memory and reference memory were also studied in all animal groups by radial arm maze test, and results were recorded as the percentage of alteration score (PAS). Results: The concentration of stress indicators such as cortisol, MDA, and AchE activity was significantly elevated in stress control animals and associated with deficit working and reference memory. However, SOD was reduced in stressed mice and increased in treatment groups compared to the control mice. The anti-stress activity of A. esculentus L. pods was significantly correlated with higher working memory and reference memory with 1.33±0.51 and 1.17±0.40 PAS in pre-stress and post-stress treated mice groups, respectively. Conclusion: Methanolic extract of A. esculentus L. pods revealed the excellent anti-stress potential and also played a significant role in enhancing both working memory and reference memory in mice.