Antihepatotoxic Activity Research Articles

An Assessment of Hepato-protective Activity of Hygrophila auriculata Root Extract against Hepatic Injured Rodent Model

Liver is a crucial organ that is susceptible to several hepatotoxins causing hepato-toxicities. These days, medicinal plants have been considered to be more promising compared with the conventionally utilized medications for hepatic treatments. In light of the dire circumstances affecting worldwide currently, Hygrophila auriculata is a vital plant with an abundance of health advantages and hepatoprotective properties. In this experiment, carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) was utilized to cause hepatotoxicity in rats and this plant's anti-hepatotoxic activity was evaluated through assessing the outcomes of several parameters (Liver functioning tests, kidney functioning tests and lipid profiles). Subsequent research revealed that the plant may, to varying degrees and in a dependent way, successfully restore the disrupted pathological state to healthy status. To interpret statistical analysis, the "One-way Anova test" was conducted using the SPSS 16 software. In the case of SGPT, the medium and high dose produced statistically significant (p<0.05) outcomes as compared to the negative control group and for SGOT decrease in all three groups were non-significant (p>0.05). Then for creatinine levels, the outcome for medium, and high dosages were statistically significant (p<0.05) whereas in case of urea level only the high dose imparted significant (p<0.05) decrease. However, none of the dosages for total cholesterol and triglyceride level produced statistically significant (p<0.05) effects. Only in the medium and high doses, HDL levels improved statistically significantly (p<0.05) whereas only the high dosages reduced reduce the LDL quantity in the blood significantly (p<0.05). As a result, Hygrophila auriculata is thought to possess a significant capacity for liver protection and may serve as a more secure and effective substitute for the commercially available synthetic medication, silymarin. To sum up, additional research is required in the future before this appealing plant could get utilized in the arena of hepatotoxic treatments.

Chemical structure of steroidal saponin isolated from the leaves of Dracaena draco L.

Saponins are naturally occurring compounds ubiquitously present in various organisms, predominantly in plants. They are noted for forming colloidal solutions in water, which foam on shaking and precipitate cholesterol. Several in vitro and in vivo tests on mixtures and individual saponins have revealed a broad spectrum of biological and pharmacological activities, including cancer-related activity, antiphlogistic and antiallergic, immunomodulating, antihepatotoxic, antiviral, hypoglycemic, antifungal and molluscicidal activities. The Dracaena genus is renowned for an abundance of steroidal saponins utilized in treating digestive and hematological disorders. Previous studies on this genus revealed the presence of steroidal saponins, some of which showed cytotoxic activities against cultured tumor cells and interesting biological activities. This study procured steroidal saponin from the foliage of D. dracoL. using various chromatographic techniques and 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis. The structure was deduced as 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-22-O-methylfurosta-5,25(27)-diene-1β,3β,22α,26-tetrol 1-O-{O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl}; a compound previously isolated from the underground parts of Ruscusaculeatus in Japan. Future evaluation of the saponin’s biological activity is imperative to enhance chemotaxonomic data concerning the chemical composition and biological functionality of D. draco L. and, by extension, the Dracaena genus.

A Review on Traditional uses, Bioactive Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi or Giloy)

Traditional medicine is a body of knowledge, skills, and practices based on traditional cultures' presumptions, beliefs, and experiences in order to maintain their health. Traditional herbal treatments are highly valued among many rural or indigenous people in many underdeveloped nations. According to the World Health Organization, about 80% of the world's population relies on traditional medicine, with 60% of rural Indians using herbal treatments. During the previous five years, utilization of herbal supplements grew from 2.5% to 12percent. Tinospora cordifolia is a member of the Menispermaceae family and possesses a wide range of immunotherapeutic qualities, including antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, antidiabetic, antihepatotoxic, and antibacterial activities, as well as relatively low toxicity. Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), a perennial and climbing shrub with succulent stems and papery barks, is found all over the world. It has been discovered that the leaf extract is beneficial in treating infections caused by B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, S. aureus, E. coli, and S. pyrogens. Furthermore, it supports the process of cell renewal and repair. The plant is used to make herbal medicines on a yearly basis in about 10,000 tonnes. Phenyl propanoid glycosides like Syringin, Cordifolioside A, and Cordifolioside B, as well as the immunostimulatory molecule d-glucan, are among the main active substances identified from the plant. Tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, and phenols are some of the chemical components found in medicinal plants that have a distinct physiological effect on the human body. Medicinal plants do not only exhibit natural therapeutic properties, but also provide natural prevention against various diseases. As a result, we are attempting to summarize, gather the number of plants, and their ethnopharmacological qualities in this complete review study research.

A Review on the Recent Multicomponent Synthesis of 4H-Pyran Derivatives

Abstract: 4H-Pyran is a well-known moiety, which appears in various natural and synthetic products. These compounds include various biological activities like anti-hepatotoxic, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-spasmolytic, diuretic, estrogenic, anticoagulant, antifungal, antiviral, anti-helminthic, antimicrobial, hypothermal, anti-tubercular, anti-HIV, herbicidal, anticonvulsant and analgesic activity. This review has summarized an overview of general strategies that allow the design of 4H-pyran derivatives via catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reactions.

Bioactivities of Osbeckia octandra DC. Extracts

Abstract Osbeckia octandra DC. is a small shrub that belongs to the Melastomataceae family. This plant species has been used in Sri Lankan Ayurvedic medicine to treat diabetes, hemorrhoids, hepatitis, ascites, jaundice, other liver disorders, and hyperlipidemia. This work aims to present a comprehensive, systematic review of O. octandra. The electronic databases, including the Web of Science, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Semantic Scholar, were employed to identify the related published studies of O. octandra up to December 2023. Both in vitro and in vivo studies show that O. octandra has antihepatotoxic activity, immunomodulatory activity, antioxidant activity, cholinesterase inhibitory activity, protease inhibitory activity, and hepatoprotective activity. On the other hand, the phytochemistry of O. octandra is unknown. Furthermore, none of the active compounds have been identified for their reported pharmacological activities. Hence, further in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies should be conducted on extracts, and active compounds should be identified from these extracts. Only limited scientific evidence is available for the ethnopharmacological uses of O. octandra. Therefore, this work provides the basis for carrying out further pharmacological activity research and phytochemistry analyses of this plant species.

COMPARATIVE LEAF ANATOMY OF SOME ASYNEUMA GRISEB. & SCHENK TAXA

Objective: The Asyneuma Griseb. & Schenk is represented by 34 accepted species worldwide and its native range covers a wide area from East Central Europe to Japan and Northern Indo-china. The plants of Asyneuma are characterized by herbaceous, simple or branched inflorescences, purple, violet or blue corolla and capsule fruits. Studies show that the Campanulaceae family contains bioactive compounds phenylethanoid (phenylproponoid), alkaloids, cyanogenetic heteroside, flavonoid, triterpene, anthocyanin, phenolic acid, essential oil, coumarin and polysaccharide. In addition, it is known that plants in the family have antioxidant, wound healing, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antiobesity, expectorant antihepatotoxic, antitumoral, antiatherosclerotic, neuroprotective, antidepressant, tonic and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. In this study, the anatomical structures of Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. linifolium and A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız leaves were examined. Material and Method: Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium, A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae (Boiss.) Damboldt, A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yıldız were collected from Ankara. A. linifolium subsp. linifolium was collected from Antalya. Plant parts preserved in alcohol (70%). Microscopic sections were taken using a razor blade. Tissues were stained with Sartur's reagent and examined with a light microscope. Microphotographs were taken with a camera attached to a light microscope. Result and Discussion: The results showed that, the anatomical structures of the basal and cauline leaves of Asyneuma limonifolium subsp. limonifolium and A. limonifolium subsp. pestalozzae were similar. The leaves are bifacial and the palisade parenchyma 1-2 rows. In addition, the unicellular, non-glandular hairs and anomocytic stomata were observed on both epidermal surfaces. Besides, the leaf of A. linifolium subsp. linifolium is monofacial while that of A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum is bifacial. Also, unicellular hairs were present on epidermal layer of A. linifolium subsp. linifolium while A. linifolium subsp. nallihanicum were not. The anomocytic stomata were determined on the upper and lower leaf surfaces of both subspecies.

Amarogentin Inhibits Tumor Stem Cell-Like Features of Lung Cancer by Regulating Notch Signaling

Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside isolated from the Indian medicinal plant Swertia chirata, is widely known for its antileishmanial, antioxidative, hypoglycemic, antihepatotoxic, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. It has been evaluated for its possible anticancerous role in lung cancer using A549 and H1299 cells as models. The results of these studies show a dose-dependent decrease in cell proliferation, cell migration, and invasion by amarogentin. Furthermore, amarogentin repressed stemness in lung cancer, as shown by a diminution in the expression of DLL4, NICD, and Hes1 proteins. In conclusion, we report for the first time the potential regulatory impact of amarogentin on lung cancer. These findings reveal that amarogentin treatment inhibits tumor stem cell-like features in lung cancer by regulating Notch signaling. Therefore, amarogentin may be deemed as a useful therapeutic drug for lung cancer.

Hepatoprotective Activity of Bryophyllum pinnatum Leaves (Boiled Extract) on Albino Wistar Rats – in vivo Study

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of boiled Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves on serum liver enzymes after the administration of alcohol-induced liver damage in Albino Wistar rats.
 Study Design: Experimental.
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, University of Calabar (from June to August, 2021).
 Methodology: Fresh Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves collected were washed thoroughly with clean water and allowed to dry at room temperature for 2 hours. The leaves were boiled at 100oC to obtain a boiled extract from the fresh leaves. Alcohol and leaf extract of Bryophyllum pinnatum were administered orally for a period of one week each. The rats in group 2 and 3 were induced with sub-chronic liver damage orally using a commonly available alcoholic beverage, blended whiskey at a dose of 1.5 ml per body weight for a period of one week while the rats in group 3 were given boiled leaf extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum for one week. At the end of the two weeks treatment period, the rats were weighed and sacrificed and their blood collected for analysis (liver function test).
 Results: The animals administered with alcohol suffered mild hepatic damage. The negative control group which was administered only alcohol, had an increase in ALT when compared to the normal control. The group treated with the extract had a decrease in ALT, AST and ALP levels when compared to the negative control. This suggests that the Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves contain pharmacologically active compounds that can reduce alcohol-induced liver damage.
 Conclusion and Recommendations: The results show minimal anti-hepatotoxic activities of Bryophyllum pinnatum leaves; the extract could be said to prevent liver damage induced by alcohol toxicity. Further study in the area of pharmacology is required in order to establish this natural product as an anti-hepatotoxic agent.

Effect of Galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) Rhizome for the Health of Cultured Fish

For fish farmers, the disease are the biggest cause of loss. In an effort to control the disease is often done by using synthetic antibiotics. The continuous use of synthetic antibiotics with uncontrolled doses can lead to resistance of pathogenic microbes to these antibiotics, accumulation of antibiotics in the aquatic environment and fish bodies which is certainly dangerous for human health and other aquatic biota. The use of herbal ingredients is the right strategy for disease control in fish, because it is relatively safer and cheaper. Medicinal ingredients derived from plants have been used for thousands of years as traditional medicine by people in various parts of the world. This traditional medicine is widely used by the community not only for treatment (curative), but also as an alternative to prevent disease, to rehabilitation and also to increase immunity and health. Galangal rhizome contains several chemical compounds, namely phenols/tannins, quinones, steroids/triterpenoids, flavonoids. Based on the phytochemical content, galangal rhizome has several pharmacological property that are useful for human health, namely as antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, antioxidant, immunostimulant, anti-ulcerative, anti-tumor, and anti-allergenic activities. In addition, galangal (Alpinia galanga L.) rhizomes can improve growth and feed efficiency. The purpose of this article is to describe the extent to which galangal rhizomes can be used to maintain the health of cultured fish. Based on the previou studies, galangal rhizome is potential and effective for maintaining fish health, because the antibacterial properties of legkuas rhizome can treat several species of cultured fish Cyprinus carpio, Oreochromis niloticusand Clarias gariepinus which are infected with the pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophilla. In vitro test results of galangal rhizome are bacteriostatic against pathogenic bacteria in fish, namely Edwardsiella tarda. The antifungal properties of galangal rhizomes can treat Oreochromis niloticus, Kryptoterus bicirrhis, Osphronemus gouramy and Borbonymus gonionotus infested with fungus Saprolegnia sp. As an immunostimulant, galangal rhizome is able to prevent eggs and fry of C. gariepinus from being attacked by Saprolegniasp, Pseudomnas sp. and A. hydrophilla.

Picroside-1-Phytovesicle: A novel approach for Antihepatotoxic activity

Picroside-I, the irridoid glycoside component obtained from Picrorhiza kurroa Royal Ex. Benth. extract was stoichiometrically complexed with phospholipids to form Phytosome. These complexes were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The efficacy of phytosome formulation was determined by in vitro GIT absorption study which indicates greater absorption from gastrointestinal tract, resulted in higher plasma levels. The hepatic protection offered by phytosomes was studied against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity and compared with picroside-I, by measuring bio-chemical parameters in terms of SGOT and SGPT enzyme levels. Phytosomes exhibited appreciable greater hepatoprotection than that of picroside-I alone. Therefore, phytosome can advantageously be used in acute and chronic liver disease of varying origin.

A Review on Pharmacological activities of Colocasia esculenta

Mother Nature has always given us essential medicinal plants for long decades. Today modern world has started its dependability on medicinal agents obtained from traditionally used plants. Colocasia esculenta is a magnificent source of fiber and starch, which is responsible for number of health benefits, such as for improved blood sugar levels, for better skin care, helps to reduce obesity. Colocasia esculenta also contains a variety of antioxidants and polyphenols. Leaves are caloriedeficient, rich in proteins, micronutrients, dietary fiber and good carbohydrates which enhance the metabolism of our digestive system and it helps to provide healthy weight loss, even they have abundant presence of anti-nutrients such as tannins, oxalates. It consists of high levels of Vit.E, Vit.C, and Vit. B6 also contributes to maintain a better immune system and may eradicate free radicals. All parts of Colocasia esculenta have essential properties including some levels of toxicity which are overcome by cooking and steamed boiling. It has several health benefits like anti-hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective activity, anti-inflammatory activity, neuropharmacological activity, anti-fungal activity and anti-metastatic activity. In India major Colocasia esculenta production occurs in states like Uttar-Pradesh, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Himachal-Pradesh, Gujarat, etc. The present review includes detail study of pharmacological activity of plant- Colocasia esculenta [Taro].

Role and the importance of green approach in biosynthesis of nanopropolis and effectiveness of propolis in the treatment of COVID-19 pandemic

Abstract The most fascinating product of honeybee is propolis. It has an immense role in dentistry, dermatology, and otorhinolaryngology. The increased popularity of propolis as an important remedy is due to its constituents, which have anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, antihepatotoxic, anti-cancerous, antifungal, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antiviral activities. The diverse biological and pharmacological activities of propolis have piqued the interest of many scientists. Many techniques like gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chromatography, and spectroscopy are being used to identify different propolis constituents. Flavonoids, phenolic acids, and their esters are the most pharmacologically active molecules of propolis and are known to disrupt the replication machinery of the virus corroborating the anti-coronavirus activity of propolis. The main aim of this article is to provide an insight of the increasing theragnostic uses of propolis and its nanoparticles, including their chemical analysis, diverse biological activities, and the necessity for chemical standardization. In this review, we have focused at the promising effects of propolis, its optimization, and its liposomal formulation as a therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 and its accompanying comorbidities.

A BIOACTIVE COMPONENT MARMESIN FROM FERONIA LIMONIA FRUIT PERICARP: A REVIEW

Plants serve as a vast source for many phytoconstituents that exhibit pharmacological properties. Identification of such types of potential plants is of great significance in medicine. It's a necessity to study the pharmacognostic characteristics of any plant before using it in the field of research and pharmaceutical formulation. Feronia limonia plant is well known for its medicinal properties. Wood apple has antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity. In India, the fruit pericarp is used as a stomachic, diuretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiotonic and tonic to liver and lungs. Fruit pericarp of Feronia limonia contains marmesin and other components. Shell shows anti-fungal activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria because of Psoralen. The fruit shells also contain anti-fungal compounds xanthotoxin, 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and osthenol. The structure elucidation 1 13 was performed with the help of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and mass spectra that confirmed the identity of Marmesin. It is a bioactive component furanocoumarin, which has a variety of pharmacological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiangiogenic, anticancer and antitumor activities. This article explains all about these things.

A BIOACTIVE COMPONENT MARMESIN FROM FERONIA LIMONIA FRUIT PERICARP: A REVIEW

Plants serve as a vast source for many phytoconstituents that exhibit pharmacological properties. Identification of such types of potential plants is of great significance in medicine. It's a necessity to study the pharmacognostic characteristics of any plant before using it in the field of research and pharmaceutical formulation. Feronia limonia plant is well known for its medicinal properties. Wood apple has antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antimicrobial and hepatoprotective activity. In India, the fruit pericarp is used as a stomachic, diuretic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, cardiotonic and tonic to liver and lungs. Fruit pericarp of Feronia limonia contains marmesin and other components. Shell shows anti-fungal activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria because of Psoralen. The fruit shells also contain anti-fungal compounds xanthotoxin, 2, 6-dimethoxybenzoquinone and osthenol. The structure elucidation 1 13 was performed with the help of UV, IR, H NMR, C NMR and mass spectra that confirmed the identity of Marmesin. It is a bioactive component furanocoumarin, which has a variety of pharmacological functions such as anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiangiogenic, anticancer and antitumor activities. This article explains all about these things.

Exploring the anti-inflammatory potential of Colocasia esculenta root extract in in-vitro and in-vivo models of inflammation

Ethnopharmacological relevanceColocasia esculenta (CE) (L.) Schott is an annual herbaceous tropical plant from the family of Araceae which has been traditionally used for the healing of various ailments such as asthma, arthritis, internal hemorrhage, diarrhea, and neurological disorders. The plant is reported to have potential anti-microbial, anti-fungal, antimetastatic, anti-hepatotoxic, and anti-lipid peroxidative activities. Aim of the studyThe present study is designed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory property of Colocasia esculenta methanolic root extract (CEMRE) on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Materials and methodsCarrageenan-induced rat paw edema model was used to investigate the in vivo anti-inflammatory action of CEMRE. Adult male Wistar rats (180–220 g; n = 6) were pre-treated with CEMRE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW) orally before 1 h of injection of 1% carrageenan. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg BW) was given orally as the standard drug. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandinE2 (PGE2), and cytokines levels were measured. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was done to identify the phytoconstituents present in CEMRE. The inhibitory activity of CEMRE was investigated against cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in in vitro assessment of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with Indomethacin (5 μM and 10 μM) and CEMRE (17 μg/ml and 34 μg/ml) followed by induction of LPS (1 μg/ml) for 24 h. Docking analyses were also performed to explore the interaction of important phytoconstituents (Sinapic acid, Acetylsalicylic acid, L-fucose, Salicylic acid, Quinic acid, Zingerone, and Gingerol) of CEMRE with COX-2 and iNOS. ResultsPre-treatment with CEMRE (400 mg/kg) could inhibit the paw inflammation significantly which was elevated due to carrageenan induction. The inhibition is comparable to that of the standard drug Indomethacin. The concentration of serum AST, ALT, ALP, NO, PGE2 and cytokines were also considerably lowered in the CEMRE-treated group as compared to the carrageenan-induced group. CEMRE (34 μg/ml) inhibited the LPS-stimulated relative expression of mRNA of COX-2 and iNOS and significantly reduced the expression of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2. Docking analyses revealed promising interaction with low binding energies between Sinapic acid with both the target proteins COX-2 and iNOS. ConclusionCollectively, our results suggested that CEMRE exhibited effective anti-inflammatory actions on carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells by reducing the in vivo paw edema inhibition, inhibiting the serum NO, PGE2, cytokines and also reduced the in vitro production of NO, PGE2 along with expressions of mRNA COX-2 and iNOS. Molecular docking demonstrated good binding affinities among the target proteins and ligand Sinapic acid. Thus the bioactive compound from CE need to be isolated and purified.

Callicarpa dichotoma Leaf Extract Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis through the Suppression of T Cells and Keratinocytes Activation.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly recurrent chronic inflammatory skin disease, characterized by severe itching, immune imbalance, and skin barrier dysfunction. Damage to the skin barrier function is known to be the main cause of Th1/Th2 immune imbalance, due to the Th2-mediated immune response, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-31 and it plays an important role in further eliciting the environment of AD through stimulation. Currently, the most widely used drugs for the treatment of AD are corticosteroids, antihistamines and immunosuppressants (used by more than 60% of patients), which are reported to exhibit various side effects when taken for a long time. Therefore, interest in the physiological activity of safer plant-derived natural extracts is increasing. Callicarpa dichotoma is traditionally used in oriental medicine for bruises, habitual pain, gastric and postpartum hemorrhage. Recent studies have reported that it exhibits antioxidant anti-inflammatory and anti-hepatotoxic activity, but the role and activity of C. dichotoma in AD have not yet been studied. Therefore, in this study, the new physiological activity of C. dichotoma in the AD environment was investigated, suggesting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent.

Protective effect of Alchornea cordifilia leaf extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in Wistar rats

The effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia on Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver damage was investigated in experimental rats. Treatment of separate groups of rats with 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg and 200mg/kg aqueous leaf extracts of Alchornea cordifolia for 2 weeks after establishment of CCl4 induced liver damage, resulted in significantly (P<0.05) less hepatotoxicity when compared to the CCl4-induced group, as measured by serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. The effect of extract was statistically significant (P<0.05) and was dose dependent. Histopathological study also showed significant reduction and even reversal of liver damage in the rats. The results of this study show that aqueous leaf extract of Alchornea cordifolia has a potent anti-hepatotoxic action against CCl4 induced liver damage in rats.

Preparation, Reactions and Medical Applications of Chalcone Intermediate - A Review

Chalcone is an unsaturated aromatic ketone a central core for a several of important biological compounds, are communally known as chalcones. Chalcone are -unsaturated ketone, 2 aromatic rings are attached by a 3 carbon α, β-unsaturated carbonyl. This survey provides information on (synthesis processes, reactions, implementations of medical and biological activities, their uses and their source as a source of information) (whether natural or synthetic). Data on the chemistry of chalcones appeared on its preparation methods, reaction methods and medical application. This are different activities like Antiviral Activity, Anti hepatotoxic activity, Anti malarial Activity, Anti cancer Activity, Immunosuppressive Activity, Ant platelet Activity, Hypoglycemic activity, Anti inflammatory, Antibacterial Activity.

Determination of quercetin in dietary supplements by isocratic RP-HPLC method

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found abundantly in vegetables and fruits. It shows antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antihepatotoxic, antiallergic, antidiabetic and antiviral activity. Increasingly popular dietary supplements containing quercetin require critical examination of their quality. The aim of this study was to develop a simple and accurate HPLC method for quercetin determination in dietary supplements. Chromatographic separation was achieved by isocratic method, using a Purospher STAR® RP-18 reverse-phase column (150 x 4.6 mm i.d., particle size 5 μm), a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water (acidified to pH 3.0), in a ratio of 30:70 (V/V), run at a flow rate of 1.1 mL/min. The column temperature was kept at 30 °C. The DAD detector was set at 257 nm and 375 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL. Isopropanol was used as a solvent. The method was validated by determining system suitability, specificity, linearity, range, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision, and robustness. It is characterized by simple preparation, good precision (RSD ˂ 2%) and good analytical yield (100.09% and 100.29% at 257 nm and 375 nm, respectively). The limit of detection and quantification were 0.00071 μg/mL and 0.00215 μg/mL at 257 nm, and 0.00078 μg/mL and 0.00236 μg/mL at 375 nm, respectively. The system suitability test showed that method performance is similar at both wavelengths. This method can be recommended for routine analysis of dietary supplements containing quercetin in food quality control laboratories. Keywords: quercetin, HPLC, dietary supplements, flavonoid

Potential Antiviral Properties of Industrially Important Marine Algal Polysaccharides and Their Significance in Fighting a Future Viral Pandemic.

Over the decades, the world has witnessed diverse virus associated pandemics. The significant inhibitory effects of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 shows its therapeutic potential in future biomedical applications and drug development. Algal polysaccharides exhibited significant role in antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidative, antiviral, anticoagulant, antihepatotoxic and immunomodulating activities. Owing to their health benefits, the sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae are a great deal of interest globally. Algal polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenans, porphyran, fucoidan, laminaran and ulvans are investigated for their nutraceutical potential at different stages of infection processes, structural diversity, complexity and mechanism of action. In this review, we focus on the recent antiviral studies of the marine algae-based polysaccharides and their potential towards antiviral medicines.