Anti-icing Agents Research Articles

Experimental evaluation of the protective properties of a humic preparation in relation to cultivated plants under salt stress

In connection with the widespread problem of soil salinity, the issue of increasing the salt tolerance of cultivated plants is becoming increasingly important. In this aspect, humic substances and preparations based on them are very promising. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of humic preparations on agricultural crops and lawn cereals under salt stress. Under laboratory conditions, the protective properties of the humic preparation «Ekorost» were evaluated in relation to the industrial crop Brassica rapa L. and to lawn grasses under the influence of salt stress induced by excessive concentrations of sodium chloride and anti-icing agent. It was revealed that the humic preparation «Ekorost» exhibits protective properties in relation to the indicated test cultures under conditions of artificially simulated salt stress, which is expressed in a noticeable stimulation of their germination and growth processes. In all the experiments, the most effective was a 0.1% aqueous solution of the drug «Ekorost», which allows us to recommend it in the indicated dosage to increase the salt tolerance of oil radish ( Brassica rapa L.) and lawn cereals.

Snow Contamination by Metals and Metalloids in a Polar Town: A Case Study of Nadym, Russia.

Snow composition depends on the long-range transport of pollutants. This article examines aspects of snow composition in the town of Nadym in Western Siberia. During fieldwork conducted in 2021 and 2022, we determined dust load, concentrations and ratio of dissolved and suspended forms of metals and metalloids (MMs). Moreover, we analyzed air mass trajectories using the HYSPLIT model, and the results showed that industrial regions of the southern Urals, southeastern Siberia, and Kazakhstan were the sources of MMs. Content of the insoluble fraction was increased by 23-fold in Nadym. The dust load in Nadym was higher than that in urban communities situated in the temperate zone, even though this town is relatively small in population and has little industrial infrastructure. This significant increase in dust load led to a ten- to 100-fold increase in the content MMs. Local soils (Fe, Al), vehicles (W), building dust (Mg, Ca), and anti-icing agents (Na) were found to be the sources of pollution. We found that the high dust load is caused by meteorological factors, such as temperature inversion and a large number of calm days, which reduce the dispersion of pollution. This case study demonstrates that winter air quality in polar settlements can be worse than that in urban areas in the temperate zone, even with few local sources of pollution. Furthermore, the trend toward an increase in the number of windless days, such as observed in Siberia as a result of global climate change, increases the risk of anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere of polar cities.

Multifunctional Anti-Icing Gel Surface with Enhanced Durability.

Materials with low ice adhesion and long-lasting anti-icing properties remain an ongoing challenge in ultralow temperature environments (≤-30 °C). This study presents a gel material consisting of a polymer matrix (copolymer of polyurethane and acrylamide) and an anti-icing agent, ethylene glycol (EG), designed for anti-icing applications at ultralow temperatures. The surface shows a prolonged droplet freezing delay of ca. 322 s at -30 °C and frost resistance properties. It also exhibits an ice adhesion strength of 1.1 kPa at -10 °C and 39.8 kPa at -50 °C, resulting from the interaction between EG and water molecules that hinders the crystallization of ice as well as the significant mismatch between elastic gel and ice. In addition, the gel surface exhibits favorable anti-icing durability, with an ice adhesion strength below 20.0 kPa after 25 icing/deicing cycles and mechanical scratch tests. The gel demonstrates remarkable thermal durability, achieved through the H-bonds between the EG and polymer matrix. The H-bonds further enhance the anti-icing performance, thereby remarkably decreasing EG depletion and improving anti-icing durability. Overall, these properties suggest the potential application of this gel material in harsh environments including polar regions.

Comparison of the Analytical Performance of Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis Techniques in the Elemental Analysis of Coal Fly Ash

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) were applied to study the elemental content of coal combustion residues. Both methods’ analytical applicability and suitability for this type of material were described in detail. A certified reference material, fine fly ash (CTA-FFA-1), was used to examine the capabilities and validation of both methods. A comparison study allowed for the modification of the procedures for these materials (previously elaborated in the Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology), resulting in more accurate data with lower uncertainty. We highlighted that INAA and ICPs complemented each other in the analysis of coal and coal combustion residues. The digestion procedure was an integral part of the measurement and affected the environmental analysis results. Both methods were applied to the chemical characteristics of coal ashes from household furnaces. The hard coal was from Polish, Columbian, and Kazakh mines. The majority of elements had similar concentrations, independently of coal origin. Because ash from domestic coal combustion is used as a fertilizer or an anti-icing agent, we assessed the potential environmental impact via leaching experiments (according to PN-EN 12457-2). The potential risk of soil contamination due to ash dumping around the house and its surroundings was determined as insignificant (for the elements investigated).

Preparation of long-lasting environment-friendly anti-icing agent suitable for snow and ice areas and its performance research

The addition of anti-icing agents to asphalt pavements as a way to prevent snow and ice residues should consider not only the environmental aspects of anti-icing agents, but also the water stability, high temperature stability and low temperature crack resistance of asphalt mixes. In this work, environmentally and friendly slow-release anti-icing agent called MAS was produced by using silica microspheres coated with magnesium acetate, and the performance of the mixes after adding anti-icing agents was analyzed by the water stability, high temperature stability and low temperature crack resistance tests The experimental results show that when the MAS replaces 6% of 0–0.075 mm aggregate by equal volume, the strength and performance of the mixture meet the requirements and have the best slow-release effect.

Preparation of a Green Sustained-Release Microcapsule-Type Anti-Icing Agent for Asphalt Pavement and Its Application Demonstration Project.

Salt-storage additives (SSAs) were added to the asphalt mixtures during the construction stage, and the formed anti-icing asphalt pavement (AIAP) played an active and smart role in continuous snow melting, which could avoid traffic accidents and provide positive support for winter road maintenance in cold areas. In this study, a novel and economical green sustained-release microcapsule salt-storage anti-icing agent was prepared by using solid waste porous sustained-release skeleton loading organic acetate salt as the core material and styrene-acrylic-acrylate copolymer P(AA-MA-BA-St) as the wall material, which have less corrosiveness and extended the release time. By comparing the physical properties of different solid waste porous carriers and corrosion inhibitors, the blast furnace slag and NaHCO3 were selected as the sustained-release skeleton and corrosion inhibitors. The optimal conditions of the synthesis of vesicle wall materials were investigated: 3.8 wt % acrylic acid polymerized at 110 °C with 3 wt % AIBN and for 3.5 h, and the relative ice-snow melting capacity of the prepared sustained-release microcapsule-type anti-icing agent (SMAA) product was 90.8%. The best proportion of the SMAA used to replace a part of the equal mass of mineral powder in the SMA-13 asphalt mixtures was 5.5 wt %, and it could satisfy the requirements of road performance. Moreover, we applied the SMAA product to the 5 cm thick surface layer of SMA-13 of the section K64 + 992 ∼ K65 + 193.641 over the main line ramp at the Sizhuang Toll Station of Beijing-Xiong'an highways to construct AIAP. Compared with adjacent sections of the road without SMAA in winter snowfall, the pilot test section has a very good melting effect. This study contributes to the development of long-acting environment-friendly materials for SSAs to reduce the cost of winter road maintenance, and the obtained product has very promising prospects for practical applications.

The Environmental Impact of Anti-Icing Materials on Asphalt Surfaces (Commonly Used Anti-Icing Agents)

The Environmental Impact of Anti-Icing Materials on Asphalt Surfaces (Commonly Used Anti-Icing Agents)

ФЛОРИСТИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ И ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ПРИДОРОЖНОЙ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТИ В ЭКСПОЗИЦИИ «ВЫЕМКА» НА ПРИМЕРЕ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ ДОРОГ Г. МИНСКА И МИНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ

The results of ecological and floristic studies of roadside phytocenoses during the passage of the road in the «notch» exposition are presented. The description of the vegetation along the transect line with the presented structure and species diversity was performed by dividing into 5 sectors depending on the distance from the roadway and the design of the right-of-way (ROW). The 5th sector was not taken into account in this work due to the interest in the plants of the anthropogenically disturbed territory of the ROW. A list of vascular plants and bryophytes has been compiled and analyzed, numbering 225 species that belong to 54 families, 167 genuses. The families with the largest number of species are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, and Brassicaceae, which corresponds to the taxonomic characteristics of urban landscapes and roadside phytocenoses. A significant role of invasive species is specified: Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv, Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq., Festuca arundinacea Schreb., Lepidotheca suaveolens (Pursh) Nutt. et al. Sectoral division made it possible to trace the effect of remoteness from the highway and changes in edaphic conditions on the species and ecological-coenotic composition of vegetation, their biomorphological spectrum according to the system of Ch. Raunkixr. For example, waterlogging and runoff of salt anti-icing agents in sectors 2 promotes the development of hygrophytic forms of plants and nitrophilic species: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., Aegopodium podagraria L. et al. Erosion processes and soil underdevelopment cover in sectors 3 have a positive effect on the growth of halophytes and psammophytes: Oenothera biennis L., Sedum acre L. et al. According to the ecological-coenotic groups with the segetal-ruderal affiliation, forest (41 or 18,2 %) and meadow (40 or 17,8 %) species predominate, the contribution of plants characteristic of ruderal and meadow habitats is expressed (24 or 10,7 %), there are segetal-ruderal (23 or 10,2 %), ruderal (20 or 8,9 %), segetal (15 or 6,7 %) and ruderal-segetal (10 or 4,4 %) species.

ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF AIRPORT RUNOFF WATER CONTAINING ETHYLENE GLYCOL

Airports are one of the sources of environmental pollution with runoff water containing emerging contaminants. The process of electrochemical purification of model runoff water containing ethylene glycol and formed during the treatment of aircraft with anti-icing agents was studied. As an anode there was used PbO2 electrode. The structure and morphology of PbO2 electrode samples obtained by electrochemical deposition on the titanium plate surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy. It revealed that the use of PbO2 as an anode makes it possible to bring the COD value of the solution to the required standards. After electrolysis, the COD values for all studied ethylene glycol concentrations from 10 to 100 mg/l were in the range of 0.34-4.6 mgO2/l. The effect of current density, concentration of ethylene glycol and sodium chloride on the efficiency of electrochemical oxidation of ethylene glycol was analyzed.

Low ice adhesion anti-icing coatings based on PEG release from mesoporous silica particle loaded SBS

Mesoporous silica particles as anti-icing agent reservoirs retain PEG in the SBS matrix and exhibit extremely low ice adhesion strength.

Preparation of Long-Lasting Environment-Friendly Anti-Icing Agent Suitable for Snow and Ice Areas and its Performance Research

Preparation of Long-Lasting Environment-Friendly Anti-Icing Agent Suitable for Snow and Ice Areas and its Performance Research

Exploring the associations between winter maintenance operations, weather variables, surface condition, and road safety: A path analysis approach

This paper aims to assess the effects of snow and ice control operations by investigating the interdependency between weather variables, maintenance operations, pavement friction, and collisions. Using a disaggregated event-based and location-specific framework, and employing the statistical techniques of Structural Equation Modeling and Path Analysis, all the significant direct and indirect effects of weather variables and maintenance operations on pavement friction and collision occurrence during snowstorms have been identified. It was revealed that precipitation, extremely low temperatures, and the potential of black ice formation all had significant negative direct effects on pavement friction and significant indirect negative effects on traffic safety. Moreover, the application of anti-icing agents and plowing operations have been shown to significantly improve pavement friction and in return improve traffic safety indirectly. To illustrate how the maintenance operations improve traffic safety, a hypothetical snowstorm example was considered. According to the model, anti-icing application was associated with a 14% reduction in collisions, plowing operations resulted in a 33% reduction in collisions, and combining the two tools reduced collisions per snowstorm by 42%. The findings of this paper can help transportation agencies make more informed decisions to promote an efficient mobilization of the existing winter road maintenance services and resources while improving the safety of the traveling public during the winter months.

Water behavior of current jet fuel versus operating conditions: Storage time, temperature, relative humidity and anti-icing agent

Water contamination in aviation jet fuel has been a particular concern throughout the aviation industry for many decades on account of any contaminating water may accelerate the corrosion of the aircraft fuel systems, diminish the lubricative properties of the fuel, promote microorganism growth, and more importantly, pose threat to flight safety. However, the water behavior of jet fuel has not been studied systematically so far, especially for the free water, which is the main factor that causes the hazards mentioned above. Herein, the water behaviors, including dissolved and free water behaviors versus storage time, temperature, relative humidity and anti-icing agent are investigated. Compared with storage time, temperature and relative humidity have a greater influence on the water solubility, and the respective exponential and linear relationships between the solubility of water and temperature and relative humidity are identified in this paper. Furthermore, a complete discussion is carried out on the effect of anti-icing agent on the solubility of water and free water content in jet fuel. More importantly, the real water behavior of jet fuel with anti-icing agent is also studied through simulating the variation in temperature during flight.

Study of effect of anti-icing agent on freezing capacity of iron ore concentrate of wet magnetic separation

The mining industry is one of the main branches of activity in Russia, and it affects the economy and technical development of our country. In the Northwestern Federal District (NWFD) of Russia, in particular, on the territory of the Murmansk Region alone, there are several large mining and processing plants (MPPs). The challenges posed by the mining industry in general and the mining and processing industry of the Murmansk region in particular require efficient, prompt and cost-effective solutions. One of these tasks was set by the Olenegorsk MPP (JSC «Olkon»). It produces the product of enrichment of iron-containing ore - iron ore concentrate of wet magnetic separation (IOC WMS), while the main goal of the research was to find a new technical solution that could allow to ship wet IOC WMS, reducing its freezing capacity in the cold season, bypassing the drying process. Tested classic antifreeze additives - antifreezes, which are, among other things, solutions of salts that reduce the freezing point of water, in the dosage range of 0.5 ... 3.0 ... 10.0 % of the weight of the iron ore concentrate. The unsatisfactory nature of the test results was established according to the degree of influence of these classical antifreeze additives on the freezing capacity of the concentrate. Taking into account the peculiarities and specifics of the object of research - IOC WMS with the appropriate size / dispersion and moisture content by weight of 7.8 %, in accordance with the terms of reference of JSC «Olkon», an effective product in relatively small dosages, «Polyground Type 3», has been developed. It significantly reduces the freezing capacity of the concentrate in temperature range -20 ˚С… -25 ˚С. Preliminary operating costs for subsequent pilot-industrial tests have been established, ranging from 0.75 % by weight of «Polyground Type 3» per 1 ton of IOC WMS (from 7.5 kg per 1 ton of IOC WMS), an industrial version of application has been proposed.

Influence of chloride cations on pore solution chloride and critical chloride threshold of carbon steel rebar

ABSTRACT As part of ongoing research to validate the efficacy of a potentiodynamic polarization technique of determining the critical chloride threshold (CCRIT) value of steel reinforcing bars exposed to chloride-contaminated concrete, the present work reports CCRIT values of carbon steel exposed to NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2. The increasing use of locally available multi-chloride anti-icing agents in Ontario during the winter season, which are brine solution with ~21% chloride as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2, resulted in a need to understand the impact of these salts on the threshold values. The potentiodynamic polarization method allowed the influence of these salts on CCRIT values of carbon steel rebar to be determined in a significantly shorter period than existing standard methods. Cement pastes with varying admixed chloride as NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 were cast with 0.5 w/cm ratio and their pore solution content was expressed after 28 days curing for cation and anion analyses. The resulting pore solution composition revealed increasing Ca, K and Na cations and increasing chloride and sulphate anions when the cement pastes were admixed with chloride as NaCl. However, sulphates decreased in the pore solution when the pastes were prepared with CaCl2 and MgCl2. The consequence of the latter findings was that the threshold values by mass of pore solution of the carbon steel rebar exposed to these chloride compounds were significantly lower than bars exposed to pore solution with NaCl. Nevertheless, the conversion of these values to percentage by mass of cementitious materials gave surprisingly similar values for all three chlorides

Assessment of the environmental impact of anti-icing materials on plant bioindicators

The article examines the physicochemical effect of anti-icing materials, such as sodium and calcium chlorides, XNKM (Russia) and created on the basis of mineral raw materials of the Astrakhan region (AR), on the state of plant bioindicators. The effect of salts contained in various brands of anti-icing materials on the quantitative content of photosynthetic pigments in test objects - tomato and sunflower - was studied. The choice of test objects is determined by the geographic location of the Astrakhan region and natural and climatic factors. The elemental composition of mineral raw materials was studied by X-ray spectral-fluorescent elemental analysis. Analysis of the elemental composition of AR opoka and AR marl makes it possible to exclude the fact that the main content is made up of oxides of aluminum, silicon and calcium, which makes it possible to predict the effective use of the opoka and marl as components of antidepressants. - ironing materials. The studies carried out and the analysis of the results obtained indicate that when using sodium salts and XNKM, there is a sharp decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments. It was found that when introducing natural mineral raw materials from the Astrakhan region as an anti-icing material: sand, opoka AR and marl AR, the negative impact on the content of photosynthetic pigments is minimal. During the study, it was shown that the content of calcium ions in the biomass of leaves also varies widely; when calcium salts are added, it naturally increases due to the cumulative effect, but since the mineral raw materials of opoka and marl can exhibit adsorptive activity towards cations, the content of calcium ions decreases. Extensive research shows that the most commonly used anti-icing agents reduce the amount of photoynthetic pigments and calcium in plants.

Magnesium Aminoclay (MgAC) as an Additive in Anti-Icing Mixture of Propylene Glycol Applied to Railway Electrical Wires: A Preliminary Study.

Ice accumulation on the surface of railway electrical wires can cause significant problems in the winter season. Different anti-icing liquids have been used to prevent the formation of ice on different surface substrates. The most common anti-icing liquids are ethylene glycol mixtures. Recently, propylene glycol, due to its lesser toxicity, has been considered as an alternative anti-icing agent. However, propylene glycol mixtures have some limitations, in that their degradation can lead to corrosion of the metal substrate. As detailed in the literature, (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES), the precursor of magnesium aminoclay (MgAC), has been used to protect metal substrates from corrosion. In the present study we examined the potential of MgAC as an APTES-alternative additive in propylene glycol mixtures. The results showed that the anti-icing properties of the propylene glycol mixtures were maintained in the presence of MgAC (at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt.% concentrations). Furthermore, MgAC's potential as a thickening agent was shown in the increased viscosity of the propylene glycol/MgAC mixtures relative to the propylene glycol mixtures. The addition of MgAC also rendered the propylene glycol mixtures more hydrophilic. However, MgAC addition also led to corrosion due to the excess amounts of amine groups in the anti-icing solution. In this paper, the corrosion mechanism of MgAC is explained in the paper. In the future, the anti-icing and anticorrosion properties of propylene glycol/MgAC mixtures at low concentrations (<0.1 wt.%) should be more fully investigated.

Refillable anti-icing SBS composite films

The lifetime of release-based anti-icing systems can be improved by refilling after the complete release of active agents. A novel swelling mediated consecutive filling of Diatomaceous Earth (DE) loaded Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) composite films with PEG for anti-icing applications is reported. The degree of swelling and the diffusion of active agents into the composite was controlled by adjusting the composition of a binary mixture consisting of a non-solvent (acetone) and a good solvent (diethyl ether (DiEt)). Rhodamine 6G was used as a probe to show the extent of diffusion of dissolved molecules into SBS. The reversible loading of PEG-600 as anti-icing agent up to 19% by weight into DE/SBS composites and the complete release in the binary mixture having 30 vol. % DiEt was successfully achieved in consecutive cycles. After the 5th loading cycle, these composite films exhibited similar water contact angles (∼ 64°) and freezing delay times within error bars as those of the 1st loading cycle. At −15 °C, the average freezing delay time of the water droplets on DE/SBS composites filled with PEG in 30 vol. % DiEt was increased by a factor of three to 120 s. The successful refilling of the composites with reversible loading/release cycles and without any deterioration in the anti-icing properties at least up to 5 cycles is a significant contribution to the lifetime of release based functional coatings.

Epidemiological evaluation of the probability of consequences of the application of anti-icing material for health of children and adults

Introduction. In recent decades scientific studies show the level and nature of chronic respiratory pathology in the population to be the indicator of the quality of the environment, including the quality of the atmospheric air of modern cities, is in many ways. The exposure of all age groups of the population to chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system reliably correlates with the level of air pollution. Many studies are devoted to studying the effect of anti-icing agents (AIA) on human and animal bodies. However, very few works devoted to the causal relationship between the use of AIA and the gain in the prevalence of bronchopulmonary diseases.The aim of the work is to conduct a descriptive epidemiological analysis of the level and dynamics of the incidence of diseases of the respiratory organs to assess the likelihood of the consequences of using GMD for the health of children and adults.Material and methods. A descriptive epidemiological analysis of the level and dynamics of the incidence of diseases of the respiratory organs in the population of Moscow was carried out by the main age groups: children (0-14 years), adolescents (15-17 years), adults (over 18 years) for the periods 1995-2001 and 2012-2017 The study was carried out based on medical reporting data (a form of FSN No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area of service of a medical organization”) provided by the Moscow Department of Health.Results. The results of the study showed diseases of the respiratory system to be the leading pathology in all age groups from 1995-2017. The rate of the increase in the incidence by 2017 has decreased significantly compared with 2000. However, in 2017 compared to 2012, among children, adolescents, and adults there was a positive increase in the incidence of neoplasms, the largest increase was in the group of adolescents - by 7.2%, as well as for many other diseases.Conclusion. Children have been established to be more susceptible to the effects of ecopathological factors, especially during critical periods of growth and development (1 year of life, at the age of 7 years, 15-17 years). The data obtained as a result of the analysis of the increase in the incidence rate of the indicator pathology of respiratory organs and diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue among the population of Moscow compared to 2012 confirm the need to continue in-depth studies to assess the possible impact of AIA on the health of the population.

ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF ANTI-ICING MATERIALS ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SEWAGE WATER DISPOSAL CENTRALIZED SYSTEM

Introduction. The use of anti-icing materials (AIM) in winter, along with useful functions, is accompanied by negative consequences of their impact on environmental objects (EO) and indirectly on human health. At present, the toxic properties of many anti-icing agents (AIM) included in AIMs have been studied, and a number of positions of their impact on environmental protection are monitored. The main utilization of the snow mass is carried out through stationary snow-alloy points (SAP). This event is associated with a high load on environmental protection, especially on water bodies, and requires information on toxicity, intake dynamics, composition of pollutants, including those included in the AIM. The aim of the study was to investigate the role of AIM in the nature of water pollution in SAP treatment systems and the degree of possible contamination of open water bodies, in particular, rivers. Material and methods. The samples of the snow collected from the territory of the city of Moscow for further melting were delivered to the stationary snow-alloy points of the State Unitary Enterprise “Mosvodostok”; water samples from the tanks where the treatment takes place; and wastewater samples were taken before discharge into the river. Chemical analytical methods and a wide range of bio testing methods were used. Results. Through the snow-alloy points as part of the snow mass, the anti-icing materials fall into the reservoirs and rivers of the city of Moscow. This is accompanied by an increase in the number of related elements (Zn&gt;1.0 mg/l, etc.) and easily soluble salts (the mineralization reaches 4830 mg /l). In the waters of rivers, electrical mineralization in some cases reaches the maximum permissible value (1000 mg/l) or slightly exceeds this value (1125 mg/l). An excess is established for a number of elements, both the main components of the AIM and the associated components (Zn, Fe, Al, etc.). Methods of biological control with the involvement of biotests in some cases confirm the presence of a negative effect.