Antipyretic Activity Research Articles

Orofacial Pain Management: An Overview of the Potential Benefits of Palmitoylethanolamide and Other Natural Agents.

Pain is the most common symptom that dentists are confronted with, whether acute (pulpitis, acute periodontitis, post-surgery, etc.) or chronic diseases, such as periodontitis, muscle pain, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, burning mouth syndrome (BMS), oral lichen planus (OLP) and others. The success of therapy depends on the reduction in and management of pain through specific drugs, hence the need to analyze new pain medications with specific activity, which are suitable for long-term use, with a low risk of side effects and interactions with other drugs, and capable of leading to a reduction in orofacial pain. Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a bioactive lipid mediator, which is synthesized in all tissues of the body as a protective pro-homeostatic response to tissue damage and has aroused considerable interest in the dental field due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antipyretic, antiepileptic, immunomodulatory and neuroprotective activities. It has been observed that PEA could play a role in the management of the pain of orofacial origin, including BMS, OLP, periodontal disease, tongue a la carte and temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), as well as in the treatment of postoperative pain. However, actual clinical data on the use of PEA in the clinical management of patients with orofacial pain are still lacking. Therefore, the main objective of the present study is to provide an overview of orofacial pain in its many manifestations and an updated analysis of the molecular pain-relieving and anti-inflammatory properties of PEA to understand its beneficial effects in the management of patients with orofacial pain, both neuropathic and nociceptive in nature. The aim is also to direct research toward the testing and use of other natural agents that have already been shown to have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and pain-relieving actions and could offer important support in the treatment of orofacial pain.

Comparative study of antipyretic potency of extracts of morinda lucida leaves and fruits of capsicum frutescens in albino rats.

Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens are used locally in the management of fever in Nigeria. No scientific credence has been lent to this claim. To investigate the antipyretic effect and potency of aqueous extracts of Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens in albino rats. Brewer's yeast was used to induce pyrexia. Thirty animals were divided into six groups. Group A was orally administered normal saline (103 mg/kg). Group B was served indomethacin (5 mg/kg), while groups C and D received aqueous extract of Capsicum frutescens at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg, 17 hours post induction of pyrexia. Groups E and F were administered extract of Morinda lucida at the same doses. Rectal temperature of the animals was taken at 60-, 90- and 120-minutes post-treatment. Both C. frutescens and M. lucida produced significant reduction (p<0.05) in rectal temperature after 120 minutes in the rats compared with animals in the control group. Also, the antipyretic activities of the two extracts at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg were comparable to 5mg/kg of indomethacin, with apparent dose dependence in the antipyretic activities of both extracts. Morinda lucida leaves and fruits of Capsicum frutescens exhibit dose-dependent antipyretic activities.

Therapeutic Benefits of Miracle Tree Moringa oleifera: A Complete Overview

Abstract: Generally, Ayurvedic or herbal products are considered safe to use. According to a report, more than 50% of the global population depends upon herbal products. To meet the global demand for ayurvedic products, more and more herbal plants are analyzed for their active constituents and health benefits. Moringa oleifera is one such plant that is analyzed for its therapeutic benefits. Various parts of this plant, such as the leaves, roots, seed, bark, fruit, flowers, and immature pods, act as cardiac and circulatory stimulants with antipyretic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antiepileptic, diuretic, antiulcer, antispasmodic, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, and antifungal activities. This review is about the chemical composition of this tree’s market preparation and its different applications

Annotation and Identification of Phytochemicals from Eleusine indica Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Databases-Driven Approach.

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn is a perennial herb belonging to the Poaceae family. As the only species of Eleusine found abundantly in Malaysia, it is locally known as "rumput sambau" and has been traditionally used to treat various ailments including pain relief from vaginal bleeding, hastening the placenta delivery after childbirth, asthma, hemorrhoids, urinary infection, fever, and as a tonic for flu-related symptoms. A diverse array of biological activities have been reported for the plant, such as antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and hepatoprotective action. Despite many reports on its traditional uses and biological activities, limited chemical databases are available for the plant. Thus, the aims of this study were to annotate and identify the phytochemical constituents in the methanolic extract of E. indica through tandem LCMS-based analysis techniques using MZmine, GNPS, Compound Discoverer, and SIRIUS platforms. This technique managed to identify a total of 65 phytochemicals in the extract, comprising primary and secondary metabolites, and was verified by the isolation of one of the identified phytochemicals. The structural elucidation mainly using 1D and 2D NMR as well as comparison with values in the literature confirms the isolated phytochemical to be a 3-OH anomer of loliolide, a benzofuran-type of compound, which consequently increases the level of confidence in the applied technique. The research describes a useful method for the fast and simultaneous identification of phytochemicals in E. indica, contributing to the study of the chemical properties of the genus and family.

Phillyrin ameliorated collagen-induced arthritis through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPKs pathways in fibroblast-like synoviocytes

The discovery of alternative medicines with less adverse effects is extremely urgent for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Phillyrin (Phil), the predominant lignan glycoside of Forsythia suspensa, has been reported to exert several pharmacological effects, such as antivirus, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-obesity, and antipyretic activity. However, the effect of Phil on RA remains unknown. In this study, We utilized both in vivo collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rat models and in vitro TNFα-induced fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) to study the inhibitory effects of Phil on RA. The in vivo studies revealed that Phil treatment effectively ameliorated synovial inflammation and bone erosion in CIA rats. The in vitro studies demonstrated that Phil could significantly suppress the proliferation and migration of arthritic FLSs. In addition, treatment with Phil resulted in decreased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines including TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and MMP9. Molecular mechanistic investigations revealed that the suppressive effects of Phil were mediated by blockade of the MAPK (ERK, p38, and JNK) and NF-κB pathways. Taken together, our findings suggest that Phil has an anti-arthritic effect in CIA rats by inhibiting the pathogenic characteristic of arthritic FLSs throught suppression of NF-κB and MAPKs signaling pathways. These results demonstrate the potential of Phil as a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of RA.

Biological Characterization of Polystichum lonchitis L. for Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activities in Swiss Albino Mice Model.

Polystichum lonchitis L. is a fern belonging to the family Dryopteridaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate its pharmacological, antioxidant, and phytochemical properties, and to conduct GC-MS screening of P. lonchitis. The acetic acid-induced writhing test, yeast-induced hyperpyrexia method, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, and charcoal meal test model were carried out to assess analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic activity, respectively. DPPH was used as an antioxidant, while the phytochemical screening was conducted using standard scientific methods. Among the pharmacological activities, the most significant effects were observed in the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, followed by the antipyretic and antispasmodic activities, at a dose of 450 mg/kg after the 4th hour, compared with 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. For the evaluation of antioxidant activities, the most significant results were detected in the methanolic and aqueous extracts. The detection of flavonoids and phenol occurred most significantly in the methanolic extract, and then in the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. The main compounds detected using GC-MS analysis with a high metabolic rate was 𝛼-D-Galactopyranoside, which had a metabolic rate of 0.851, and methyl and n-hexadecanoic, which had a metabolic rate of 0.972. Overall, the results suggested that P. lonchitis had a strong potential for pharmacological activities. The suggested assessment provided a way to isolate the bioactive constituents and will help to provide new medicines with fewer side effects. Due to the fern's effectiveness against various diseases, the results provide clear evidence that they also have the potential to cure various diseases.

Evaluation of the Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqueous Fruit Pulp Extract of Terminalia bellirica

Many fatal diseases have inflammation and fever as clinical symptoms. NSAIDs are the drug of choice for both of these symptoms. But they cause numerous adverse drug reactions including the gastrointestinal, renal and cardiovascular systems. Herbal medicines are known for their efficacy and lack of adverse reactions. So the search for herbal remedies is always on. Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp is used to alleviate a lot of health conditions. Hence this study looked at the antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit pulp in rodents. The carrageenan-induced paw edema model was utilized to test the plant's acute and subacute anti-inflammatory properties. Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia model was utilized to assess the plant's antipyretic activity. Three different groups were administered the extraction (9 mg/kg, 18 mg/kg, and 36 mg/kg). Positive control and negative control for the anti-inflammatory model were Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and Gum acacia suspension (3 ml/kg of 1 percent) respectively. Positive control and negative control for the anti-pyretic model were Paracetamol 100 mg/kg and 10 ml/kg of 1 percent Gum acacia suspension, respectively. 18 and 36 mg/kg dose of extraction showed substantial minimization of edema (P≤0.01) in tests of acute anti-inflammatory action. 36 mg/kg dose showed substantial minimization of edema in tests of subacute anti-inflammatory action (P≤0.01). The rectal temperature decreased significantly (P≤0.0001) in all experimental groups in Baker's yeast-induced pyrexia tests. Results revealed that the test drug has considerable action against inflammation and pyrexia in rodents.

Volkameria inermis: An overview of its chemical constituents and pharmacological properties, notably the amelioration of motor tics

This overview on Volkameria inermis (Lamiaceae) is the first in updating information on the chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of the species, notably on its unique ability in ameliorating motor tics. The information was procured from Google, Google Scholar, PubMed, PubMed Central, Science Direct, J-Stage, and PubChem. Previously named Clerodendrum inerme (Verbenaceae), V. inermis is a scrambling or scandent coastal shrub in the tropics and sub-tropics. From different parts of the plant, compounds such as flavonoids, diterpenes/diterpenoids, sterols, triterpenes/triterpenoids, iridoid glycosides, phenolic glycosides, phenylethanoid glycosides (PEGs), phenylpropanoid glycosides (PPGs), chalcones, and sesquiterpenes have been reported. Major pharmacological properties of V. inermis include anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, analgesic, and antibacterial activities. Other properties include anti-tyrosinase, antifungal, neuroprotective, hypotensive, hypoglycemic, amyloid-β aggregation, wound healing, antipyretic, and larvicidal activities. A unique pharmacological property of V. inermis leaf extract, discovered by scientists from Taiwan, is the amelioration of motor tic disorders, a spectrum of Tourette syndrome. This property included a case report, three in vivo studies, and one patent. Areas of further research of V. inermis are suggested.

Phytoconstituents profiling and antioxidant potential of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.

In the Indian traditional system of medicine, Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is recognized as a biologically effective therapeutic plant for the treatment of jaundice. It is a natural medicinal tree possessing antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antinociceptive, antifungal, antibacterial, antipsoriatic, antiviral, anthelmintic, anticancerous, analgesic, antipyretic, and aphrodisiac activities. Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria plant was investigated with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the antioxidant activity of W. tinctoria was analysed by most probable hydrogen peroxide scavenging (H2O2) activity, DPPH activity and Thiobarbutaric acid. The phytochemical in W. tinctoria leaf and bark have been assessed by GC-MS analysis. GC-MS analysis of W. tinctoria methanolic extract exposed the existence of the GC-MS chromatograms of 10 peaks in the leaf and 20 peaks in the bark. The FTIR spectroscopy analyses were identified by various functional compounds in the extracts with distinctive peak values. The FTIR analysis of methanolic leaf extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of alcohol, amine, alkane, carboxylic acid, sulfur compounds, halogen compounds and alkyne which showed major peaks. Also the methanolic bark extracts of W. tinctoria confirmed the presence of amines, phenol, alcohols, alkane, aldehydes, carboxylic acid, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, and halogen compounds which also exhibited major peaks. Significant antioxidant activity is displayed by the plant part of leaf and bark sample. The results obtained in the determination of antioxidant activity of MEWT displayed considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH which generated free radicals. This study includes the identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic and aqueous extract of W. tinctoria which assist in therapeutic claims about this species in the traditional medicinal plant system.

Therapeutic and Mechanistic Approaches of Tridax procumbens Flavonoids for the Treatment of Pyrexia: Molecular Docking

The perennial plant Tridax Procumbens is particularly intriguing, and its secondary metabolites, also known as T. procumbens flavonoids (TPFs), are well-known phytochemical agents due to their diverse medicinal uses, including their anti-inflammatory, anti-anemic, and anti-diabetic effects. The antipyretic potential of luteolin, a natural product isolated from the medicinal plant Tridax procumbens, was investigated for antipyretic action through molecular docking analyses with the target enzymes cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The docking result of luteolin revealed that their docking scores was -7.24 kcal mol–1 and it can be predicted as good inhibitor of human COX2 receptor.

Evaluation of Antipyretic Activity of Siddha Herbomineral Formulation - Surangusa Parpam

The aim of the present study was to assess the antipyretic activity of Siddha herbo-mineral formulation Surangusa Parpam at the dose level of 15mg/kg and 35mg/kg body weight, orally, in brewer yeast induced fever model Wistar rats. Fever was induced by subcutaneous injection of 10ml/kg of 20% w/v aqueous suspension of brewer’s yeast into the nape of the rat's neck. After eighteen hours feverish animals were treated with Surangusa Parpam 15mg/kg and 35mg/kg body weight, orally, and rectal temperatures were evaluated at 0, 1, 2 and 3 hours post-treatment by inserting a well-lubricated bulb of the clinical thermometer. Surangusa Parpam showed a significant decrease in the elevated body temperature of rats that remained sustained throughout the tested time points from 1 to 3 hours in the used model. 35mg/kg body weight dose level showed significant inhibition of elevated body temperature when compared with the standard control. These results indicate that the Antipyretic activity of Surangusa Parpam and in addition to its well-established anti-inflammatory activity possesses significant antihistamine activity that may be beneficial in symptomatic relief when it is used in the therapy of allergic and inflammatory disorders.

Metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) in rats, dogs, monkeys and humans

JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006), a novel non-opioid, non-nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug with structural similarities to acetaminophen, demonstrated anti-pyretic and/or analgesic activities in preclinical models and humans and reduced potential to cause hepatotoxicity in preclinical species. Metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) following oral administration to rats, dogs, monkeys and humans are reported. Urinary excretion was the major route of elimination based on recovery of 88.6% (rats) and 73.7% (dogs) of oral dose. The compound was extensively metabolized based on low recovery of unchanged drug in excreta from rats (11.3%) and dogs (18.4%). Clearance is driven by O-glucuronidation, amide hydrolysis, O-sulfation and methyl oxidation pathways. The combination of metabolic pathways driving clearance in human is covered in at least one preclinical species despite a few species-dependent pathways. O-Glucuronidation was the major primary metabolic pathway of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) in dogs, monkeys and humans, although amide hydrolysis was another major primary metabolic pathway in rats and dogs. A minor bioactivation pathway to quinone-imine is observed only in monkeys and humans. Unchanged drug was the major circulatory component in all species investigated. Except for metabolic pathways unique to the 5-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide moiety, metabolism and disposition of JNJ-10450232 (NTM-006) are similar to acetaminophen across species.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIPYRETIC AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS ESSENTIAL OIL IN ALBINO RATS

Medicinal plants are effective natural anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and anti-analgesic agents. Inflammation is a complicated biological defense reaction of vascular tissues to potentially damaging stimuli such as bacteria, damaged cells, or irritants. The current study aimed to establish the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties of E. globulus essential oil. In this research, 36 albino rats weighing 140-170g on average were employed. 36 rats were divided into three groups (control, standard and experimental group). Control and standard group consisted of 6 rats in each group whereas experimental group consisted of 24 rats. All rats in three groups were treated with carrageenan for induction of oedema for anti-inflammatory, brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia to check anti-pyretic activity and acetic acid to induce pain for analgesic activity. Control group rats were treated with normal saline for all 100u µl three activities. Standard group rats were treated with diclofenac for antiinflammatory and analgesic activities and paracetamol for antipyretic activity. The essential oils were injected into abdominal muscles and intraperitoneal tissues. The maximum percentage of inhibition of leaves oil in antiinflammatory action was 54.01%. The maximum percentage of suppression of fever by essential leaves oil was 75.44% in antipyretic efficacy. The highest percentage inhibition against pain in analgesic action was 25%. Significant anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects were demonstrated at 50µl/L, 100µl/L, and 12.5µl/L doses, respectively, when compared to control group. From overall result, it was concluded that injection of E. globules leaves oil in abdominal and intraperitoneal muscle may possess significant anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities. Our study scientifically supports traditional use of E. globulus as a medicine.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIPYRETIC AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES OF CHLOROFORM EXTRACT OF ALOE BARBADENSIS MILLER IN ALBINO RATS

The pharmacological activities of the leaf gel of Aloe vera have been extensively evaluated. Gel and latex are two basic products of aloe leaves. Latex and gel contain biologically active components. Polysaccharides contained in the leaf gel attribute most of the health benefits like anti-inflammatory, pain and fever, associated with aloe vera. In the present study, chloroform extract of A. barbadensis at various concentrations was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activities in albino rats. Twenty-four albino rats were randomly divided into three groups (control, standard and experimental group). Division of groups was the same for all activities. Control and standard groups contain 4 rats in each group whereas experimental group contains 16. All the rats in three groups were treated with carrageenan to induce oedema, Brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia and acetic acid to induce pain. The control group was treated with normal saline for all the activities. Standard group rats were treated with the reference drug diclofenac for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and paracetamol for antipyretic activity. Experimental group rats were given chloroform extract of A. barbadensis with 50, 100, 200 and 400mg/kg concentration. The result showed a significant inhibition (98%) in oedema at 3rd hour at the dose of 400mg/kg as compared to control group. For antipyretic activity, there was a significant reduction (66%) in pyrexia at 4th hour at the dose of 50mg/kg as compared to control group. And in analgesic model a significant reduction (64%) in the writhing at the dose of 400mg/kg as compared to control group. These results demonstrated that the chloroform extract of Aloe barbadensis miller have anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity and suggested its inhibitory actions on inflammation, fever and pain.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY, ANTIPYRETIC AND ANALGESIC ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOLIC FRUIT EXTRACT MOMORDICA CHARANTIA ON ALBINO RATS

Diverse natural mechanisms against pain, inflammation, and several other infections are varied for medicinal plants. Inflammation is unique biological defense mechanism against harmful stimuli like infections, harmed cells, or irritants. M. charantia is frequently used to treat a variety of illnesses, including fever, discomfort, and inflammation. The purpose of the current study is to identify the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic properties of ethanolic extract of M. charantia. 30 rats were divided into three groups (control, standard and experimental group). Control and standard group contain 5 rats in each group whereas experimental group contained 20 rats. All rats in three groups were treated with carrageenan for induction of oedema, yeast to induce pyrexia and acetic acid to induce pain. Control group rats were treated with normal saline for all the activities. Standard group rats were treated with diclofenac for anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities and paracetamol for antipyretic activity. The fruit extract was injected into abdominal muscles and intraperitoneal tissues.Carrageenan, an anti-inflammatory substance, was used to assess its ability to reduce spell edema, acetic acid was used to study its ability to cause writhing and yeast, was used to demonstrate its ability to pyrexia. The maximal percentage of fruit extract inhibition in anti-inflammatory action was 31.25%. The maximal percentage of fruit extract inhibition against fever was 83.58%. Maximum percentage of inhibition against stomach pain during analgesic action was 31%. Significant findings in anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic actions were demonstrated at doses of 200 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, when compared to controls. Our research demonstrates and validates the traditional medical usage of M. charantia. It was concluded that ethanolic fruit extract of M. charantia may decrease inflammation, pyrexia and writhing in albino rats effectively.

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into the Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Effect of MeJA Treatment on the Biosynthesis of Saikosaponins in Bupleurum chinense DC.

Bupleurum chinense DC. is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal plant that produces saikosaponins (SSs), which possess hepatoprotective, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is a signalling phytohormone that can increase the accumulation of SSs in the root of Bupleurum plants. However, the molecular understanding of MeJA-mediated SS biosynthesis is not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the molecular mechanism underlying the response of B. chinense DC. to MeJA in roots. In this study, we performed comparative transcriptome analysis of B. chinense DC. roots with different MeJA treatment times. In total, 104,057 unigenes were identified, of which 4053 were differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Most of the DEGs were downregulated after MeJA treatment, and GO enrichment analysis showed that they were mainly related to biological processes involved in stress responses and development. A total of 88 DEGs encoding enzymes known to be involved in the SS synthesis pathway were found, and most were significantly downregulated within 24 h. Based on the DEGs, 99 transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the AP2/ERF, WRKY, bZIP, ZFP, and bHLH families with different expression patterns were also identified. Further integrated analysis indicated that 20 DEGs involved in the SS synthesis pathway and 12 DEGs encoding TFs presented strong correlations with the SS contents, and these DEGs may be critical for the biosynthesis and regulation of SSs. These findings will be critical for further study of the response of B. chinense DC. to MeJA for SS biosynthesis.

EuHD1 protects against inflammatory injury driven by NLRP3 inflammasome.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) possessing anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities, are widely used in the treatment of osteoarthritis, rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis. However, its long-term or large use will cause serious gastrointestinal injury or cardiovascular adverse reactions, which limits its clinical application. We have synthesized a new class of NSAIDs, EuHD1, which can release hydrogen sulfide and have better gastrointestinal safety. However, the anti-inflammatory molecular mechanism of the drug is still unclear. In this paper, we explored the mechanism of EuHD1 on NLRP3 inflammasome and its effects on acute lung injury and acute liver injury in mice. In vitro results demonstrated that EuHD1 inhibited macrophage pyroptosis and LDH release induced by LPS combined with ATP. In addition, EuHD1 blocked NLRP3 inflammasome activation and suppressed following Caspase-1 activation and secretion of mature IL-1β. EuHD1 restrained intracellular ROS production and the formation of ASC oligomers, which inhibited the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In vivo results further showed that EuHD1 alleviated LPS-induced acute lung injury in mice, and inhibited the production of mature IL-1β and Caspase-1 (p20). Besides, EuHD1 improved D-GalN/LPS-induced acute liver injury, and inhibited SOD/MDA levels and oxidative stress injury, and blocked the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In summary, we found that EuHD1 inhibits the assembly and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome through restraining the production of ROS and the formation of ASC oligomers, and has therapeutic effects on acute lung injury and liver injury in mice, indicating that EuHD1 has the potential to treat NLRP3 inflammasome-related diseases.

Antipyretic Potential of 80% Methanol Extract and Solvent Fractions of Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (Melianthaceae) Leaves Against Yeast-Induced Pyrexia in Mice.

Since fever is a complicated physiological reaction to an infection or aseptic stimulus, finding safer solutions that are more potent and derived from plants is essential to resolving this issue. Bersama abyssinica (Melianthaceae) is traditionally used to treat fever, though this has yet to be proven scientifically. The present study aimed to assess the antipyretic potential of leaf extract and solvent fractions of B. abyssinica. The antipyretic activities of crude extract and solvent fractions of B. abyssinica leaves were evaluated using a yeast-induced pyrexia model at three different dose ranges (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg, and 400mg/kg) methanol extract as well as chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions to mice showing an increase in temperature of ≥0.5 °C. The rectal temperature of each mouse was recorded using a digital thermometer. To analyze the data, SPSS version 20 and one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's HSD post hoc test to compare results between groups were utilized. The crude extract demonstrated significant antipyretic potential (P<0.05 by 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg as well as P<0.01 by 400 mg/kg), with a maximum of 95.06% reduction in rectal temperature at 400 mg/kg, comparable to 98.37% at 2.5 hours by the standard drug. Similarly, all doses of the aqueous fraction, as well as 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg doses of the ethyl acetate fractions, resulted in a significant (P<0.05) reduction in rectal temperature when compared to the corresponding value of the negative control group. Extracts of B. abyssinica leaves were found to have a significant antipyretic effect. Thus, the use of the plant for pyrexia in traditional settings has scientific ground.

Medically significant monotypic species Martynia annua L.: A review on ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacology

Martynia annua commonly known as Thael kodukkai belonging to the Martyniaceae family is an herbaceous plant with many medicinal properties. It is a weedy peculiar species native to tropical and subtropical regions of Mexico. The entire herb is found to exhibit potential pharmacological activities. The various parts of this plant have been reported to show many therapeutic indications like anticancer, antibacterial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, antipyretic activity, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-nociceptive, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, anti-hemolytic, anti-thrombotic, anti-arthritic, anti-haemorrhoidal, anti-alopecia, anti-muscular, anti-helminthic, gastroprotective and anti-fertility activities. This review aims to provide the compilation of existing knowledge on the phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of M. annua from the reported studies. The phytochemical screening results of various extracts of stem, root, leaves and fruits of M. annua were discussed in this review. A greater number of phytoconstituents were reported to be present in leaves. This review suggests that this plant contains various phytoconstituents like anthraquinones, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds that are responsible for various pharmacological activities. In the future, this plant provides an immense scope for pharmacological investigations.

QbD-based stability-indicating liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the determination of flurbiprofen in cataplasm.

A nonsteroidal drug called flurbiprofen (FBN) has analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. Currently the determination of FBN in cataplasm does not have any pharmacopeial method. However, the drug substance, tablet and ophthalmic solution formulations do have pharmacopeial methods. The development and validation of an accurate, precise and stability-indicating analytical method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations is reported. The gradient method was employed for the quantification of FBN in the presence of internal standards such as biphenyl. A nonpolar separation phase (C18 , 250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm Inertsil column; GL Sciences) was used. The optimal flow rate, column oven temperature, injection volume and detector wavelengths were 1.0 ml/min, 40°C, 20 μl and 245 nm, respectively. Mobile phase A was a mixture of water and glacial acetic acid (30:1 v/v) pH adjusted to 2.20 with glacial acetic acid or 1m NaOH; mobile phase B was methanol (100%). The gradient elution program was [time (min)/% B]: 5/60, 20/70, 25/70, 30/60 and 40/60. The obtained RSDs for the precision and intermediate precision were 0.7 and 0.5%. The percentage recovery ranged from 99.2 to 100.4%. The linear regression coefficient >0.9996 indicates that all peak responses were linear with the concentration. The sample and standard solutions were stable for up to 24 h on the benchtop and in the refrigerator. The critical peaks were well separated from the generated peaks owing to forced degradation, including diluent and placebo peaks. The method validation data and quality by design-based robustness study results indicate that the developed method is robust and fit for routine use in the quality control laboratory. The proposed method is specific, accurate and precise, and the quality by design utilized the first method for the determination of FBN in cataplasm formulations. Transdermal patches and gels have low extraction capacity and this method is applicable for quantification.