Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Crude Extract Research Articles

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Crude Extract of Aesculus Indica in Comparison with Aspirin on Carrageenan Induced Paw Edema in Rats

Objective: To determine the anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract of Aesculus Indica in rat model.Study design: Comparative studyPlace and duration of study: Pharmacy Department, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan, from May 2017 to October 2017.Methodology:Twenty four healthy male and female Wistar rats (200-220gm) were included in the study, each rat was given single injection of 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan, in normal saline in sub-planter region of the right paw for induction of edema. The rats were randomly divided by lottery method in to four groups; Group-1 served as positive control; Group 2 and 3 received crude extract of Aesculus Indica 100 mg/kg and 300mg/kg respectively; Group 4 was given aspirin at the dose of 12 mg/kg. The measurement of paw volume was made immediately by displacement technique using the plathysmometer before and at 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th hour after the carrageenan injection.Results: The result of the study confirmed the anti-inflammatory action of crude extract of Aesculus indica both at 100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg. When group 1 was compared with group 2, 3 and 4, it revealed significant difference with p-value 0.002, 0.042 and 0.002 respectively. Similarly, comparison of group 2 with group 3 showed significant difference with p-value 0.02 while insignificant difference was found between group 3 and 4. Significant difference of p-value 0.03 was found when group 2 and 4 were compared.Conclusion: Crude extract of the Aesculus Indica showed significant anti-inflammatory properties which at high doses were almost comparable with that of aspirin.

Polyphenols-Rich Fraction from Annona muricata Linn. Leaves Attenuates Oxidative and Inflammatory Responses in Neutrophils, Macrophages, and Experimental Lung Injury.

Annona muricata Linn. is a common plant found in the warmest regions of South and Central America and its use in traditional medicine has been reported for the treatment of various illnesses. In the current study, we investigate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract and fractions from A. muricata L. leaves in isolated murine phagocytic immune cells as well as experimental LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). In a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay, we showed that ethyl acetate (EtOAc.f) and n-butanol (BuOH.f) fractions—both rich in polyphenols—reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by neutrophils stimulated with opsonized zymosan; similar results were found in culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). By evaluating anti-inflammatory activity in BMDMs, EtOAc.f and BuOH.f reduced secretion of IL-6 and expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD40. Furthermore, in LPS-induced ALI, oral administration of EtOAc.f reduced myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in lung tissue. In addition, on a mechanism dependent on glutathione levels, the oxidative damage was also attenuated. These findings revealed direct antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of polyphenols-rich fractions of A. muricata L. leaves on neutrophils and macrophages. Moreover, the reduced oxidative damage and levels of inflammatory markers in experimental ALI suggest that these fractions might be explored for the development of new therapies for inflammatory conditions.

Phytochemical Analysis and In-vitro Anti-Diabetic and Anti- Inflammatory study of root extract of Apama siliquosa LAMK.

The demand for herbal medicines in many pharmaceutical sectors is growing at a drastic rate due to their improved pharmacological actions, minimal side effects and cost-effectiveness. Anti-inflammatory phytochemicals are found to be efficacious against the treatment of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, etc. Anti-diabetic phytochemicals are found to treat the increasing incidence of diabetes prevalent globally. This work aims to perform the phytochemical screening and to evaluate the antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract of Apama siliquosa Lamk. The method employed for obtaining the active principles includes soxhlation technique with methanol as solvent. The anti-inflammatory property was studied in vitro using inhibition of albumin denaturation technique as well as heat-induced hemolysis and IC50 value was found to be 39.5μg/ml and 36.30μg/ml respectively. The anti-diabetic activity was estimated using the alpha-amylase inhibition assay and Glucose diffusion inhibitory study. The IC50 value for alpha-amylase inhibition assay was found to be 15.75μg/ml. It also shows a strong inhibition of glucose across the dialysis membrane.

Anti - inflammatory activity of ten indigenous plants in carrageenan induced paw oedema in albino rats

Introduction and Aim: Inflammation is a symptom associated with many diseases, can be treated with steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, which can cause severe side effects when used as long-term treatments. Plants have the ability to synthesize a wide verity of phytochemical compounds as secondary metabolites which shows anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of crude extracts of leaves of Jasminum grandiflorum (Jg), Vinca rosea (Vr), Azadirachta indica (Ai), Lawsonia inermis (Li), Nerium indicum (Ni), Calotropis gigantea (Cg), Tectona grandis (Tg), Andrographis paniculata (Ap), Tabernaemontana corymbosa (Tc) and Marsedinia volubilis (Mv) as well as alcoholic extracts of leaves of Cg, Tg and Ap were evaluated in Wistar rats. Methods: Acute anti-inflammatory activity of crude extracts of ten indigenous plants were studied by calculating the volume changes in the hind paw after injecting carrageenan in rats comparing with Ibuprofen which was used as a standard drug in this study. Anti-inflammatory effect of alcoholic extract of leaves of Ap, Tg and Cg (200mg/kg body weight) also studied. Results: The groups treated with crude extract & alcoholic extract of Cg, Tg and Ap showed significant reduction in the oedema compared to control and other plant extracts. The result was very significant in Ap treated rats. Conclusion: Plants are one of the most important sources of medicines. In our study, the anti-inflammatory activity of ten indigenous plants could be due to presence of naturally occurring antioxidant flavonoids. The leaves of Ap are very rich in flavonoids, could be the reason for significant anti-inflammatory activity found in Ap treated rats.

IN VITRO BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF CRUDE METHANOL EXTRACT FROM MUSHROOM; FLAMMULINA VELUTIPES (GOLDEN NEEDLE MUSHROOM)

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to investigate the in vitro biological effect of the methanolic crude extract received from edible mushrooms; Flammulina velutipes on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, anti-lipid peroxidation (LPO), antimicrobial activity, and anticancer activity. The scientific result obtained here was possibility of developing this variety as an ingredient in health/medical food purposes as well as a functional food.Methods: In this study, the methanol crude extract of F. velutipes has been performed and in vitro pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant activity, anti-LPO, antimicrobial activity, and anticancer activity were evaluated.Results: The results revealed that anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract was very significant with 79.81±0.87% of the dose-dependent manner. Antioxidant and anti-low-density lipoprotein (LDL) peroxidation activity of the extract showed its capacity of free radical scavenging with high-level antioxidant compounds and lipid preventive effects (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: 79.81±0.01%, total phenol: 991.10±0.01 μg gallic acid equivalents/0.1 g dry matter, H2O2: 93.27±0.05%, LPO: 33.33±0.00%, and LDL: 57±0.03%, respectively). Analysis has also demonstrated that the methanolic extract of F. velutipes provided an antimicrobial activity to ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Moreover, F. velutipes extract showed a growth inhibitory effect in HepG2 cells with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) value IC50=8.25±7.59 μg/ml.Conclusion: This indicated that crude extract from F. velutipes was scientifically proved as a potential source of therapeutic agent and be able to utilize as a functional ingredient for healthy or supplement food.

Evaluation of in vivo wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract of the fruits of Brucea antidysentrica in mice

Abstract Background Brucea antidysentrica is traditionally used to treat various conditions. Though, fruits of B. antidysentrica are claimed to promote wound healing; there is no scientific evidence that supports the traditional claim. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract. Methods Extracts were formulated as 1% and 2% ointments. Simple and nitrofurazone (0.2%) ointments were used as controls for the wound healing. A dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight were used for anti-inflammatory activity tests using vehicle and indomethacin 10 mg/kg as controls. Wound contraction rate, complete epithelialization period, skin breaking strength and edema inhibition were evaluated. Results On last day of treatment, fruits extract showed a significant wound healing activity at strengths of 2% compared with negative control as. On the same day 1% MFE was found to increase the % wound contraction significantly (P Conclusion The extract supports traditional claims for wound healing and anti-inflammatory activity.

Ethnopharmacological study and topical anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract from Poikilacanthus glandulosus (Nees) Ariza leaves

Ethnopharmacological relevanceEthnopharmacological studies are important tools as records and documentation of the empirical uses of medicinal plants in traditional communities with the purpose of generating useful knowledge to lead to the development of new medicines, biodiversity conservation and enhancement of knowledge and local culture. Poikilacanthus glandulosus is widely used by the population of City of Santiago, in Brazil, nevertheless, it does not have any validation regarding its use and its medicinal effects. AimThe objective of this study was to perform one ethnopharmacological survey about P. glandulosus in the City of Santiago and determine the anti-inflammatory activity in order to prove its uses in popular medicine. MethodsPersonal and ethnopharmacological data were collected through a prepared questionnaire. The phytochemical analysis was performed observing the individual methodology for each reaction and by HPLC-UV. The antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory (cell infiltration and histological procedure) activities of the P. glandulosus (0.01–1000μg/ear) were evaluated in the ear edema model induced by topical application of croton oil. ResultsP. glandulosus is known in City of Santiago as “Gaiana” and its macerated leaves and branches are prepared with alcohol or sugarcane liquor especially for insect bites, cicatrization and inflammation. HPLC analysis revealed the presence of maslinic acid (2.024±0.10mg/g), uvaol (0.124±0.02mg/g) and sitosterol (0.502±0.05mg/g). The topical application of crude extract of P. glandulosus reduced in a dose-dependent manner the croton oil-induced ear edema and myeloperoxidase activity (neutrophils infiltration marker) with maximum inhibition of 87±2% and 64±12%, respectively at 1000µg/ear. Dexamethasone (100µg/ear), used as a positive control, inhibited croton oil-induced ear edema in 89±3% and decreased myeloperoxidase activity in 50±3%. Both P. glandulosus as dexamethasone reduced cell infiltration when evaluated by histological procedure ConclusionThis work allowed us to understand the specie P. glandulosus through ethnopharmacological study and it showed that the crude extract presented antiedematogenic and anti-inflammatory actions, proving their traditional use as anti-inflammatory.

A cold water extract of Fucus vesiculosus inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced pro-inflammatory responses in the porcine colon ex-vivo model

Abstract The objectives of this experiment were to compare the in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of crude extracts (cold water (CWE), hot water and 80% ethanol extract) of F. vesiculosus and to predict the key molecular targets of the extract with most anti-inflammatory activity in-vitro . In TNF-α challenged Caco-2 cells, of the three crude extracts, the CWE exhibited maximum inhibition of IL-8 production. In the ex-vivo challenged porcine colonic tissue, CWE inhibited the expression (> 2 fold) of inflammatory mediators ( PTGS2 , C5 , LYZ ), cytokines ( IL17A , IL8 ), chemokines ( CCL2 , CXCL2 , CXCL10 , CXCL11 ), cell adhesion molecules ( ICAM1 , VCAM1 ), toll like receptors ( TLR4 , TLR7 ) and components of NF-κB ( NFKB1 , RELB ), MAPK ( MAP3K8 ) and AP-1 ( CJUN ) pathways. The gene expression analysis suggest that the CWE does contain immunomodulatory bioactive compound/s that mediated through the interferon regulatory system 2, TNF-α inducing protein 3 and TNF-α receptor 2 and thus has potential application for human and animal health.

Antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract from Nitraria schoberi fruits.

This study is the first comprehensive investigation of the antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities of a crude extract from Nitraria schoberi L. (Zygophyllaceae) fruits. The extract was tested against four Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter lwoffii) and one Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria using the agar disc diffusion and microdilution methods. P. aeruginosa was inhibited the most (widest inhibition zone) while K. pneumonia showed the largest MIC value. The antioxidant activity of fruits (0.02 mg/mL vs. 0.04, 0.06 and 1.00 mg/mL for α-tocopherol, butylated hydroxyanisole and ascorbic acid, respectively) was determined by the paired diene method. The antifungal activity of N. schoberi fruits was tested against different fungi, including Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, with 300 µg/mL of fruit extract being the most effective concentration. The percentage of anti-inflammatory activity assayed for N. schoberi fruit extract at 100, 200 and 500 µg/mL was 36.12, 59.89 and 88.33 %, respectively. N. schoberi fruits possess potent antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties, and may be used as an antibacterial and antifungal to treat diseases and/or as a protective agent against disorders associated with oxidative stress and inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory activity of Heliotropiumstrigosum in animal models

The current project was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of crude extract of Heliotropium strigosum and its subsequent solvent fractions in post carrageenan-induced edema and post xylene-induced ear edema at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg intraperitoneally. The results revealed marked attenuation of edema induced by carrageenan injection in a dose-dependent manner. The ethyl acetate fraction was most dominant with 73.33% inhibition followed by hexane fraction (70.66%). When the extracts were challenged against xylene-induced ear edema, again ethyl acetate and hexane fractions were most impressive with 38.21 and 35.77% inhibition, respectively. It is concluded that various extracts of H. strigosum possessed strong anti-inflammatory activity in animal models.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extracts of Ipomoea involucrata leaves in mice and rats

Objective To investigate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of crude extract from Ipomoea involucrata leaves (Convolvulaceae) in mice and rats. Methods The antinociceptive activity was tested using acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using egg albumin induced oedema of rat paw. Results Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannin. At the doses of 25–100 mg/kg, Ipomoea involucrata exhibited dose-dependent and significant increase in pain threshold in acetic acid –induced writhing test of mice (P<0.05, student t-test) The administration of Ipomoea involucrata leaf extract (25–100 mg/kg) showed dose-dependent decreases in paw volume of egg albumin induced oedema in rats and a significant higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to the standard control (Aspirin). Conclusions These results support the claims on the traditional use of the of Ipomoea involucrata leaves in the treatment of toothache, rheumatic pains and other inflammatory conditions. Studies on the isolation and structural elucidation of the active principle are still needed being carried out.

Prostaglandin E&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (PgE&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) Inhibition By Crude Extracts Of Selected Medicinal Plants From Botswana

This study was undertaken to assess anti-inflammatory activity of crude extracts of Cassine transvaalensis Burtt-Davy, Clerodendrum uncinatum Schinz and Commiphora glandulosa Schinz using COX inhibition assay. Water extract of C. transvaalensis root bark (125mg/ml) exhibited a (90%) PGE2 inhibition in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. This was a very good anti-inflammatory activity comparable to the control drug indomethacin (100%) at 0.4mg/ml. Chloroform extracts of C. uncinatum root (1.25mg/ml) and C. glandulosa stem resin (1.25mg/ml) exhibited good PGE2 inhibition (44% and 38%) respectively. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity; PGE2 inhibition; LPS induced Raw 264.7 macrophages; Botswana plants.Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicine Vol. 11 2007 pp. 32-33

Potential Anti-inflammatory Properties of Crude Alcoholic Extract of Ocimum basilicum L. in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells

Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) is a well-known perennial herb in Indian medicine used to treat various disorders like upper respiratory tract infections and wound healing. Primarily we investigated the anti-inflammatory activity of crude extracts of Ocimum basilicum using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of healthy individuals. Ocimum basilicum crude methanolic extract showed a good inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of PBMC in mitogenic lymphocyte proliferation assays. Furthermore, gene expression studies on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced production of proinflammatory cytokines like Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-2 showed down regulation of the markers. It also suppressed the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the subsequent production of nitric oxide (NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages in a time-dependent manner. Our results showed that Ocimum basilicum crude methanolic extract inhibits the key proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, which accounts for its anti-inflammatory effect.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Crude Extract and Fractions of Nectandra falcifolia Leaves

The present study evaluated the effect of the crude extract of the leaves of Nectandra falcifolia (NEES) Castiglioni and its fractions in different experimental models of inflammation (paw edema, pleurisy, and ear edema). Carrageenan-induced edema of the paw and pleurisy were evaluated in Wistar rats (180-220 g), which were treated with different doses of the total extract (250, 500 mg.kg-1). Edema of the ear, induced by croton oil, and determination of myeloperoxidase activity were evaluated in Swiss mice (25-35 g). In this experiment, the crude extract of Nectandra falcifolia (Nf) (1.25, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 mg) and the hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate and hydromethanol fractions (5.0 mg) were applied topically, immediately after application of the oil. The crude extract of Nf (500 mg.kg-1) significantly reduced edema of the paw compared to the control group. Similarly, at doses of 250 and 500 mg.kg-1 it significantly reduced the volume of pleural inflammatory exudate compared to the control animals. However, it did not change the number of migrated cells. At doses of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 mg, the crude extract significantly inhibited edema of the ear and the influx of neutrophils. The fractions from Nectandra falcifolia (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and hydromethanol) also inhibited edema of the ear. Taken together, the results demonstrated that the crude extract and its fractions administered to animals orally or topically showed an anti-inflammatory effect.