Anti-mumps Antibodies Research Articles

Questionable Immunity to Mumps among Healthcare Workers in Italy-A Cross-Sectional Serological Study.

Highly contagious diseases, such as mumps, are a global concern as new epidemics continue to emerge, even in highly vaccinated populations. The risk of transmission and spread of these viruses is even higher for individuals who are more likely to be exposed, including healthcare workers (HCWs). In healthcare settings, both HCWs and patients are at risk of infection during the care process, potentially leading to nosocomial epidemic outbreaks. Mumps is often underestimated compared with measles and rubella, despite being milder and less likely to spread. In fact, the risk of complications following mumps infection is extremely high, especially if the disease occurs in adulthood. The measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine has been shown to be an excellent preventive measure. Unfortunately, the mumps component appears to be less effective in inducing immunity than those for measles and rubella (two-dose effectiveness of 85%, 95% and 97%, respectively). The main aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of detectable mumps antibodies (serum IgG antibodies) in a cohort of Italian and foreign HCWs in relation to personal and occupational factors. We included in the study 468 subjects who underwent health surveillance at the Occupational Medicine Unit of the Tor Vergata Polyclinic in Rome during the period from January 2021 to March 2023. In our study, the proportion of HCWs found to be unprotected against mumps was very high (8.3%), and those found to be immune are below the WHO threshold for herd immunity (95%). From our data, it seems essential that all occupational health services carry out an accurate screening with a dose of anti-mumps antibodies to assess serological protection before starting a job, regardless of an individual's vaccination history. This approach is proving to be beneficial, accurate, as it allows all serologically non-immune individuals to be vaccinated in the workplace, including those who would be protected by their vaccination history but have lost the antibody response.

Vaccine-preventable diseases: Immune response in a large population of healthcare students

BackgroundStudents in medicine and other health professions are exposed to numerous occupational hazards, primarily biological hazards, during their academic careers at university. The aim of the present study was to investigate the seroprevalence characteristics of anti-HBsAg, anti-Measles, anti-Mumps, anti-Rubella and anti-Varicella IgG antibodies in healthcare students of a large teaching hospital in Rome. Methods: To accomplish the study's aims, antibody serology data were gathered from students of Medicine and Surgery, Dentistry, and Health Professions at the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart (Rome Campus) during their first Health Surveillance visit, that took place from 2013 to 2023. Results: Our study sample included 2523 students, 44.4 % were protected against Hepatitis B, 87.3 % against measles, 85.5 % against mumps, 94.6 % rubella and 95.2 % against varicella. Differences in antibody coverage between age groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001), except for mumps. It found a lower probability of having seronegative anti-HBVs with an older date since the presumed primary vaccination. Conclusion: In our sample, seropositivity rate against vaccine-preventable diseases, especially for Hepatitis B, was often inadequate to prevent possible biological risks connected with the activities carried out on the ward.

A seroepidemiological study across age groups before and after the 2010-2011 mumps epidemic in Japan.

In Japan, large-scale mumps epidemics recur every 4-6 years because of low vaccination coverage. This study aimed to describe the seroprevalence of mumps in the Japanese population and identify the age groups most affected. The prevalence of anti-mumps antibodies was evaluated based on 1000 serum samples obtained from the Japanese National Serum Reference Bank. These samples consisted of 50 sera for each of 10 different age groups, collected during 2007-2008 (pre-epidemic period) and 2012-2013 (post-epidemic period). Seropositivity was lowest in the 6-11 months subgroup (3% and 0% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively) and highest in the 10-14 years group (66% and 72% in pre- and post-epidemic periods, respectively). A comparison of anti-mumps antibody prevalence throughout the two periods considered revealed a large rise in seropositivity among the 2004-2008 birth cohort, using that of the 1-4 years group as representative in the pre-epidemic period (from 22% in pre- to 58% in post-epidemic periods;p = 0.0002). These results indicate that most people likely gain antibodies to the mumps virus during their childhood, especially during the first epidemic that they experience after their second year of life. Therefore, children should be vaccinated against mumps soon after their first birthday for effective prevention.

Serostatus of IgG antibody against mumps virus in adult population of Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.

Objectives:To determine the frequency and distribution of mumps-specific IgG antibodies among the healthy adult Saudi population in Al Madinah Al Munawarah, Saudi Arabia, where mandatory vaccination against measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) has been implemented for 30 years.Methods:Qualitative and quantitative indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the mumps IgG antibody levels in sera collected from 429 individuals, including 224 men and 205 women. Participants were stratified into 3 age groups according to vaccination history (<20, 21-30, and >31 years).Results:The overall seroprevalence of mumps antibodies in our population was 79.0%. The highest proportion of individuals with IgG antibody seropositivity, at 87.8% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 84.7%-90.8%), was observed among the <20 years age group, who received 2 doses of vaccine. No significant relationships were observed between mumps seropositivity and age group or gender. The multivariable analysis identified the male gender and the age group >31 years as factors associated with an increased likelihood of seronegativity. Al Madinah Al Munawarah has achieved increased anti-mumps antibody seroprevalence since the implementation of the 2-dose MMR vaccination schedule.Conclusions:Based on our study findings, we recommend that serological screening be performed to assess the need for mumps vaccination among adults at high risk for exposure and transmission.

Seroprevalence of Measles-, Mumps-, and Rubella-specific antibodies in the German adult population - cross-sectional analysis of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults (DEGS1).

BackgroundThe WHO European Region targets the elimination of measles, rubella, and the congenital rubella syndrome and welcomes mumps elimination via the joint MMR vaccine. In a push towards this elimination goal, Germany introduced a recommendation on MMR vaccination for adults in 2010 to prevent increasing numbers of measles cases among adults and to strengthen herd immunity.MethodsThe prevalence of anti-measles, -mumps, and -rubella IgG antibodies was analysed in 7,115 participants between the ages of 18 and 79 years in the German Health Interview and Examination Survey. Risk factors of seronegativity of adults born 1970 or later were determined.FindingsThe seroprevalence of anti-measles IgG antibodies was more than 97% in adults born before 1965 and less than 90% in adults born afterwards. Prevalence and GMTs declined with later years of birth. Seronegativity was associated with two-sided migration background and region of residence in East Germany. For anti-mumps IgG antibodies, the seroprevalence was less than 90% in almost all age groups. Prevalence and GMTs declined with later years of birth. Seronegativity was not associated with any socio-demographic factor. Anti-rubella IgG seropositivity was found in more than 90% of adults born before 1985. GMTs declined in younger age groups. Seronegativity was associated with birth between 1980 and 1993 and male gender. High socio-economic status lowered the odds of being seronegative.InterpretationThese data reinforce the implementation of the vaccination recommendation for adults and provide the basis for further evaluation of this measure.FundingThe Federal Ministry of Health, Germany.

Preliminary Data from the PROGRESS Cohort on Early Life Blood Lead Concentrations and Child MMR Vaccine Response

Background: Despite convincing animal data, few human studies have examined potential immune dysregulation in relation to early life lead exposure. Furthermore, these studies often assess non-specific endpoints that limit causal and mechanistic inference. The present analysis addresses this, providing preliminary data on the association between early life blood lead levels (BLLs) and potential immunosuppression, using antigen-specific post-vaccination antibody levels to the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. Methods: A subset of 43 mother-child pairs enrolled in the Programming Research in Obesity, Growth, Environment, and Social Stress (PROGRESS) study in Mexico City, from 2007-2011, who had complete information on BLLs, antibody responses to the MMR vaccine, and covariates of interest were included. BLLs were determined in mothers (second and third trimesters, and at delivery) and in offspring (age 48 months). Vaccine-specific immunoglobulin (IgG) levels were determined at 48 months, and dates of MMR vaccination were abstracted from health records. Regression models were fit to estimate the effects of BLLs on MMR-specific antibody levels, adjusting for child sex and socioeconomic status. Results: The median maternal BLL at delivery was 3.5 μg/dL (IQR: 0.8-5.5 μg/dL), and the three maternal BLLs were strongly correlated with each other (r&gt;0.8). Median 48-month BLLs were 1.4 μg/dL (IQR: 1.0-2.3 μg/dL) and moderately correlated with maternal BLLs (0.5&lt;r&lt;0.6). Each doubling of maternal delivery BLL was associated with a 15% lower anti-mumps IgG level (95% CI: -25.6, -3.3). Effect estimates were similar for second and third trimester lead measures. Anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies were not associated with maternal BLLs. Child’s 48-month BLL was not associated with any of the anti-MMR antibody levels. Conclusions: Higher prenatal BLLs were associated with lower anti-mumps antibody levels at 48 months of age. Future work will integrate other time points and antibody responses to additional vaccines to better understand exposure-, outcome-, and age-specific effects.

Blood Lead Concentrations and Antibody Levels to Measles, Mumps, and Rubella among U.S. Children.

Child blood lead concentrations have been associated with measures of immune dysregulation in nationally representative study samples. However, response to vaccination—often considered the gold standard in immunotoxicity testing—has not been examined in relation to typical background lead concentrations common among U.S. children. The present study estimated the association between blood lead concentrations and antigen-specific antibody levels to measles, mumps, and rubella in a nationally representative sample of 7005 U.S. children aged 6–17 years. Data from the 1999–2004 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used. In the adjusted models, children with blood lead concentrations between 1 and 5 µg/dL had an 11% lower anti-measles (95% CI: −16, −5) and a 6% lower anti-mumps antibody level (95% CI: −11, −2) compared to children with blood lead concentrations <1 µg/dL. The odds of a seronegative anti-measles antibody level was approximately two-fold greater for children with blood lead concentrations between 1 and 5 µg/dL compared to children with blood lead concentrations <1 µg/dL (OR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.4, 3.1). The adverse associations observed in the present study provide further evidence of potential immunosuppression at blood lead concentrations <5 µg/dL, the present Centers for Disease Control and Prevention action level.

Long-term immunogenicity of measles, mumps and rubella-containing vaccines in healthy young children: A 10-year follow-up

Measles and mumps outbreaks still occur in countries that have successfully implemented universal routine immunization programs. Measles outbreaks are mostly associated to absent or incomplete vaccination, whereas for mumps outbreaks the combined effects of waning of immunity and circulating new strains are incriminated. It is therefore increasingly useful to characterize the long-lasting immunity induced by measles-, mumps, and rubella (MMR)-containing vaccines.In this 10-year study, 1887 healthy children aged 12–22 months, randomized to receive 1 or 2 doses of MMR-containing vaccines (Priorix or Priorix-Tetra; GSK), were included in an antibody persistence analysis. A total of 364 children in the 1-dose group received a second dose out of study according to their local vaccination schedule between Years 4 and 10 post-dose 1, and were included in a separate post-hoc analysis to evaluate the effect of the second dose when given later. Anti-measles, -mumps and -rubella antibody titers were measured by commercial ELISA kits (Enzygnost, Siemens) after each vaccine dose and at Years 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 post-vaccination.Antibodies against measles and rubella declined moderately after vaccination but remained well above the seropositivity threshold after 10 years. The anti-measles antibody titers elicited by Priorix-Tetra remained about 2-fold higher throughout the study as compared with Priorix. A second dose of MMR vaccine later in life had a minor and transient effect on anti-measles and anti-rubella waning titers. In contrast, anti-mumps antibody levels remained relatively stable over the 10-year follow-up and a second dose of MMR vaccine, given anytime over the 10-year period, had a boosting effect on anti-mumps antibody titers and seropositivity rates.In conclusion, 1 or 2 doses of MMR-containing vaccines given to children in their second year of life induced antibody responses against measles, mumps and rubella viruses that persisted at least up to 10 years post-vaccination.Clinical trial registration number: NCT00226499.

Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine at two different potency levels administered to healthy children aged 12–15 months: A phase III, randomized, non-inferiority trial

BackgroundThe potency of live viral vaccines decreases over time. We compared the immunogenicity and safety of GSK measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (MMR-RIT) formulations at two different potencies with that of the commercially-available MMR II formulation. MethodsIn this phase III observer-blind clinical study (NCT01681992), 4516 healthy children aged 12–15 months were randomized (1:1:1 ratio) to receive one dose of MMR-RIT at the minimum potency used for this study (MMR-RIT-Min) or MMR-RIT at the second lowest potency used for this study (MMR-RIT-Med), or control MMR II vaccine. A second dose (MMR-RIT or MMR II) was administered 42 days after the first. The study had 10 co-primary objectives to evaluate MMR-RIT versus MMR II immunogenicity via a hierarchical procedure. Anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies were measured by ELISA and anti-mumps antibodies by ELISA and unenhanced plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT). ResultsEach formulation induced immune responses to all vaccine antigens after each MMR dose. While the primary objectives for MMR-RIT-Min were not met, MMR-RIT-Med induced immune responses as measured by ELISA against the three vaccine antigens that met pre-specified non-inferiority criteria. The immune response following MMR-RIT-Med against mumps measured by PRNT failed the non-inferiority criterion for seroresponse rate: the 97.5% confidence interval lower limit (−10.94%) was beyond the pre-defined limit of −10%. Immune responses were comparable among groups post-dose 2. No safety concerns were identified, and MMR-RIT and MMR II vaccines had similar reactogenicity and safety profiles. ConclusionsOne dose of MMR-RIT formulation with lower potency (MMR-RIT-Med) induced a non-inferior immune response compared to commercial MMR II vaccine, measured by ELISA in one-year-old children. Non-inferiority was not demonstrated in terms of immune response against mumps virus measured by unenhanced PRNT, although the difference was of uncertain clinical relevance. After the second dose, immune responses were comparable among the MMR-RIT and MMR II groups.

High-Density Redox Amplified Coulostatic Discharge-Based Biosensor Array.

High-density biosensor arrays are essential for many cutting-edge biomedical applications including point-of-care vaccination screening to detect multiple highly-contagious diseases. Typical electrochemical biosensing techniques are based on the measurement of sub-pA currents for micron-sized sensors requiring highly-sensitive readout circuits. Such circuits are often too complex to scale down for high-density arrays. In this paper, a high-density 4,096-pixel electrochemical biosensor array in 180 nm CMOS is presented. It uses a coulostatic discharge sensing technique and interdigitated electrode geometry to reduce both the complexity and size of the readout circuitry. Each biopixel contains an interdigitated microelectrode with a 13 aA low-leakage readout circuit directly underneath. Compared to standard planar electrodes, the implemented interdigitated electrodes achieve a maximum amplification factor of 10.5× from redox cycling. The array's sensor density is comparable to state-of-the-art arrays, all without augmenting the sensors with complex post-processing. The detection of anti-Rubella and anti-Mumps antibodies in human serum is demonstrated.

Anti-mumps IgM antibody positive rate with sudden sensorineural hearing loss using second-generation enzyme immunoassay: A retrospective, multi-institutional investigation in Hokkaido, Japan

ObjectiveAlthough elevated anti-mumps IgM antibody levels were reported in 5.7%–7.2% of Japanese patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), there were several reports of false-positive cases, such as the continually IgM positive case and the IgM positive case in normal adults. To improve specificity, the new enzyme immuno assay (EIA) anti-mumps IgM antibody measurement kit was introduced in December 2009. This study re-examined the frequency of anti-mumps IgM antibody test positivity with SSNHL using the new measurement kit and compared the results with those from a previous report that used old kit. MethodsThis is a retrospective multi-institutional study involving patients diagnosed with SSNHL who exhibited the anti-mumps IgM antibody. We compared the positive rate of anti-mumps IgM antibody and the annual average number of mumps cases per sentinel in Hokkaido between the patients in the present study and patients previously evaluated. ResultsOverall, 100 patients with SSNHL were enrolled. One case (1.0%) was positive for anti-mumps IgM antibody. Of the 69 patients evaluated in the previous study, 5 cases (7.2%) were positive for anti-mumps IgM antibody. The positive rate of the anti-mumps IgM antibody in the present cases was significantly lower than that previously reported (p=0.042). The annual average number of mumps cases per sentinel in Hokkaido of the present and previous surveillance period was 34.47 and 42.77, respectively; no significant difference was seen in these data (p=0.4519). ConclusionThe present study revealed that 1.0% of SSNHL was positive for the anti-mumps IgM antibody using the new EIA-IgM measurement kit. After the introduction of the new EIA-IgM measurement kit, anti-mumps IgM antibody positive rate with SSNHL significantly decreased, indicating that the proportion of asymptomatic mumps among etiology of SSNHL may be lower than those previously reported.

Mumps in the Eastern Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic - a Serological Survey 2008-2012.

The incidence of mumps has decreased in many countries since the introduction of vaccination programmes, however, in the past decade a rapid increase in the disease occurrence has been reported worldwide. The reason for this situation is still not clear. We present the results of a serological survey carried out in the Eastern Bohemia Region of the Czech Republic during the years 2008-2012. In total, 2,536 samples of 2,034 patients were examined during the study period. The study cohort was divided into two groups, one consisted of individuals born before the introduction of mandatory vaccination and the other one comprised individuals born after mandatory vaccination started. For the serology analyses the ELISA kits RIDASCREEN Mumpsvirus IgM and IgG (R-Biopharm®, Germany) were used. Out of 2,536 samples (including paired sera), 23.9% (n=606) were positive and 12% (n=304) had equivocal results. Most of the positive samples were obtained from patients aged 17-20 years. Significantly more (p<0.05) positive patients were born after the start of the national vaccination programme (patient group 2) (22.8%) compared to those born before its start (patient group 1) (13.7%). Interestingly, the analysis of data showed that 75.3% of patients falling into group 1 had anti-mumps IgG antibodies, which means that they had contracted mumps, whilst 23.5% of patients of group 2 had undetectable IgG antibodies, even though they should have been vaccinated. The data from our study, with a low number of positive samples in the first years of the study and an increase in the last two years, could suggest the occurrence of outbreaks every 4-6 years.

Two-year antibody persistence in children vaccinated at 12–15 months with a measles-mumps-rubella virus vaccine without human serum albumin

ABSTRACTOne combined measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine without Human Serum Albumin (HSA) is currently licensed in the USA (M-M-R II; Merck, USA) and another has been developed (Priorix™ [MMR-RIT, GSK, Belgium]). In this follow-up study, children from USA or Puerto Rico, who had received one dose of M-M-R II or MMR-RIT at 12–15 months of age in the primary study (NCT00861744), were followed-up for 2 y post-vaccination. Anti-measles and anti-rubella antibodies were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and anti-mumps antibodies using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization (PRN) assays. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded during the entire follow-up. The according-to-protocol (ATP) persistence cohort included 752 children (M-M-R II = 186, MMR-RIT = 566), who received primary vaccination at a mean age of 12.3 ( ± 0.67) months. 104 children were revaccinated with MMR-containing vaccines; therefore, serology results for timepoints after revaccination were excluded from the analysis. Seropositivity for measles (Year 1≥ 98.3%; Year 2≥ 99.4%) and rubella (Year 1≥ 98.9%; Year 2 = 100%) remained as high at Year 2 as at Day 42. Similarly, seropositivity for mumps determined by ELISA (Year 1≥ 90.1%; Year 2≥ 94.1%) and PRN assays (Year 1≥ 87.5%; Year 2≥ 91.7%) persisted. Thirty-three SAEs were recorded in 23 children; 2 SAEs (inguinal adenitis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) and one SAE (febrile convulsion) were considered as potentially related to MMR-RIT and M-M-R II, respectively. This study showed that antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella persisted for up to 2 y post-vaccination with either MMR vaccine in children aged 12–15 months, and that both vaccines were well-tolerated during the follow-up period.

Immunogenicity and safety of a novel MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) containing the Edmonston-Zagreb measles strain, the Hoshino mumps strain, and the RA 27/3 rubella strain: Results of a randomized, comparative, active controlled phase III clinical trial

ABSTRACTThis phase III clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the immunogenicity and safety of the single-dose and multi-dose formulations of a novel MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) developed by M/s Cadila Healthcare Limited, India (Cadila MMR vaccine), containing the Hoshino mumps strain, compared to that of an existing MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) developed by M/s Serum Institute of India Limited, India (Serum MMR vaccine). These two vaccines have similar measles and rubella strains, but different mumps strains (Hoshino in Cadila MMR vaccine, and L-Zagreb in Serum MMR vaccine). Three hundred and twenty-eight subjects of either sex, aged 15–18 months, were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive either the Cadila or Serum MMR vaccine. Immunogenicity assessments (IgG antibodies against measles, mumps, and rubella viruses) were done at baseline and 42 d after vaccination. Solicited (local and systemic) and unsolicited adverse events were recorded for up to 42 d following vaccination. The Cadila MMR vaccine was found to be non-inferior to the Serum MMR vaccine in terms of end-of-study proportion of subjects seropositive for anti-measles antibodies (100.0% in both groups), anti-mumps antibodies (94.5% vs. 94.0%), and anti-rubella antibodies (95.5% vs. 91.0%). Both vaccines were well tolerated by all study participants; the most common adverse event reported in both groups was fever, followed by rash. The results of this phase III clinical trial show that the novel Cadila MMR vaccine is non-inferior to the Serum MMR vaccine.

Prevalence of anti-rubella, anti-measles and anti-mumps IgG antibodies in neonates and pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain) in 2013: susceptibility to measles increased from 2003 to 2013.

Non-immune neonates and non-immune pregnant women are at risk of developing rubella, measles and mumps infections, including congenital rubella syndrome. We describe the seroepidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) in neonates and pregnant women in Catalonia (Spain). Anti-rubella, anti-measles and anti-mumps serum IgG titres were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests in 353 cord blood samples from neonates of a representative sample of pregnant women obtained in 2013. The prevalence of protective antibody titres in neonates was 96 % for rubella IgG (≥8 IU/ml), 90 % for measles IgG (>300 IU/ml) and 84 % for mumps IgG (>460 EU/ml). Slightly lower prevalences of protective IgG titres, as estimated from the cord blood titres, were found in pregnant women: 95 % for rubella IgG, 89 % for measles IgG and 81 % for mumps IgG. The anti-measles and anti-mumps IgG titres and the prevalences of protective IgG titres against measles and mumps increased significantly (p < 0.001) with maternal age. The prevalence of protective anti-measles IgG titres decreased by 7 % [odds ratio (OR) = 0.15, p < 0.001), the prevalence of protective anti-rubella IgG titres increased by 3 % (OR = 1.80, p < 0.05) and the MMR vaccination coverage (during childhood) in pregnant women increased by 54 % (OR = 2.09, p < 0.001) from 2003 to 2013. We recommend to develop an MMR prevention programme in women of childbearing age based on mass MMR vaccination or MMR screening and vaccination of susceptible women to increase immunity levels against MMR.

Clinical, epidemiological and etiological studies of adult aseptic meningitis: Report of 13 cases with mumps meningitis

We experienced 13 cases (29.8 ± 7.0 years) of mumps meningitis and 365 cases of adult aseptic meningitis during 11 years from 2004 to 2014. A small epidemic of mumps occurred for 3-4 years, and the incidence rate of adult mumps meningitis coincided with the epidemic without seasonal fluctuation. Parotitis was observed in 8 of the 13 mumps meningitis patients (61.5%) and orchitis in 2 of 7 male patients (28.6%). There were no differences in clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, and outcome between patients with adult mumps meningitis and those with echovirus 9 meningitis (9 patients), except for the low frequency of nausea/vomiting and a high percentage of mononuclear cells of the cerebrospinal fluid in those with mumps. Eight patients had contact with persons with mumps before the symptomatic stage of meningitis. Only one patient had received mumps vaccination in childhood. On the basis of the values of the anti-mumps IgM and IgG antibodies, we speculated primary infection and the re-infection of mumps in 6 and 2 patients, respectively. Moreover, second vaccine failure was suggested in the vaccinated patient.

COMPARISON OF THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VACCINATION BY “PRIORIX”

Abstract. Twenty healthy children were vaccinated, and then in a 5 years they were revaccinated with Priorix (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine), according to the national immunization calendar. The aim of the study was to observe and compare the shaping and maintenance of immunological memory. Specific IgM, IgA, IgG antibodies in serum, and their subclasses as well as antibodies avidity were tested by ELISA. It was demonstrated that IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies shaped primary immune response to Priorix. Booster-effect was found in IgG and IgA antibodies in response to revaccination. Low avidity of antibodies in primary immune response changed to the high avidity (60–70%) antibodies of memory response to measles and rubella, and remained low for antimumps antibodies. IgG3 subclass was predominant, and IgG1 and IgG4 subclasses were involved in primary immune response. At the stage of immunological memory IgG1 was predominanted and IgG3 and IgG4 became minor.

Immunogenicity and safety of a tetravalent measles-mumps-rubella-varicella vaccine: an open-labeled, randomized trial in healthy Korean children

PurposeThis study (NCT00751348) evaluated the immunogenicity and safety of a combined measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine compared to co-administration of measles-mumps-rubella and varicella (MMR+V) vaccines in Korean children during their second year of life.Materials and MethodsHealthy children aged 11-24 months received one dose of MMRV or MMR+V. Antibody titers against measles, mumps and rubella were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and against varicella using an immunofluorescence assay. Parents/guardians recorded adverse events in diary cards for up to 43 days post-vaccination. The primary objective was to demonstrate non-inferiority of MMRV to MMR+V for all antigens in terms of seroconversion rates (SCRs), defined as a group difference with a lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI)>-10%.ResultsOf 474 subjects enrolled, 458 (MMRV, 301; MMR+V, 157) were included in the according-to-protocol cohort. For measles (98.0% vs. 99.4%), rubella (99.7% vs. 100%) and varicella (98.9% vs. 100%) SCRs, the lower limits of the 95% CIs for group differences were greater than -10%; however, for mumps SCRs (88.8% vs. 94.2%), it was -10.40%. The primary objective of non-inferiority in mumps SCRs was therefore not met, although the observed group difference in a post-hoc analysis of anti-mumps antibodies using a plaque reduction neutralization assay was 0.39% with a 95% CI lower limit of -4.03%. Adverse events occurred at comparable frequencies for both groups, except for more frequent fever in MMRV recipients.ConclusionBased on the pre-specified non-inferiority criterion, SCRs of the MMRV vaccine were non-inferior to that elicited by MMR+V vaccines for all antigens except mumps.

Circulation of Two Mumps Virus Genotypes in an Unimmunized Population in India

Two separate outbreaks of fever with parotitis were reported from the Apsinga and Pimpla villages in the Osmanabad district of the Maharashtra State, India during February and March 2012. Meningo-encephalitis was noted in two patients resulting in the death of an 11-year male. Samples of blood and throat swabs were collected from patients with fever and parotitis. Serum samples from suspected (n=62) and convalescent (n=19) patients were tested for mumps virus specific IgM and/or IgG antibodies. Mumps virus specific IgM antibodies were detected in 44 of 62 serum samples (71%). Of the 19 convalescent phase sera 16 had both, anti-mumps virus IgM and IgG antibodies. Twenty-eight throat swabs collected from patients with parotitis were tested by RT-PCR for the SH gene. Twenty-three specimens were found to be positive and nucleotide sequencing of the amplified PCR products revealed circulation of two distinct genotypes that were village specific. Mumps virus genotype C (n=18) was detected in Apsinga village and genotype G (n=5) in Pimpla village. Two mumps virus isolates were also obtained using Vero cells. This is the first report from India confirming simultaneous circulation of mumps virus genotype C in one village and the G genotype in another village only 37 km away.

ステロイドパルス療法が奏功した成人ムンプス関連性脳炎/脳症の1例

A 32-year-old-immunologically healthy woman suffered from mumps. A few days later, she was brought to our hospital because of generalized convulsions. On arrival, she developed a decorticate posture. Anti-mumps virus antibodies were detected in her serum. Elevated protein levels without pleocytosis were observed in her cerebrospinal fluid. On the basis of a diagnosis of mumps-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy, steroid pulse therapy was administered, which improve her disturbance of consciousness. She exhibited akinetic mutism, which was followed by deterioration of the frontal lobe. Single-photon emission computed tomography demonstrated decreased regional cerebral blood flow in the bilateral frontal regions. Therefore, she was suspected with frontal lobe dysfunction associated with the lesion, including the thalamus and/or brain stem. We consider that the encephalitis/encephalopathy present in this case was caused by a reversible autoimmune process triggered by mumps virus infection.