Anti-inflammatory Activity Of Methanol Extract Research Articles

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH MARINE SPONGE (HALICLONA AMBOINENSIS) VIA REDUCTING NO PRODUCTION AND INHIBITING CYCLOOXYGENASE-1, CYCLOOXYGENASE-2, AND SECRETORY PHOSPHOLIPASE A2 ACTIVITIES

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and fractions of bacteria associated with sponge (Haliclona amboinensis) and to evaluate their effect in reducing NO production and inhibiting cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) and secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) activity.Methods: All bacterial isolates were cultured and supernatants were collected for the extraction of secondary metabolites using diaion HP-20 to obtain methanol extracts. Evaluation of cytotoxicity property was carried out on macrophage cell lines (RAW264.7) by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide assay. Anti-inflammatory screening was done by inducible nitric oxide assay on RAW264.7 cell lines with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Dianion HP-20 was used to remove salt content. A selected methanol extract was subjected to further fractionations by C-18 reverse phase and their anti-inflammatory potential was evaluated by COX-1 and COX-2, and sPLA2 enzymatic assay.Results: Seven methanol extracts showed no cytotoxic property against RAW 264.7 cell line (inhibitory concentration 50% > 30 μg/ml) and selected for anti-inflammatory screening assay. Result showed methanol extract HM 1.2 reduced NO production >80% and it has been selected for phytochemical screening, further fractionations and assay. Phytochemical screening showed alkaloids and terpenoids present in the HM 1.2. The HM 1.2 and its fractions (F1, F2, F1C1, F1C2, F1C3, and F1C4) were proven to inhibit COX-1, COX-2, and sPLA2 activity in the range of 60.516-116.886%, 20.554- 116.457%, and 70.2667-114.8148%, respectively.Conclusions: This study revealed that bacteria associated with H. amboinensis have produced anti-inflammatory activity via reducing NO production and inhibiting COX-1, COX-2, and sPLA2 activity.

Anti-inflammatory effect of methanolic extract of Gmelina arborea bark and its fractions against carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats

Gmelina arborea has been traditionally used for treatment of abdominal pain, burning sensation and as stomachic. The anti-inflammatory effect of aqueous and methanol extract of this plant has been studied but detailed investigations on anti-inflammatory activity of G. arborea stem bark are still not available. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract and its fractions using carrageenan induced paw oedema model. Methanol extract at the dose of 500 mg/kg and its ethyl acetate fraction at 50 mg/kg showed significant reduction in paw oedema in comparison with standard drug. Ethyl acetate fraction was subjected to column chromatography which resulted in isolation of a new flavonoid (GM-01). Anti-inflammatory effect of methanol extract and its fractions can be attributed to the presence of the flavonoid GM-01. Further studies are underway for evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect of GM-01 and identification of active constituents present in ethyl acetate fraction.

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF AERIAL PART EXTRACTS OF PLANTAGO MAJOR L.

Objective: This study aims to perform phytochemical screening and investigate anti-inflammatory activity of extract from aerial part of the plant Plantago major L.Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening of plant extract was carried out using standard qualitative procedures and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema model in male Wistar albino rats using plethysmometer. Diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg, b.w.) was used as standard drug.Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening of the different extracts revealed that they were rich in secondary metabolite compounds such as carbohydrates, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, fats and oils, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and iridoid glycosides. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan-induced paw edema models in Wistar albino rats. The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract (ME) was found to be dose dependent in carrageenan-induced paw edema model. The ME has shown significant (p<0.05) inhibition of paw edema, 61.11% and 55.55% on 4th hr at the doses of 900 and 600 mg/kg, respectively.Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate that ME of the aerial parts of the plant possess significant (p<0.05) anti-inflammatory potential.

In vitro anti diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of Methanolic extract of Nannochloropsis oculate

In vitro anti diabetic and anti-inflammatory activity of Methanolic extract of Nannochloropsis oculate

Exploration of Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Extract of Aralia racemosa L. Root

Exploration of Anti-nociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Extract of Aralia racemosa L. Root

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and gastric anti-ulcer activity of Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) leaves in experimental rats

BackgroundThe medicinal plants signify a massive basin of potential phytoconstituents that could be valuable as a substitute to allopathic drugs or considered as an analogue in drug development. Phyllanthus niruri L. (Euphorbiaceae) is generally used in traditional medicine to treat ulcer and inflammation. In this project we investigated the methanolic extract of leaves of Phyllanthus niruri for anti-inflammatory and anti-ulcer activity.MethodsThe anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of Phyllanthus niruri leaves was evaluated at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. while using ibuprofen (20 mg/kg, p.o) as the standard drug. The animals used were Swiss albino rats. Inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml carrageenan (1% w/v) into the left hind paw. Paw tissues from the different groups were examined for inflammatory cell infiltration. On the other hand, antiulcer activity of methanolic extract of P. niruri leaves at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. were examined against ethanol-acid induced gastric mucosal injury in the Swiss albino rats - keeping omeprazole (20 mg/kg, p.o.) as reference. The rats were dissected and the stomachs were macroscopically examined to identify hemorrhagic lesions in the glandular mucosa.ResultsP. niruri significantly (p < 0.01) decreased carrageenan-induced paw edema; it exhibited a reduction of 46.80%, 55.32% and 69.14% at doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg, respectively. These findings were further supported by the histological study. The methanolic extract also disclosed good protective effect against ethanol-acid induced gastric mucosal injury in the rats. Administration of the extract’s doses (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) demonstrated a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in the ethanol- acid induced gastric erosion in all the experimental groups when compared to the control. The methanolic extract at the higher dose (400 mg/kg) resulted in better inhibition of ethanol-acid induced gastric ulcer as compare to omeprazole (20 mg/kg). Histological studies of the gastric wall revealed that toxic control rats revealed mucosal degeneration, ulceration and migration of numerous inflammatory cells throughout the section. On the other hand, MEPN treatment groups showed significant regeneration of mucosal layer and significantly prevented the formation of hemorrhage and edema.ConclusionsThe investigation suggests that methanolic extract of P. niruri leaf possess anti-inflammatory activity and promotes ulcer protection as ascertained by regeneration of mucosal layer and substantial prevention of the formation of hemorrhage and edema.

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic stem bark extract of Antrocaryon klaineanum Pierre (Anacardiaceae) in mice and rat

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAntrocaryon klaineanum is used by traditional healers to treat many disorders including pain and inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the analgesic and antiinflammatory activities of methanol extract of A. klaineanum in mice and rats. Materials and methodsReverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) was performed to establish the chromatographic fingerprint and to identify various chemical components of the plant extract. The anti-nociceptive activity of methanol extract of A. klaineanum was assessed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction model, formalin test, capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde induced-neurogenic pain and hot plate test. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed on carrageenan-induced inflammation. Extract was administrated orally at 200, 400 and 600mg/kg. ResultsPhytochemical analysis indicated the presence of proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids and flavonoids. The results of anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities showed that methanol extract significantly (p<0.01) reduced the pain induced by acetic acid with an inhibition percentage of 45.49% (600mg/kg). In the formalin test, the extract also significantly (p<0.01) reduced linking time in both phase (neurogenic and inflammatory) of the test with inhibition percentage of 56.28% and 60.73% respectively at the dose of 600mg/kg. The methanol extract of A. klaineanum significantly (P<0.001) reduced neurogenic pain linking time induced by capsaicin and cinnamaldehyde by 82.54% and 75.94% at the highest dose (600mg/kg) respectively. More over the extract significantly increase the reaction time in hot plate test. In the inflammatory test, the plant extract significantly reduced the carrageen induced rat paw oedema from 30min to 6h with a maximum percentage inhibition of 89.88% (6h) at the dose of 600mg/kg. ConclusionThese results demonstrate that the methanol extract of A. klaineanum may possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects and provide support of the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of different pain and inflammatory conditions. Further investigation could reveal metabolites of the extract responsible for the observed effects.

Hypoglycemic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Sida Rhombifolia L. Leaves on Experimental Mice

Hypoglycemic, Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Methanol Extract of Sida Rhombifolia L. Leaves on Experimental Mice

In vitro and in vivo assessment of meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) as anti-inflammatory agent

Ethnopharmacological relevanceMeadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria (L.) Maxim, Rosaceae) has been traditionally used in most European countries for the treatment of inflammatory diseases due to its antipyretic, analgesic, astringent, and anti-rheumatic properties. However, there is little scientific evidence on F. ulmaria anti-inflammatory effects regarding its impact on cyclooxygenases enzymatic activity and in vivo assessment of anti-inflammatory potential. This study aims to reveal the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts from the aerial parts (FUA) and roots (FUR) of F. ulmaria, both in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Materials and methodsThe characteristic phenolic compounds in F. ulmaria extracts were monitored via high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of F. ulmaria extracts was evaluated using cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme assays, and an assay for determining COX-2 gene expression. The in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of F. ulmaria extracts was determined in two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) with hot plate test and carrageenan-induced paw edema test in rats. Inflammation was also evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. ResultsFUA extract showed the presence of rutoside, spiraeoside, and isoquercitrin. Both F. ulmaria extracts at a concentration of 50μg/mL were able to inhibit COX-1 and -2 enzyme activities, whereby FUA extract (62.84% and 46.43% inhibition, respectively) was double as effective as the root extract (32.11% and 20.20%, respectively). Extracts hardly inhibited the level of COX-2 gene expression in THP-1 cells at a concentration of 25μg/mL (10.19% inhibition by FUA and 8.54% by FUR). In the hot plate test, both extracts in two doses (100 and 200mg/kg b.w.), exhibited an increase in latency time when compared with the control group (p<0.05). In the carrageenan-induced acute inflammation test, FUA at doses of 100 and 200mg/kg b.w., and FUR at 200mg/kg, were able to significantly reduce the mean maximal swelling of rat paw until 6h of treatment. Indomethacin, FUA, and FUR extracts significantly decreased inflammation score and this effect was more pronounced after 24h, compared to the control group (p<0.05). ConclusionsThe observed results of in vitro and, for the first time, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of meadowsweet extracts, provide support of the traditional use of this plant in the treatment of different inflammatory conditions. Further investigation of the anti-inflammatory compounds could reveal the mechanism of anti-inflammatory action of these extracts.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of methanolic extract of Justicia secunda Vahl leaf

Background of studyPlants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances which can be used to treat various infectious diseases. AimThe study evaluated the in vitro antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of the methanolic extract of Justicia secunda Vahl leaf. MethodsThe acute toxicity was performed with up and down method and the highest dose used was 2g/kg. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using the carrageenan and formalin-induced paw edema models, and antinociceptive activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced writhing reflex and tail flick test models while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) photometric assay. ResultsThe extract was well tolerated as no signs of toxicity or death were noticed during the period of observation. The extract produced a concentration dependent increase in antioxidant activities in both DPPH and FRAP models. The extract produced its optimum activity at 400μg/ml in both DPPH (54.07%) assay and FRAP (1.58μM) assay. The extract produced significant (P<0.05) dose-dependent increase in both anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. The antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the extract (0.4g/kg) were comparable with the reference drugs (aspirin and pentazocine) used in the study. ConclusionThis study suggests that J. secunda possesses anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antioxidant activities and also provide the pharmacological basis for its uses in traditional medicine for these purposes.

Evaluation of antioxidative, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extract of Myrica nagi leaves - an animal model approach

Myrica nagi (family Myricaceae) is commonly known as Kathphal (Hindi) and Bayberry (English) and it has a long history of usage in traditional medicine. It is popular actinorhizal plant for its symbiotic relationship with Frankia. This study was taken in force to estimate the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of methanolic extract of Myrica nagi (MMN) in an animal model. Anti-oxidative property of MMN was assessed by free radical scavenging assay (DPPH method). The acute toxicity test of methanolic extract of MMN revealed that the median lethal dose (LD50) was found to be 2080 mg/kg body weight in mice. The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats by measuring rat paw volume at different time intervals and toxicological analysis using mice. The analgesic effect was measured in Wistar rats using the acetic acid-induced writhing test and MMN at 200 mg/kg BW showed 54.56 % inhibition of writhing. MMN showed higher anti-oxidant activity in DPPH assays as compared to standard. High dose of MMN showed a significant reduction (21.71 %) in inflammation after 4 h of treatment, which was comparable to diclofenac (10 mg/kg BW; 32.75 %)-treated group. Significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the levels of inflammatory cytokine (IL-1β and TNF-α) markers were also observed in serum of MMN-treated animals as compared to control. Taken together, the phenolic compounds of MMN may serve as potential herbal drug for amelioration of acute inflammation due to their modulatory action on free radicals.

Phytochemical screening and anti-inflammatory properties of Algerian Hertia cheirifolia methanol extract

Context: Hertia cheirifolia L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in Northern Africa to treat various inflammatory infections. However, few studies on this plant have been reported.Objective: The anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extract of H. cheirifolia leaves was investigated using different experimental models.Materials and methods: Phytochemical analysis was performed to determine phenolic compounds. Acute toxicity of the extract (2000 mg/kg) was examined in Swiss albino mice for 14 days, before croton oil-induced ear oedema in mice, carrageenan-induced paw oedema in Swiss albino rats, cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats and carrageenan-induced air pouch in mice were conducted. The IL-1β and TNF-α release from concanavalin A-stimulated monocytes was measured by ELISA.Results: Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia is rich in polyphenols and flavonoids. Cinnamic acid and rutin represent the major constituents. Methanol extract up to 2000 mg/kg did not produce any toxic effects. Topical application of 2 mg/ear of the extract produced 78.7% of inhibition on ear swilling. Oral pre-treatment of rats with 200 and 400 mg/kg of the extract inhibited paw oedema by 70% and 89%, respectively. At 200 mg/kg, granuloma dry and wet weights were reduced by 41.85% and 61.72%, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with methanol extract at 1 mg/kg exerted 62.7% of inhibition on leucocytes migrated into the ear pouch. TNF-α and IL-1β release was reduced by 69% and 78%, respectively, with 1 μg/mL of the extract.Conclusion: Methanol extract of H. cheirifolia possesses a strong anti-inflammatory activity and may be considered an interesting source of effective anti-inflammatory compounds.

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanol Extract of Cucumis callosus Roots in Animal Models

Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activity of Methanol Extract of Cucumis callosus Roots in Animal Models

Ethnopharmacological investigations of methanolic extract of Pouzolzia Zeylanica (L.) Benn

BackgroundPhytochemical derived from plant consisting of phenols and flavonoids possess antioxidant properties, which are useful to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of the work is to ascertain the level of antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-microbial properties and in vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn.MethodsThe present study was conducted to evaluate antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-microbial potential, analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of methanol extracts of Pouzolzia zeylanica (L) Benn. using DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, nitric oxide scavenging assay, ferric reducing antioxidant power, total antioxidant capacity, determination of total phenol and flavonoid contents and cytotoxic activity test using brine shrimp lethality bioassay whereas antimicrobial activity was evaluated against some potent Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria by disc diffusion method, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity were determined by Xylene-induced ear edema and acetic acid induced writhing method respectively.ResultsPreliminary phytochemical study revealed the presence of alkaloid and flavonoids in the extract. The tested fraction showed significant antioxidant activities in the assay compared to the reference ascorbic acid in a dose dependent manner. In DPPH radical scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the crude methanol extract was 485.223 μg/mL, whereas IC50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 34.88 μg/mL. In case of nitric oxide scavenging assay, the IC50 value of the extract was 76.737 μg/mL, whereas IC50 value for the reference ascorbic acid was 51.078 μg/mL. Moreover, at 200 μg/mL extract concentration, lower grade total antioxidant activity (160.813 ± 0.653 mg/g equivalent to ascorbic acid) was observed. Furthermore, extract showed good cupric reducing power and ferric reducing power capability. In addition, significant amount of flavonoids and low phenols content were obtained from the extract. In case of cytotoxicity test the crude extract showed a significant activity compared to the standard vincristine sulfate. In essence the tested extract exhibited moderate antibacterial activity which reveals that Pouzolzia zeylanica (L) Benn. might be a source of antimicrobial agent. In case of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity the tested extracts showed dose dependent significant inhibition (78.86 and 21.95 % at 500 mg/kg doses).ConclusionsFurther study on different solvent extracts of Pouzolzia zeylanica (L.) Benn. would be carried out to elucidate the active principles for its outmost activity.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Widely Consumed Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera L.) Fruit Varieties in Algerian Oases

The purpose of this study was to estimate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of date palm fruits grown in Algeria. Four in vitro methods were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity (AA), namely β-carotene-linoleic acid system, phosphomolybdenum method, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and Ferric-Reducing Antioxidant Power assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was carried out using carrageenan-induced edema model. The extracts were found to be a rich source of polyphenols, flavonoids and flavonols. The methanolic extract of Ali Ourached cultivar showed the highest AA for the four methods cited previously (76.85%, 90.25 μmol of ascorbic acid/g of extract, 206 µg/mL and 56.04 μmol Fe (II) ∕ 100 g DW, respectively). Anti-inflammatory findings revealed noticeable reduction of paw volume ranging from 35.64 to 67.56% as a response to oral administration of 250 mg/kg dose of methanolic extracts. This study constitutes an endeavor for understanding the bioactive phytochemical variability in date palm fruit cultivars and corresponding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Practical Applications In this study, the biological potentials of methanolic extracts of date palm fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.) were evaluated. The date cultivars could potentially be considered as a functional food and could be useful as a good source of natural antioxidant compounds with possible applications to reduce oxidative stress and treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies. The results suggest that date palm fruits contain potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that can find application in food science, food technology and nutrition.

Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Mimusops elengi L.

Aim: M. elengi L. (Sapotaceae) has been used for rheumatism and pain. However the floral part of this plant is not scientifically explored yet for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. The present study is an endeavor to evaluate anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of flower and leaves (MFE and MLE) of Mimusops elengi. Study Design: Assessment of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Methodology: Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in albino species of rats by using carrageenan induced paw edema, where as in vitro antioxidant activity was also performed by DPPH radical and nitric oxide scavenging method. Results: The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of M. elengi (MFE, MLE) against carrageenan induced paw edema in albino rats at a dose of (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) showed that the extracts have significant (P &lt;0.01; P&lt; 0.001) effect on inflammation and markedly reduced the swelling. At a concentration of 20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL, 60 μg/mL, 80 μg/mL and 100 μg/mL (MFE, MLE) extracts, scavenged of DPPH radical. While in nitric oxide scavenging assay, various concentrations of the extracts (10, 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/mL) of M. elengi showed percentage inhibition in a dose dependent manner. These activities showed by the extracts of M. elengi due to the frequent occurrence of rich phenolic compounds such as, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, terpenoids and saponins. Conclusion: In the light of research it seems close correlation between the powerful antioxidant and significant anti-inflammatory activities of the MFE and MLE.

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Methanolic Leaf Extract of Kigelia Africana (Lam.) Benth and Stem Bark Extract of Acacia Hockii De Wild in Mice

Inflammation causes discomfort, suffering and lower productivity of the victims. Synthetic anti-inflammatory drugs are not readily available and have adverse side effects. Alternative herbal medicines possess bioactive compounds that are safer and efficient in the management of various diseases and disorders. The present study evaluated for the anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extracts of Kigelia africana and Acacia hockii in mice to scientifically validate their traditional use among the Embu and Mbeere communities in Kenya. The plant samples were collected with the help of local herbalists in Embu County, Kenya and transported to Kenyatta University biochemistry and biotechnology laboratories for cleaning, air drying, milling, and extraction. Swiss albino mice of either sex were randomly divided into six groups of 5 animals each; normal control, negative control, positive control and three experimental groups. The anti-inflammatory activity was tested using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema method. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extracts was compared to reference drug diclofenac. The leaf extract of K. africana reduced inflamed hind paw diameter of mice by between 0.21%- 4.98% while the stem bark extract of A. hockii reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 0.6%-5.38%. The diclofenac reduced inflamed hind paw diameter by between 1.11%-4.9%. The qualitative phytochemical screening indicated the presence of saponins, flavonoid, alkaloids, terpenoids, phenolics, and cardiac glycosides. The present study demonstrated potent antiinflammatory activities of methanolic extracts of K. africana and A. hockii in a dose-dependent manner, which supports their traditional use. The present study, therefore, recommends the ethnomedicinal use of K. africana and A. hockii in the management of inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Extracts from Different Rose Cultivars

Anti-inflammatory Activities of Methanolic Extracts from Different Rose Cultivars

GC-MS analysis, evaluation of phytochemicals, anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of &lt;i&gt;Exacum bicolor&lt;/i&gt;

&lt;p class="Abstract"&gt;The aim of the present study was to investigate the GC-MS analysis, phytochemical screening, anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory activities of methanol extract of leaves of Exacum bicolor. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcohol, phenols, alkanes, aromatic compounds, aldehyde and ethers. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of eight phyto-constituents. The total phenol, flavonoid and alkaloid contents were 18.0 ± 0.2 mg/GAE/g, 13.1 ± 0.4 mg QE/g and 108.0 ± 1.2 mg AE/g respectively. The DPPH assay exhibited potent anti-oxidant abilities with IC&lt;sub&gt;50 &lt;/sub&gt;8.8 µg/mL. Significant thrombolytic activity was demonstrated by clot lysis method (45.1 ± 0.8%). The methanol extract showed significant membrane stabilization on human red blood cell with IC&lt;sub&gt;50 &lt;/sub&gt;value of 37.4 µg/mL. There was a significant correlation (R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;gt;0.98) with total phenolic content versus anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The above results confirmed that E. bicolor could be a promising anti-oxidant, thrombolytic and anti-inflammatory agent.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

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