Anti-lipid Peroxidation Assay Research Articles

Effect of mangostin on the functional activity and integrity of the <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> infected and Uninfected red blood cells membrane

Mangostin is a natural xanthanoid obtained from various parts of the mangosteen tree Garcinia mangostana with diverse medicinal effects, such as; antioxidant, antibacterial, anticancer and anti- inflammatory. This study aimed at exploring its impact on the integrity, and the physiological function of both Plasmodium falciparum-infected and uninfected red blood cells (RBCs). This was achieved by studying its impact on the RBCs morphology, integrity and osmotic fragility. On the one hand, its effect on the plasmodium-infected cells was achieved by screening its impact on the parasite-induced new permeation pathways (NPPs) and the plasmodial invasiveness to the RBCs and these were related to its growth inhibitory effect against the parasite. On the other hand, its molecular characteristics were determined using the In Silico Molispiration simulation software and its anti-oxidant activity was measured using conventional in vitro tests and the anti-lipid peroxidation assay. The results showed that mangostin had a good growth inhibitory effect against Plasmodium falciparum with a moderate selectivity as compared to its effect against RBCs. Furthermore, it showed a good inhibitory effect against merozoite invasion and the plasmodium-induced new permeation pathway at concentrations less than the cytotoxic dose against RBCs and the parasite. Besides it succeeded in hampering the oxidative stress- induced RBCs damage without affecting the RBC fragility when it was added at low doses. Overall, the results suggest that their anti-plasmodium effect is not related to their impact on the RBCs membrane. Further studies are recommended to explore their precise mechanism of action.

In vitro bioactivities and gastrointestinal simulation validate ethnomedicinal efficacy of five fermented kodo-based Himalayan traditional drinks and bioaccessibility of bioactive components

Tongba, chhyang, nigar and raksi are popular traditional drinks served in Nepal, northern and north eastern part of India and Tibetan plateau which are claimed as medicinal and considered as elements of high altitude ethnopharmacology. In this research, kodo (finger millet) based traditional beverages such as tongba, chhyang, nigar and raksi samples, collected from Singalila ridge of the Himalayas, were analysed through various qualitative and quantitative biochemical parameters. Total phenolic content (gallic acid equivalent) was estimated in a varied range from 936.26 ± 6.87 µg/mL (nigar) to 96.36 ± 1.22 µg/mL (chimphing raksi) while highest free fatty acid was measured in khokim raksi (2.11%). Antioxidant activity was evaluated using in vitro assays (DPPH assay, iodometric assay and in vitro anti-lipid peroxidation assay); antibacterial assay was conducted using well diffusion method. Tongba was found to be the most potential sample in antioxidant assays with a DPPH scavenging value of 85.31 ± 1.54% while nigar was the sample with most promising antibacterial activity. Furthermore, special emphasis was given on GC-MS based metabolite profiling and metabolomic elucidation. Responsible candidates detected by GC-MS analysis were discussed to correlate results of preliminary biochemical screenings and in vitro bioactivities. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion was carried out to figure out bioaccessibility of the bioactive groups of compounds in simulated human GI tract where DPPH assay, total phenol content and lipid composition (acid value) were considered as parameters. Most of the bioavailable bioactive antioxidants and phenolics were estimated to be decreased in the gastric phase reflecting the highest rate of digestion in the stomach while breakdown of lipid composition was dominated by the intestinal phase. Overall results suggest that antioxidative phenolics and fatty acids from these beverages possess bioactivities in their bioavailable form which may be associated to their ethnomedicinal properties.Graphical

Preparation and characterization of solid lipid nanoparticles incorporating bioactive coumarin analogues as photosensitizing agents

Daphnetin (7,8-dihydroxy-coumarin, DAPH) is a naturally occurring coumarin presenting a wide array of biological activities. In the present study, daphnetin and its novel synthetic analogue 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-coumarin (DHC) were encapsulated in solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) with Encapsulation Efficiency values of 80% and 40%, respectively. Nanoparticles of an average hydrodynamic diameter of approximately 250 nm were formed, showing a good stability in aqueous dispersion (polydispersity index 0.3–0.4), as determined by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). The SLNs were also characterized using Fourier Transform-Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). TEM images of the blank-SLNs indicated a spherical morphology and a size of 20–50 nm. The release studies of the coumarin analogues indicated a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, while the release profiles better fitted on the Higuchi kinetic model. Moreover, the coumarin analogues and their SLNs were examined for their antioxidant activity using DPPH and anti-lipid peroxidation assays, exhibiting stronger antioxidant activity when encapsulated than in their free form. The coumarin derivatives and their SLNs were examined for their photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy against the human squamous carcinoma A431 cell line, with DHC coumarin both in its free and encapsulated form exhibiting significant PDT activity, reducing the cell viability to 11% after irradiation with a fluence rate of 2.16 J/cm2. Finally, the intracellular localization studies indicated the enhanced cellular uptake of the coumarin analogues when loaded in the SLNs.

Host-Guest Encapsulation of RIBO with TSC4X: Synthesis, Characterization, and Its Application by Physicochemical and Computational Investigations.

In our present work, we synthesized a new encapsulated complex denoted as RIBO-TSC4X, which was derived from an important vitamin riboflavin (RIBO) and p-sulfonatothiacalix[4]arene(TSC4X). The synthesized complex RIBO-TSC4X was then characterized by utilizing several spectroscopic techniques such as 1H-NMR, FT-IR, PXRD, SEM, and TGA. Job's plot has been employed to show the encapsulation of RIBO (guest) with TSC4X (host) having a 1:1 molar ratio. The molecular association constant of the complex entity (RIBO-TSC4X) was found to be 3116.29 ± 0.17 M-1, suggesting the formation of a stable complex. The augment in aqueous solubility of the RIBO-TSC4X complex compared to pure RIBO was investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, and it was viewed that the newly synthesized complex has almost 30 times enhanced solubility over pure RIBO. The enhancement of thermal stability upto 440 °C for the RIBO-TSC4X complex was examined by TG analysis. This research also forecasts RIBO's release behavior in the presence of CT-DNA, and at the same time, BSA binding study was also carried out. The synthesized RIBO-TSC4X complex exhibited comparatively better free radical scavenging activity, thereby minimizing oxidative injury of the cell as evident from a series of antioxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation assay. Furthermore, the RIBO-TSC4X complex showed peroxidase-like biomimetic activity, which is very useful for several enzyme catalyst reactions.

COMPARATIVE VALIDATION OF SELF COLLECTED AND MARKET ‘SARIVA’ ROOTS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR AMBIGUITY IN THE IDENTIFICATION USING IN-VITRO BIOCHEMICAL ASSAYS

Plant ‘Sariva’ has been used since long in Ayurveda and folk medicine. There are four differentspecies used as ‘Sariva’ in various regions of India viz., Cryptolepisbuchanani Roem. & Schult., Hemidesmusindicus (L.) R.Br. and Decalepishamiltonii Wight & Arn belongs to same family Asclepiadaceae, whileIchnocarpus frutescens (L.) R. Br. belongs to family Apocynaceae. Present study is designed to evaluate theambiguity in market and authenticate samples of ‘Sariva’ root extract in terms of their polyphenolic contentsand antioxidant profile. Market samples were collected from major markets from India viz., Banglore, Delhi,Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune and West Bengal. While, authenticate species of ‘Sariva’ was collected from WesternGhats of Maharashtra, India. Antioxidant profile was evaluated by nitric oxide scavenging potential, BSAanti-denaturation assay and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents werestudied by standard methods viz. Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride respectively. Methanolic extractof ‘Sariva’ market sample showed highest phenolic contents (0.295±0.023μg/ml) as compared to theflavonoid contents in Pune market sample. While, highest concentration of total phenol contents wasobserved in Decalepishamiltonii (0.346±0.034μg/ml) and flavonoids was observed in Cryptolepisbuchanani(0.11±0.007mg/ml). The methanolic extract of West Bengal showed highest anti-lipid peroxidation activity(IC50 value of 50.96μg/ml). While, lowest activity was observed in Delhi market sample (IC50 of 218.63). Onthe contrary, Hemidesmus indicus showed highest anti-lipid activity (28.88 μg/mL of IC50) followed byDecalepishamiltonii, Cryptolepisbuchanani and Ichnocarpus frutescent.IC50 value indicates that among all themarket samples Banglore market sample (67.26 μg/ml) showed more significant protein stabilizing activity(denaturation is inhibited). While, Decalepishamiltonii showed more significant protein stabilizing activity(32.73 μg/ml) followed by Hemidesmus indicus, Cryptolepisbuchanani and Ichnocarpus frutescent. Amongmarket samples, Pune market sample showed highest nitric oxide scavenging activity (65.15μg/ml of IC50)and in authenticate samples, Decalepishamiltonii showed highest nitric oxide scavenging potential (31.26 μg/mlof IC50). By evaluating the five market samples in comparison with authenticate ‘Sariva’ species, it isconcluded that distinct variation observed in polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity. Hence, presentstudy suggests the need of awareness in the selection of the correct species and scientific efforts to solve thisambiguity.

In vitro inhibitory potential of avocado fruits, Persea americana (Lauraceae) against oxidation, inflammation and key enzymes linked to skin diseases

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) is a member of Lauraceae with one-seeded berry fruit and cultivated in all tropical, subtropical regions in the world and in the Southern coast region of Turkey. Oxidative damage caused by UV can trigger inflammation, resulting in serious inflammatory skin diseases including eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, hyperpigmentation and ageing. Enzyme inhibitors involved in melanogenesis, such as tyrosinase, have been used recently for hyperpigmentation and skin diseases in cosmetic products. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tyrosinase activities and total polyphenolic contents of the different parts of P. americana fruit. Methods: The fruit was divided into exocarp, mesocarp, seed, and then methanol and n-hexane extracts were prepared. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging capacities and inhibitory potentials on lipid peroxidation were determined to investigate the antioxidant potentials of the extracts. Anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the stabilization level of the human red blood cell membrane. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of the samples were determined using mushroom tyrosinase. Results: In general methanol extracts possessed remarkable higher DPPH free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The highest activity was determined in methanol extracts of seed (4.17 ± 0.04 mg/mL) followed by exocarp (5.25 ± 0.05 mg/mL). Overall methanol extracts possessed higher ABTS free radical scavenging activities than n-hexane extracts. The greatest ABTS free radical scavenging activity was obtained in methanol extracts of seed (0.03 ± 0.01 mg/mL). In the anti-lipid peroxidation assay, the greatest activity was noticed in methanol extracts of seed (7.71 ± 0.36 µg/mL) followed by exocarp (12.12 ± 0.34 µg/mL), while all n-hexane extracts were inactive. Overall methanol extracts exhibited higher anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties than n-hexane extracts. However, the maximum anti-tyrosinase activity was determined in n-hexane extracts of exocarp (0.40 ± 0.01 mg/mL) followed by seed (0.46 ± 0.01 mg/mL). Conclusions: These extracts are promising candidates for use as natural products-based antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in inflammation-related disease, and also anti-tyrosinase properties in dermatological applications.

Establishing Gerger (<i>Eruca sativa</i>) Leaves as Functional Food by GC-MS and <i>In-vitro</i> Anti-lipid Peroxidation Assays

Conventional food that safeguards against chronic illnesses is known as a functional food. Establishing functional foods starts with phytoconstituent analysis and in-vitro characterization of health benefits. Eruca sativa, popularly known as gerger or jarjeer in Saudi Arabia, is an annual edible shrub cultivated worldwide. Gerger leaves are consumed raw in salads and have additional health benefits. This study investigated the phytochemical profile of aqueous decoction of gerger leaves of the Saudi origin by GC-MS assay. We also performed in-vitro anti-lipid peroxidation and total antioxidant capacity assays using gerger decoction. Twenty-seven chemical compounds belonging to seven classes constituted the gerger decoction: organic siloxanes (39.75%), organic silyl esters (18.28%), phenolics (17.87%), aromatic and aliphatic esters (10.48%), terpenoids (7.09%), heterocycles (3.83%), and sulfur compounds (2.70%). This study reported the presence of compounds mentioned above for the first time in gerger leaves. The decoction method was efficient in the extraction of heat-stable terpenoids like astaxanthin (2.23%), cilonasterol (1.48%), ingol-12-acetate (0.4%), and phytol (2.98%). The in-vitro anti-lipid peroxidation study demonstrated the ability of gerger decoction to inhibit hepatic lipid peroxidation in a significantly dose-dependent (150 to 400 μg/ml) manner compared to quercetin. A dose of 400 μg/ml of gerger decoction resulted in 68.46 ± 0.01% inhibition of oxidation of hepatic lipids. The total antioxidant capacity of gerger leaves reported as the IC50 of the decoction was 217.90 ± 2.2 μg/ml and also statistically significant. The in-vitro models suggested the antioxidant mechanism of gerger was by hydrogen atom transfer and reduction of metal ions. The study substantiated that gerger is a functional food besides established the phytochemical profile contributing to the antioxidant activity. Given that the gerger decoction has a high silicon content and antioxidants, attempt to determine the bioavailability and to identify the molecular targets are essential to overcome bone disorders and oxidative stress.

Optimization of <i>Maclura cochinchinensis</i> Extract as a Cosmeceutical Component for Antioxidant and Anti-Tyrosinase Activities

Maclura cochinchinensis Corner or Kae Lae in Thai belongs to the Moraceae family. The plant is found in Southeast Asian countries and used in traditional medicine as a tonic agent to treat chronic fever and skin infections. Previous studies have demonstrated that plants in Moraceae family, such as Morus alba and Artocarpus lakoocha are rich source of antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase agents. Thus, the current study aimed at comparing different solvent extracts (50% ethanol, 80% ethanol, methanol by ultrasound and water decoction) of M. cochinchinensis heartwood for their antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities. Total phenolic content, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and anti-lipid peroxidation assays were performed to compare the antioxidant activity, whereas, Dopachrome method was performed for anti-tyrosinase activity. The results demonstrated that 80% ethanol and methanol extracts had better antioxidant activities based on EC50 value of DPPH (9.96±0.21 and 9.50±0.46 μg/mL, respectively), ABTS (6.54±0.13 and 6.58±0.69 μg/mL, respectively), anti-lipid peroxidation (228.31±2.03 and 231.43±1.41 μg/mL, respectively), and anti-tyrosinase (7.60±0.29 and 7.91±0.41 μg/mL, respectively) assays. Further, 80% ethanol extract was selected to evaluate the bioactive compound using bioactivity-guided isolation. Oxyresveratrol identified as bioactive compound, exhibited higher activities than the positive controls (quercetin and kojic acid). In conclusion, 80% ethanolic M. cochinchinensis heartwood extract obtained using the ultrasound technique exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase effects and can be used as a potential active ingredient for cosmeceutical products. Oxyresveratrol could be used as bioactive marker for quality control of the extract and products.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TOPICAL NANOPARTICULATE ANTIPSORIATIC POLYHERBAL CREAM

Objective: The lack of possible cure and associated disadvantages of allopathic medicines in the topical treatment of psoriasis has led to extensive research for anti-psoriatic activities of plant-based drugs. The present study was aimed to develop topical cream formulation containing the Nanostructured Lipid Carriers of Azadirachta indica leaves extract (AE), Lawsonia inermis leaves extract (LE) and fruit extract of Mallotus philippensis (ME) and assessing the antipsoriatic activity of prepared cream formulation.
 Methods: The Drug loaded NLCs were prepared via hot homogenization technique and incorporated into the water in oil (w/o) cream base that was prepared by the emulsification method. Evaluation of cream formulation included advanced preclinical trials using Rat Ultraviolet Ray-B photodermatitis and Mousetail method, anti-lipid peroxidation assay, nitric oxide scavenging activity, cytotoxicity and DNA fragmentation on HaCat cell lines to ascertain antipsoriatic potential and in vitro drug diffusion.
 Results: In spite of the low amount of the drug loading in NLCs their potency was much higher as displayed in Advanced Preclinical studies and cell line studies for psoriasis indicating the suitability of NLCs loaded creams for skin applications due to their various desirable effects on the skin. Occlusive properties of the prepared NLC on the skin provide an increase in drug penetration particularly via skin moisturization. The in vitro drug diffusion studies suggest the prolonged and almost complete release of AE, LE and ME from NLC based cream up to 24 h that was found to be 81.24±0.51%, 74.31±0.25% and 70.43±0.78% respectively. The literature survey supports the novelty of such topical anti-psoriatic polyherbal nanoparticulate cream.
 Conclusion: It can be concluded that the AE, LE and ME loaded NLC based cream can be used for prolonged topical delivery of drugs for the management of Psoriasis.

In vitro Assessment of the Potential Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Properties of Edible Parts of Chrysophyllum albidum Fruit Extracts

Chrysophyllum albidum (Linn) belongs to Sapotaceae family and commonly called African star apple. It is traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments. This study aimed at investigating in vitro antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of three edible parts of Chrysophyllum albidum fruit extracts. Lyophilized C. albidum fruit pulp, skin and seed shell pericarp powders were extracted using aqueous and methanol as solvents. In vitro antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: DPPH, Ferrous Ion chelating, Antilipid peroxidation, Hydroxyl radical and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay as well as estimation of total phenolic, flavonoid and antioxidant contents) assay and antidiabetic (α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory assay) activities of extracts were evaluated. The study revealed that methanol skin extract of C. albidum fruit contained the highest levels of total phenolics (19.0 ± 0.16mg GAE/g dry weight), flavonoids (41.27 ± mgQE/g dry weight) and antioxidant (98.51 ± 0.10mg AAE/g dry weight) and exhibited comparable scavenging property with standards using DPPH, deoxyribose and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. Significant α-amylase (86.45 ± 0.97) and α-glucosidase (85.07 ± 0.71) inhibitory activities were also observed in methanol skin extract of C. albidum fruit, which was comparable with acarbose standard drug -99.04 ± 0.04 and 98.99 ± 0.05 respectively. Results demonstrate the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of methanol skin extract of C. albidum fruit and indicate that C. albidum fruit skin could have therapeutic value in diabetes and the related condition of oxidative stress. Hence, further study by in vivo model would be required for the plant’s potential in the management and/or prevention of diabetes.

Antioxidant activity of phycocyanin pigment extracted from marine filamentous cyanobacteria Geitlerinema sp TRV57

Abstract Phycocyanin is a blue colored naturally existing phycobiliprotein pigment, which is abundant in cyanobacteria, a blue green algae. In this study, phycocyanin was extracted from the Geitlerinema sp. TRV57. The extracted pigment was assessed for their antioxidant property by various methods such as Phosphomolybdenum assay, Ferric ions reducing power assay, DPPH radical scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging assay, Anti-lipid peroxidation activity. These assays revealed appreciable antioxidant activity of phycocyanin. At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the phycocyanin exhibited a maximum absorbance of 0.49 by phosphomolybdenum assay, 0.85 absorbance by ferric ion reducing assay, 78.75% of DPPH scavenging activity, 95.27% of H2O2 scavenging activity. The IC50 value of phycocyanin was found to be 185 µg/mL for Anti-lipid peroxidation assay. The study reveals that the phycocyanin pigments possess antioxidant property and it can be used as a promising pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compound.

<p>Phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of <em>Teucrium muscatense</em></p>

<p>The effect of enzyme inhibition, anticancer, antifungal, antioxidants activities of the extracts of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>obtained with different organic solvents was investigated. Chloroform fraction exhibited promising inhibition (64%) with IC<sub>50 </sub>value (390 ± 2.0 μg/mL) against urease, while other fractions displayed moderate activity. In case of α-glucosidase and acetyl cholinesterase enzyme inhibition assays, all fractions were found inactive at a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The <em>n</em>-hexane fraction of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>exhibited highest anticancer activity against breast cancer cell (MDAMB231) line at high (100 µg/mL) concentration and also inhibited the growth of <em>F. oxysporum </em>up to 64.3% in case of antifungal activity. EtOAc fraction showed highiest DPPH (70.6%) and ABTS (76.7%) radical scavenging activity at highest concentration (1000 μg/mL). Bioassay guided isolation of EtOAc fraction afforded two flavonoids (<strong>1</strong> and <strong>2</strong>). Both compounds showed highiest ABTS activity and could be a significant markers in the EtOAc fraction. Anti-lipid peroxidation assay was also performed in which aqueous fraction showed highest percentage of 73.2% at higher concentration (1000 μg/mL) followed by n-BuOH (64.1%) and EtOAc (51.4%) fractions. GC/MS analysis of the essential oil of <em>T. mascatense</em> showed higher percentage of linalool (34.18%), limonene (13.45%), linalyl acetate (10.04%), and β-eudesmol (9.21%). Proximate composition of <em>Teucrium muscatense </em>showed that it contained high amount of ash (19.6%), protein (10.3%), and fiber (17.5%).</p>

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves

Context: Aerva pseudotomentosa Blatt. & Hallb. (Amaranthaceae), commonly called ‘Bui’, is a medicinal plant of the arid region. It is used for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatic pain, and healing of wounds, which are associated with oxidative stress.Objective: The present study evaluated the antioxidant potential of Aerva pseudotomentosa leaves by in vitro models and its anti-inflammatory effect in rats.Material and methods: The aqueous extract (APAE) was analyzed by HPTLC and HPLC. The antioxidant effect of APAE was evaluated by various in vitro methods [DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil) and hydrogen peroxide free radical scavenging, reducing power, and anti-lipid peroxidation assays]. Anti-inflammatory effect was studied in carrageenan and formalin-induced paw oedema models in rats. APAE (200 and 400 mg/kg) and standard drug, indomethacin (10 mg/kg), were administered orally 1 h before carrageenan/formalin administration and inflammation was noted up to 5 h.Results: HPLC analysis of APAE revealed the presence of rutin. APAE showed significant scavenging effect on DPPH (IC50 49.37 μg/mL) and peroxide (IC50 288.2 μg/mL) radicals. The extract exhibited reducing potential and inhibition of lipid peroxidation. APAE treatment significantly attenuated mean increase in paw volume and exhibited inhibition of paw oedema in both in vivo models with inhibition of 45.11% and 49.42%, respectively at 5 h.Discussion and conclusion: APAE exhibited in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Anti-inflammatory effect of APAE may be attributed to its antioxidant potential, due to the presence of rutin and other phenolics. This study substantiates folk use of leaves in inflammatory disorders.

Evaluation of phytochemicals, antioxidant activity and amelioration of pulmonary fibrosis with Phyllanthus emblica leaves.

BackgroundIn the present study the antioxidant potential of a methanol extract of Phyllanthus emblica leaves (PELE) was determined by in vitro methods as well as by an in vivo animal model, along with HPLC-DAD screening for phyto-constituents.MethodsThe in vitro antioxidant potential of PELE was assessed by scavenging of DPPH, nitric oxide and anti-lipid peroxidation assays. For in vivo evaluation, a 60-day experimental plan was followed in which Sprague Dawley rats were administered with 1 mL/kg of CCl4 (CCl4 : DMSO + Olive oil; 30 % v/v) alone or with different doses of PELE (200, 400 mg/kg p.o.). Silymarin (100 mg/kg) as standard drug was also administered to CCl4 treated rats. HPLC-DAD analysis was performed to quantify polyphenolic phytochemicals.ResultsPELE exhibited an appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity and scavenged the DPPH radical (IC50 = 39.73 ± 2.12 μg/mL) and nitric oxide (IC50 = 39.14 ± 2.31 μg/mL) while for anti-lipid peroxidation moderate antioxidant activity was noticed. Reduced levels of antioxidant enzyme activities viz., superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and reduced glutathione (GSH) whereas enhanced levels of total extractable proteins, lipid peroxides (TBARS), nitrite and H2O2 were induced by CCl4 administration in lungs of rat. Co-administration of PELE to rats exhibited a dose dependent decline in the oxidative injuries induced in these parameters. Histopathological damages such as disrupted alveoli, infiltration of macrophages and modified architecture of Clara cells was reversed to the normal state with co-administration of PELE. HPLC-DAD analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid, rutin, kaempferol and caffeic acid in the PELE.ConclusionThe findings of this study demonstrate that presence of polyphenolics and other active constituents in PELE might play a significant role in repairing the pulmonary damages instigated with CCl4.

ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF FOURTEEN EULOPHIA SPECIES TRADITIONALLY KNOWN AS AMARKAND

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Amarkand is a group of medicinal plants, of which tubers are regularly consumed by the tribal people in India as food and medicine. It has a strong background of regional ethnopharmacological and food uses. Thus it can be effectively utilized as a source of natural antioxidants. The present study, of fourteen <em>Eulophia</em> species which are predominantly considered as “Amarkand”, were focused for their antioxidant potential and polyphenolic content which facilitates the contribution of the traditional knowledge of plants from India.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and anti-lipid peroxidation assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant potential. In addition, total phenols, flavonoid and proanthocynidins were estimated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Results showed that all the studied amarkand species have promising antioxidant potential. <em>Eulophia epidendrea </em>(J. Koenig ex. Retz.) C. E. C. Fisch. (EE) and <em>Eulophia mannii</em> (Rchb. f.) Hook. f. (EM) had highest free radical scavenging potential among all. <em>Eulophia epidendrea </em>have highest ferric reducing potential which may be due to high flavonoid and proanthocyanidin content present<em>.</em></p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The data clearly demonstrated that EE and EM may serve as a good natural antioxidant source against oxidative stress and related diseases.</p>

Anti-hepatitis, antioxidant activities and bioactive compounds of Dracocephalum heterophyllum extracts.

Background Dracocephalum heterophyllum was a traditional Tibetan medicine possesses various pharmacological effects involved in anti-inflammatory, antibacterial activities. However, its anti-hepatitis, antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds have not been reported, the objective of this research work was to investigate the pharmacological activity and bioactive compounds of D. heterophyllum extracts.ResultsIn the present study, the anti-hepatics and antioxidant activities of four D. heterophyllum extracts (i.e. petroleum ether extracts, ethyl acetate extracts, n-BuOH extracts, and water extracts) were conducted. The main chemical constituent of petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts were also isolated using chromatographic techniques and identified by NMR spectroscopic methods. The anti-hepatitis assay showed that the petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of D. heterophyllum significantly prolonged the mean survival times and reduced the mortality of mouse hepatitis model induced by concanavalin A (ConA). The levels of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase in blood serum could be decreased obviously by ethyl acetate extracts compared with ConA group (P < 0.01). The histological analysis demonstrated that the ethyl acetate extracts could inhibit apoptosis and necrosis caused by ConA. In addition, the antioxidant activities of the four extracts of D. heterophyllum were measured by DPPH assay, ABTS assay, anti-lipidperoxidation assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power assay, ferrous metal ions chelating assay and determination of total phenolic contents. The results showed that the ethyl acetate extract had the highest antioxidant activities, followed by petroleum ether extract. Finally, nine mainly compounds were isolated from the Petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts, including four triterpenes: oleanolic acid (1), ursolic acid (2), pomolic acid (3), 2α- hydroxyl ursolic acid (4), three flavonoids: apigenin-7-O-rutinoside (5), luteolin (8), diosmetin (9) and two phenolic acids: rosmarinic acid (6), methyl rosmarinate (7).ConclusionThe Ethyl acetate extract of D. heterophyllum had the highest anti-hepatitis and antioxidants activities, followed by petroleum ether extract. The bioactive substances may be triterpenes, flavonoids and phenolic acids, the ethyl acetate extracts of D. heterophyllum may be possible candidates in developing anti-hepatitis medicine.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40529-016-0133-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Antioxidant potential of Fraxinus floribunda Bark Extracted through Various Aqueous Processing

Introduction: Fraxinus floribunda Wallich (Oleaceae) is an ethno-medicinal plant found in Sikkim, India. The leaves of the plant are traditionally used in fracture, dislocation and other inflammatory conditions. From our survey, it was found that the successive aqueous decoction of the bark of this plant is prescribed to diabetic patients by herbal practitioners. In the present study the bark of Fraxinus floribunda was extracted through various boiling procedures and cold percolation method to assess the effect of process variation on the antioxidant activity. Methods: The dried bark sample of Fraxinus floribunda was subjected to three hydrothermal procedures and cold percolation method. The obtained extracts were investigated spectrophotometrically against DPPH, ABTS + , nitric oxide, superoxide and ferric reducing power. Metal chelating activity and anti-lipid peroxidation assay were also performed along with quantitative estimation of total phenolics, flavonols and ortho-dihydric phenol content. Results: The lowest IC 50 values for DPPH (0.241 mg/ml), ABTS + (0.0284 mg/ml), nitric oxide (5.3151 mg/ml), anti-lipid peroxidation assay (2.29 mg/ml) were exhibited by the extract obtained through pressure boiling. The same sample also showed highest ferric reducing power and total phenol content. Maximum total flavonol and ortho-dihydric phenol content were exhibited by the extracts obtained through normal boiling and Soxhletion respectively. Conclusion: The bark of Fraxinus floribunda contains potentially active antioxidants. Extracts obtained through pressure boiling showed significant antioxidant activity therefore it seems to be the most effective method of extraction for acquiring antioxidants. The providing data can enrich the existing comprehensive data of antioxidant activity of plant materials.

Comparative Study of Eight Strains of Lactic Acid Bacteria &lt;i&gt;In Vitro&lt;/i&gt; Antioxidant Activity

In order to achieve lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with high antioxidant activity and provide a theoretical reference for the development of natural antioxidants, 8 stains of LAB were studied by hydroxyl radical scavenging experiments, DPPH and hydroxyl radical assays, anti-lipid peroxidation assays and reducing powder evaluation experiments. The results showed that the antioxidant capabilities of the 8 strains of LAB were quite different and the fermentation supernatant had better antioxidant activity than the intact cell and the intracellular extracts. Moreover, Lb,Lr and Lm1strains demonstrated better capacity on antioxidant activity than others, which could be considered as potential antioxidant strains to be applied in functional foods.

Comprehensive evaluation of in vitro antioxidant activity, total phenols and chemical profiles of two commercially important strawberry varieties

Strawberry is one of the most popular fruits globally because of its color, texture, and aroma. Previous studies have shown that the fruits are rich in antioxidant compounds like flavonoids, anthocyanins and proanthocyanins. We, for the first time, comprehensively evaluated the total phenol content, and antioxidant activity (based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging, anti-lipid peroxidation and ferric reduction potential (FRP) assay) of two popular strawberry cultivars namely, Sweet Charlie and Camarosa, at four different fruit developmental stages. A significant decrease in phenol content (nearly 89%) was observed in ripened fruits as compared to green fruits. The antioxidant potential, as evidenced by DPPH and FRP assays, increased gradually during fruit maturation with dose-dependent increase in activity. The EC50 values for DPPH and FRP assays ranged from 23.71±6.40% to 296.85±3.50% and 120.06±4.9μg to 219.50±1.0μg, respectively. The anti-lipid peroxidation assay also revealed a steady increase in activity from green to red fruit. The HPLC-DAD profiling of fruits revealed stage-specific chemical patterns during the four stages of fruit development. We studied the changes in concentrations of Chlorogenic acid, Catechin, Rutin and Quercetin during fruit developmental stages. It was clearly demonstrated that the antioxidant activity varied during fruit maturation stages. Maximum antioxidants were found to accumulate during the fruit ripening stage. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of such a comprehensive analysis of antioxidant potential of strawberry fruits from commercial varieties in India.

Deterioration of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Seven Taruls Through Boiling

The underground edible rhizomes and tubers are commonly known as "Taruls' in Darjeeling Himalaya and are mostly available during winter season. These vegetables are consumed as raw or processed through boiling for making them more palatable by local people of Darjeeling Himalaya. The methanolic extracts of raw and boiled (ten minutes) taruls were screened for their in vitro antioxidant potential by DPPH and ABTS' free-radicals, reducing power, metal chelating. nitric oxide, superoxide, hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity and anti-lipid peroxidation assays along with measuring in vitro antidiabetic activity by a-glucosidase and a-amylase inhibition. Our present study demonstrated that in majority of experimental assays, the performance of Dioscorea alata (ghar tarul) was best followed by Ipomoea batatas (red and white cultivar of sakarkanda) and D. hamiltonii (ban tarul), which showed stronger free-radical scavenging activity, high degree of different polyphenol content as well as antidiabetic capacity except for the iron-induced metal chelation where Sechium edule (squash-jara) was excellent performer. Therefore it can be stated that the extracts of different taruls might help in preventing or slowing the progress of various oxidative stress induced diseases. Our study also showed that in every antioxidant assays the scavenging activity reduced with boiling. As boiling decreases bioactive potency, it can be suggested that some alternative strategies should be developed during post-processing through which valuable phytochemicals of taruls might be preserved.