Anti-lock Braking System Research Articles

Study on the detection technology for inner-wall outer surface defects of the automotive ABS brake master cylinder based on BM-YOLOv8

A defect detection approach based on the BiFormer + MPDIoU’s YOLOv8 (BM-YOLOv8) model is proposed which addresses the challenges of low accuracy and low efficiency in detecting tiny defects on the inner-wall outer surface of automotive Anti-lock Brake Systems (ABS) brake master cylinder. This method constructs an imaging model based on process parameters such as speed and inspection accuracy required during the production of automotive ABS brake master cylinder. On this basis, it employs the dynamic sparse self-attention mechanism of the BiFormer to build a network for self-attention feature extraction and fusion. It also utilizes the Minimum Point Distance Intersection over Union (MPDIoU) to optimize the bounding box regression loss function, allowing for precise detection of defects on the inner-wall outer surface of automotive ABS brake master cylinder. Both qualitative and quantitative studies demonstrated that the BM-YOLOv8 method achieves a defect identification rate of 98.8% for the inner-wall outer surface defects of automotive ABS brake master cylinder. More than 25 images per second can be detected in this process. The performance of this method meets the accuracy and real-time requirements for defect detection on the inner-wall outer surface of automotive ABS brake master cylinder.

Integrated control of anti-lock and regenerative braking for in-wheel-motor-driven electric vehicles

The in-wheel motor is increasingly used in electric vehicles due to the significantly improved controllability, response capability, and energy recovery efficiency based on this technology. However, the independent control of in-wheel motors will lead to braking torque distribution problems, especially in a situation where anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are triggered, which may cause the braking energy to be unrecoverable without the coordinated control between anti-lock and RB for two in-wheel motor-driven electric vehicles based on the RB efficiency map. Control-oriented wheel dynamics and slip ratio models of the system are generated. A sliding mode intervention of regenerative braking (RB) control. This paper presents an integrated algorithm to realize the control-based ABS controller is designed to prevent the wheels from locking and to maintain the slip ratio within a desired level, and the stability and robustness of the controller to uncertainties and disturbances are discussed. Moreover, the braking strength of the driver is calculated and divided into different modes to derive a dynamic braking torque distribution to improve the energy recovery efficiency. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation results show that the recovered energy of the proposed strategy under ABS-triggered maneuver is increased by 52.9% than that of the Proportional, Integral, and Derivative controller and can effectively improve the braking performance and stability.

Comparative Analysis of Controller Effect on Anti-lock Braking System Performance using MATLAB/ Simulink

Active safety features aim to avoid or reduce road accidents, in contrast to passive safety features, which are meant to protect occupants after a collision. An Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) is a category of active safety breaking that stops the wheels from locking during a braking action, keeping them in contact with the ground. Different researchers have proposed various control methods for developing the ABS controller. A controller is effective if it reduces stopping distance and time and maintains the desired slip ratio. In this research paper, a quarter-vehicle model is utilized to evaluate the effect of the controller on the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) and study longitudinal braking dynamics. The Bang-bang controller, Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and the Fuzzy Logic (FL) controller for the ABS were modelled in MATLAB/ Simulink software. A feedback controller that abruptly flips between the two states is called a bang-bang controller, also called an on-off, two-step, or hysteresis controller. PID (Proportional - Integral - Derivative) parameters were obtained using the Ziegler Nichols tuning Method. A comparative analysis of the controllers concerning braking distance, braking time, and normalized relative slip was performed. ABS with the Fuzzy Logic (FL) controller outperforms both the Proportional - Integral - Derivative (PID) and bang-bang controllers.

Anti-Lock Braking Systems: A Comparative Study of Control Strategies and Their Impact on Vehicle Safety

Anti-Lock Braking Systems: A Comparative Study of Control Strategies and Their Impact on Vehicle Safety

A Fault Diagnosis and Fault-tolerant Anti-lock Brake System Control for Actuator Stuck Failures in Braking System in Autonomous Vehicles

A Fault Diagnosis and Fault-tolerant Anti-lock Brake System Control for Actuator Stuck Failures in Braking System in Autonomous Vehicles

Cascade-Free Predictive Wheel Slip Control with Discrete-Valued Inputs for Automotive Hydraulic Anti-lock Braking Systems

Cascade-Free Predictive Wheel Slip Control with Discrete-Valued Inputs for Automotive Hydraulic Anti-lock Braking Systems

A Hybrid Fault Detection and Fault Tolerant Control Based on kNN and NN Approaches for ABS Speed Sensors

To perform fault tolerance for Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), This paper proposes a hybrid Fault Detection and Fault Tolerant Control (FD-FTC) for ABS speed sensors. It utilizes a Fault Detection (FD) unit and a Data Construction (DC) unit. The first one, the FD unit, is based on a kNN classifier model with 99.9% fault detection accuracy to perform three tasks: early fault detection, fault location diagnosis, and excluding faulty signals from being utilized in further processes. On the other hand, the second one, the DC Unit, is based on two separate neural network models. These models have an MSE of 2.01139e-1 and a R2 of 999880 for the first model and an MSE of 1.12486e-0 and 0.999586 for the second model. They are employed to provide an estimated alternative signal for the ABS speed sensors. These estimated signals are employed to perform two tasks: confirming fault detection declared by the FD model and compensating for the excluded faulty signal to fulfill fault accommodation. Both methods are trained and tested with MATLAB and Simulink. Results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid method has the ability to accurately detect and tolerate sensor faults and fulfill its design purpose, especially during emergency braking. Index Terms— Anti-lock Braking System, Fault Tolerant Control, k-Nearest Neighbour, Neural Networks, Speed Sensor Fault.

Jarak Berhenti Motosikal Berkapasiti Enjin Rendah dengan Brek Anti-kunci

Motorcycles are among the favorite transportation preferred by Malaysians. Almost half of the vehicles registered in Malaysia are motorcycles. This is due to the price affordability and size, where almost 80% of the motorcycles owned are categorized under engine capacity below 250 cc. Similar to other Southeast Asia countries, motorcyclists remain the highest contributor to road traffic fatalities and injuries in Malaysia. The New Car Assessment Program (NCAP), has elevated the importance of safety technology in passenger cars such as antilock braking system (ABS) and autonomous emergency braking (AEB) in order to protect the occupants. However, the limitation of space and power requirements in two-wheel motorcycles deferred the technology implementation. Previous studies have attempted to study the effectiveness of ABS for motorcycles with 250 cc and above. Focusing on the low cc motorcycle of less than 250 cc, this paper compares motorcycle braking distance and rider stability between motorcycles with ABS and motorcycles without ABS during dry and wet conditions. The braking distance produced by ABS is reduced by 50% and 12% in dry and wet conditions respectively. In addition, motorcycles with ABS were tested at higher speeds of 50 km/h. ABS motorcycles shows consistent data for a series of tests. This finding demonstrates the effectiveness of ABS in improving braking performance for low cc motorcycles.

Retracted: Research on Fuzzy Control Method of Automobile Antilock Braking System

Retracted: Research on Fuzzy Control Method of Automobile Antilock Braking System

Development of the Construction of City Buses in Terms of Reducing the Curb Weight of the Vehicle

Modern city buses are made of various construction materials and the share of material groups has changed over the decades. By replacing heavy materials for structural elements or bus components with their lighter counterparts, the kerb weight of the bus can be reduced by up to several hundred kilograms. This article presents the issues of the development of city bus design in terms of passenger space comfort and bus structure in the context of reducing the vehicle's own weight since the 1970s. The main changes in vehicle design allowing for reducing the weight of structural elements of bodies and chassis as well as the main assemblies in city buses are presented as well as research on body types in terms of aerodynamics, safety and travel comfort. It has been shown that reducing the weight of the bus does not negatively affect its load capacity and the new bus designs are equipped with safety and comfort systems, including ABS (Anti-lock Braking System), ASR (Automatic Stability Regulation), ESP (Electronic Stability Program) and air conditioning in the passenger space. Thanks to modern light construction materials, we gain the opportunity to improve safety and comfort without losing the transport capabilities developed as a result of the development of city buses over the years.

Voltage-Based Braking Controls for Electric Vehicles Considering Weather Condition and Road Slope

This article addresses the braking controls for an electric vehicle with DC motors such that the voltage in the motors is used for controlling the wheel angular velocity. Other papers on the anti-lock braking system (ABS) handled how to derive the braking torque (or braking pressure) for controlling the wheel angular velocity. However, heavy or prolonged braking can cause brake fade or wear. According to EURO 7 regulations, brake fade or wear is not desirable, since the regulations refer to the reduction in particles emitted from brake pads. For avoiding heavy or prolonged braking, this paper does not use a brake unit, such as electro-mechanical brake units or hydraulic brake units, for vehicle stop. Instead, the motor voltage is used for controlling the wheel angular velocity. While a vehicle moves, the goal of this paper is to provide automatic braking controls in real time, so that the vehicle stops safely and smoothly without slippage before colliding with an obstacle. In practice, road conditions can change depending on weather conditions, such as rain or snow. Moreover, road slope can have an effect on the braking distance for the vehicle. Thus, this article introduces automatic braking controls, while considering both road slope and road conditions. This article is unique in presenting automatic braking controls for the smooth stop of electric vehicles with DC motors, while considering both road slope and road conditions. In addition, this article is unique in controlling the motor voltage for controlling the wheel angular velocity, while not requiring any brake units.

Anti-lock braking control using an interval type-2 fuzzy neural network scheme for electric vehicles

Control precision and robustness can be regarded as essential challenges of slip ratio control because of the external uncertainties of road conditions and the internal delay response of braking actuators. In addition, it is difficult to obtain a trade-off between braking energy recovery efficiency and braking safety under some extreme braking conditions. To synchronously improve both slip ratio control and braking energy recovery efficiency for different road conditions, an anti-lock braking system (ABS) using a novel interval type-2 fuzzy neural network (IT2FNN) control scheme is proposed for electrohydraulic braking systems. The novel IT2FNN control scheme with five layers is designed to calculate the commanded braking torque. The membership function layer utilizes type-2 fuzzy sets to describe the slip ratio error degree, which enhances the scheme’s anti-interference ability, and the enhanced Karnik-Mendel (EKM) algorithm is used in the type-reduction layer to accelerate computation. Additionally, the network adjusts the parameters of the membership function and rules by decreasing the performance function value corresponding to the braking torque error to improve slip ratio control and enhance the self-adaptation capacity. Simulations showed that IT2FNN control can not only improve slip ratio control performance and decrease the braking torque error but also enhance the energy recovery efficiency of regenerative braking on different road surfaces.

A robust super twisting fractional-order sliding mode-based control of vehicle longitudinal dynamic subjected to a constant actuator fault

This paper deals with the design and analysis of a super twisting fractional-order sliding mode controller (ST-FOSMC) to adjust the vehicle longitudinal dynamic when braking. While vehicle loading, road types, and modeling uncertainties are time-varying parameters, the control law must be robust against these disturbances. Also, the aging of the brake plate may introduce a difference between the control output and the actuator response that should be considered. The proposed control strategy has been used to enable the anti-lock braking system (ABS) to track the desired wheel slip value despite the presence of disturbances and constant actuator fault. The design of this controller is presented and the system stability is guaranteed by applying the Lyapunov theory. We carried out a simulation example that makes a comparison between our controller and the one based on the fractional-order sliding mode control to investigate which one of them outperforms the other. The results exhibit the superiority of the super twisting fractional order controller over the traditional fractional-order sliding mode controller during the braking phase.

Estimating the effectiveness of electric vehicles braking when determining the circumstances of a traffic accident

In the vast majority of cases, the braking process is used to prevent traffic accidents. The effectiveness of this process depends on the design and functionality of vehicle braking systems (presence of anti-lock braking system, emergency braking system, preventive safety systems, etc.) and is limited by the amount of frictional forces in contact of tires with the road. The improvement of methodical approaches to evaluating the effectiveness of braking of cars contributes to increasing the accuracy and objectivity of establishing the circumstances of the occurrence of emergency situations. The paper analyses existing methods of evaluating the braking parameters of vehicles (including those with an electric drive) and modern methods of evaluating electric vehicle braking parameters and conducting auto-technical investigations of traffic accidents, which relate to using different methodological approaches and digital technologies at all stages of expert research. In contrast to existing models, the proposed mathematical model for estimating the trajectory of two-axle cars during braking allows for considering various types of input parameter uncertainty, reducing the range of possible modeling errors by 39%. Comparing simulation results and experimental data showed that the average relative error is 4.58%, and the maximum error did not exceed 7.82%. The performed study of the stability of the electric vehicles' movement during emergency braking with the help of developed mathematical models in the Mathcad software environment reveals the content of the algorithm of a similar calculation in specialized computer programs of auto technical examination. Conducting such calculations is relevant in the analysis of real accident situations, where specific circumstances and features that cannot be considered during modeling in specialized software must be taken into account. Simultaneously, the probability of type I errors is reduced by 2–19%, and type II errors are reduced by 43–68%.

In-Vehicle Data Communication with CAN &Security Monitoring: A Review

Automobiles are now being created with more electronic components for efficient functioning such as Anti Lock Braking system, Adaptive Cruise Control, Traction control system, Airbag, Power Steering etc. managed by networked controllers that include hundreds of ECUs (electronic control units) that can coordinate, control, and monitor loads of internal vehicle components. Each component, such as ABS, TCS (Traction control system), tire pressure monitoring system and telematics system, may communicate with nearby components over the CAN (Controller Area Network) bus, establishing an in-vehicle communication network. These modern automobile system networks intended for safety with minimal consideration for security have drawn the attention of researchers for providing security in CAN. The Paper reviews the behavior and vulnerabilities of CAN within an in-vehicle network including various attacks possible in CAN along with the proposed solutions in the literature with extensive survey on a security promising approach named as IDS (Intrusion detection system).

On-line learning applied to spiking neural network for antilock braking systems

Computationally replicating the behaviour of the cerebral cortex to perform the control tasks of daily life in a human being is a challenge today. First, it is necessary to know the structure and connections between the elements of the neural network that perform movement control. Next, a mathematical neural model that adequately resembles biological neurons has to be developed. Finally, a suitable learning model that allows adapting neural network response to changing conditions in the environment is also required. Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are currently the closest approximation to biological neural networks. SNNs make use of temporal spike trains to deal with inputs and outputs, thus allowing a faster and more complex computation. In this paper, a controller based on an SNN is proposed to perform the control of an anti-lock braking system (ABS) in vehicles. To this end, two neural networks are used to regulate the braking force. The first one is devoted to estimating the optimal slip while the second one is in charge of setting the optimal braking pressure. The latter resembles biological reflex arcs to ensure stability during operation. This neural structure is used to control the fast regulation cycles that occur during ABS operation. Furthermore, an algorithm has been developed to train the network while driving. On-line learning is proposed to update the response of the controller. Hence, to cope with real conditions, a control algorithm based on neural networks that learn by making use of neural plasticity, similar to what occurs in biological systems, has been implemented. Neural connections are modulated using Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity (STDP) by means of a supervised learning structure using the slip error as input. Road-type detection has been included in the same neural structure. To validate and to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm, simulations as well as experiments in a real vehicle were carried out. The algorithm proved to be able to adapt to changes in adhesion conditions rapidly. This way, the capability of spiking neural networks to perform the full control logic of the ABS has been verified.

Development of an Emergency Braking Training Research Program Using a Driving Simulator with Haptic Pedal Feedback

The anti-lock braking system (ABS) was designed to assist drivers in emergency braking situations. Though this technology is common to today’s vehicles, not all drivers have knowledge and experience with ABS, especially the haptic brake pedal feedback. To educate drivers, a new training method was developed using an emergency braking interactive exercise, Pedals Emergency Stop©, and simulator with haptic brake pedal feedback. The exercise prompts drivers to press the brake in a motion consistent with emergency braking and feel the haptic feedback. During the exercise, if a driver presses the brake quickly, to the maximum travel and held the pedal position, the driver “passes” the trial. Drivers are presented with immediate feedback on their performance, and suggestions are presented to drivers who do not “pass” a trial.This new exercise is currently being used to educate novice teen drivers about emergency braking assist features during high school drivers’ education classes.

Data-Driven Modeling and Regulation of Aircraft Brakes Degradation via Antiskid Controllers

In ground vehicles, braking actuator degradation and tire consumption do not represent a significant maintenance cost as the lifespan of both components, at least in common situations, is rather long. In the aeronautical context, and for aircraft in particular, instead, braking actuator degradation and tire consumption significantly contribute to an aircraft maintenance cost due to the frequency of their replacement. This is mainly due to the fact that aircraft braking maneuvers last significantly longer than those in the automotive context. So that the antilock braking system is always active during the braking maneuver, making its impact on the consumption of the two components significant. This work proposes an innovative data-driven model of brake and tire degradation, showing how they are related to the antiskid controller parameters. The analysis is carried out in a MATLAB/Simulink environment on a single wheel rigid body model, validated experimentally, which includes all the nonlinear effects peculiar of the aeronautic context. The results show that by using an appropriate antiskid control approach, it is possible to directly regulate the consumption of these components while at the same time guaranteeing the required braking performance.

FUNCTIONAL-COST ANALYSIS OF THE ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEM (ABS) OF CARS

Functional-cost analysis is a method that has a heuristic nature and is used to identify opportunities to reduce costs and improve the quality of an object, which is considered as a system with a functional orientation at all stages of its life cycle. This article considers the application of functional cost analysis for the anti-lock braking system of cars. As part of this study, a functional model of the car's anti-lock braking system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of functions within the framework of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars was also carried out. To determine the utility coefficients of this system, a matrix of priorities was built using a known calculation method. When designing technical or production systems, the general cost criterion takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. For this evaluation, a matrix of anti-lock braking system of cars was created, which allows to compensate the cost factor. The results of the study are the construction of a diagram of the utility of the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the utility factor, a functional cost diagram of the system, a diagram of the costs of the system functions, a diagram of the location of the system functions taking into account the cost factor, a diagram of the value of the indicator of the functional cost of the system functions, and diagrams of the location of system functions with the calculation of the functional cost indicator. Based on the analysis of this diagram, the functions of the anti-lock braking system of the car were determined, which have a positive functional value indicator and the highest rating among the functional functions. operations or functions that have the highest functional value indicator and rank.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE AUTOMATION OF THE COMMON RAIL SYSTEM DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS OF THE YAMZ-5340 SERIES DIVIGUNS

Failures of systems and mechanisms of the internal combustion engine are among the first among the total number of failures of tractors and cars. To determine them, a significant number of methods and means of determining the technical condition (diagnosis) are used. Functional-cost analysis is a heuristic method aimed at identifying the possibilities of reducing the cost and increasing the quality of the object, which is considered as a system with an orientation to a functional approach at all stages of its life cycle. This scientific article presents a functional and cost analysis of the anti-lock braking system of cars. A functional model of this system was developed and its functions were classified. The classification of the functions of the functional model of the anti-lock braking system of cars is also presented. The utility coefficients of this system are actually determined by constructing a matrix of advantages according to the known methodology. The generalizing cost criterion in the design of technical and production systems takes into account costs at all stages of the system's life cycle. To estimate these costs, a matrix of the anti-lock braking system of cars was created, with which the cost factors are calculated. Constructed function utility diagrams, function location, function-cost and cost diagrams allowed to use the functions of the anti-lock braking system of cars, which have a positive function-cost indicator and the highest rating among the presented functions. Such an operation or functions, marked by the highest functional value indicator and rank, are key to the further development of the system or the achievement of the goal of the analysis.