Anti-fatigue Function Research Articles

Xiyangshen Sanqi Danshen granules attenuated D-gal-induced C57BL/6J mouse aging through the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway

BackgroundAging is a pressing global concern and is frequently accompanied by the emergence of many chronic diseases. Xiyangshen Sanqi Danshen granules (XSD) have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fatigue functions, but the mechanism of their anti-aging effects is not clear. MethodsThis study elucidated the anti-aging mechanism and potentially active ingredients of XSD by performing transcriptomic analysis and network pharmacological analysis in a D-galactose (D-gal)-induced C57BL/6J mouse aging model. ResultsXSD improved learning and memory abilities while enhanced motor function in D-gal-induced aging mice, as shown by Morris water maze, passive avoidance test, and rotating rod test results. Additionally, XSD significantly increased the vascular pulse wave velocity (PWV), β-stiffness index and pressure strain elastic coefficient (EP), decreased carotid distensibility (CD) and decreased the expression levels of P53 and 8-OHdG in the common carotid arteries of D-gal mice. Transcriptome sequencing analysis identified that the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway is the potential mechanism by which XSD attenuates aging. XSD also increased the protein levels of Ki67, AMPK, SIRT1 and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 while decreased the protein levels of P21, P53, IL-18, 8-OHdG, nitrotyrosine, and COX-2 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in the brains of D-gal-induced mice. The administration of the AMPK inhibitor and SIRT1 inhibitor hindered the anti-aging effect of XSD, as indicated by an elevation of 8-OHdG, COX-2, and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 ; and a decrease of Ki67 and the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Network pharmacological analysis revealed that the potential active ingredients of XSD were quercetin, kaempferol, tanshinone IIA, isorhamnetin, ginsenoside F2, and cryptotanshinone. ConclusionCollectively, XSD mitigated D-gal-induced aging in C57BL/6J mice through enhancing the AMPK/SIRT1 signaling pathway. This research provides potential drugs for anti-aging and also promotes the usage of the anti-aging effect of XSD.

Systematical Investigation on Anti-Fatigue Function and Underlying Mechanism of High Fischer Ratio Oligopeptides from Antarctic Krill on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Mice.

High Fischer ratio oligopeptides (HFOs) have a variety of biological activities, but their mechanisms of action for anti-fatigue are less systematically studied at present. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the anti-fatigue efficacy of HFOs from Antarctic krill (HFOs-AK) and explore its mechanism of action through establishing the fatigue model of endurance swimming in mice. Therefore, according to the comparison with the endurance swimming model group, HFOs-AK were able to dose-dependently prolong the endurance swimming time, reduce the levels of the metabolites (lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, and blood ammonia), increase the content of blood glucose, muscle glycogen, and liver glycogen, reduce lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase extravasation, and protect muscle tissue from damage in the endurance swimming mice. HFOs-AK were shown to enhance Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase activities and increase ATP content in muscle tissue. Meanwhile, HFOs-AK also showed significantly antioxidant ability by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in the liver and decreasing the level of malondialdehyde. Further studies showed that HFOs-AK could regulate the body's energy metabolism and thus exert its anti-fatigue effects by activating the AMPK signaling pathway and up-regulating the expression of p-AMPK and PGC-α proteins. Therefore, HFOs-AK can be used as an auxiliary functional dietary molecules to exert its good anti-fatigue activity and be applied to anti-fatigue functional foods.

Bao Yuan decoction alleviates fatigue by restraining inflammation and oxidative stress via the AMPK/CRY2/PER1 signaling pathway

Ethnopharmacological relevanceBaoyuan Decoction (BYD) was initially recorded in the classic of “Bo Ai Xin Jian” in the Ming dynasty. It is traditionally used for treating weakness and cowardice, and deficiency of vital energy. In researches related to anti-fatigue effects, the reciprocal regulation of AMPK and circadian clocks likely plays an important role in anti-fatigue mechanism, while it has not yet been revealed. Therefore, we elucidated the anti-fatigue mechanism of BYD through AMPK/CRY2/PER1 pathway. Aim of the studyTo investigate the effect and mechanism of BYD in reducing fatigue, using pharmacodynamics, network pharmacology and transcriptomics through the AMPK/CRY2/PER1 signaling pathway. Materials and methodsFirstly, the chemical constituents of BYD were qualitatively identified by UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS, establishing a comprehensive strategy with an in-house library, Xcalibur software and Pubchem combined. Secondly, a Na2SO3-induced fatigue model and 2,2′-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride (AAPH)-induced oxidative stress model were developed to evaluate the anti-fatigue and anti-oxidant activities of BYD using AB zebrafish. The anti-inflammatory activity of BYD was evaluated using CuSO4-induced and tail cutting-induced Tg (lyz: dsRed) transgenic zebrafish inflammation models. Then, target screening was performed by Swiss ADME, GeneCards, OMIM and DrugBank databases, the network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.0. Transcriptome and network pharmacology technology were used to investigate the related signaling pathways and potential mechanisms after treatment with BYD, which were verified by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). ResultsIn total, 114 compounds from the water extract of BYD were identified as major compounds. Na₂SO₃-induced fatigue model and AAPH-induced oxidative stress model indicated that BYD has significant anti-fatigue and antioxidant effects. Meanwhile, BYD showed significant anti-inflammatory effects on CuSO4-induced and tail cutting-induced zebrafish inflammation models. The KEGG result of network pharmacology showed that the anti-fatigue function of BYD was mainly effected through AMPK signaling pathway. Besides, transcriptome analysis indicated that the circadian rhythm, AMPK and IL-17 signaling pathways were recommended as the main pathways related to the anti-fatigue effect of BYD. The RT-qPCR results showed that compared with a model control group, the treatment of BYD significantly elevated the expression mRNA of AMPK, CRY2 and PER1. ConclusionHerein, we identified 114 chemical constituents of BYD, performed zebrafish activity validation, while demonstrated that BYD can relieve fatigue by AMPK/CRY2/PER1 signaling pathway through network pharmacology and transcriptome.

Thermal treatment enhances the resisting exercise fatigue effect of Phyllanthus emblica L.: novel evidence from tannin conversion in vitro, metabolomics, and gut microbiota community analysis

Polyphenols are the main component of Phyllanthus emblica (PE). However, polyphenols are so easy to transform that it is unknown that how drying methods driven by heating affect the anti-fatigue effect of PE. This manuscript investigated the effects of five drying methods on the chemical composition transformation and anti-fatigue of PE, and discussed the action mechanism. The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of PE with hot-air-dried at 100 °C was the best, which was as 1.63 times as that with freeze-drying. Ellagic acid (EA) may be a key component of PE in anti-fatigue, and its mechanism of action may be related to regulating intestinal microbiota, protecting mitochondria, and regulating energy metabolism. This study first revealed the thermal transformation of polyphenols in PE, found the most effective strategy for enhancing the anti-fatigue function, and explores its action mechanism.

Astragalus polysaccharide promotes sheep satellite cell differentiation by regulating miR-133a through the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) possesses extensive biological activities, pharmacological effects, and anti-fatigue function. MiR-133a is a specifically expressed miRNA in skeletal muscle that participates in the regulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation. However, little is known about the role of APS in the development of sheep skeletal muscle. In this study, we aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of APS and miR-133a on the differentiation of sheep skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) and the regulatory relationship between APS and miR-133a. The results suggested that APS plays a positive regulatory role in the proliferation and differentiation of sheep SMSCs. Moreover, miR-133a significantly promotes SMSC differentiation and the activity of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Importantly, we found that APS function requires the mediation of miR-133a in the differentiation of sheep SMSCs. Taken together, our results indicate that APS accelerates SMSC differentiation by regulating miR-133a via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in sheep.

The Anti-Fatigue Effect of Glycoprotein from Hairtail Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) on BALB/c Mice

Fatigue is related to a variety of chronic diseases and has become a hot research topic in recent years. Various bioactive components have been extracted from hairtail fish (Trichiurus lepturus); however, none of these studies involved the anti-fatigue activity of hairtail fish glycoprotein (HGP). Thus, antioxidant experiments were conducted in vitro, and the anti-fatigue activity of HGP was further evaluated in BALB/c mice. The effects of HGP on the behavior of BALB/c mice were verified by classical behavioral experiments, and the indicators related to anti-fatigue activity were detected. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity in vitro of HGP increased gradually in the concentration range of 10 to 100 mg/mL. HGP improved the exercise ability of the mice. HGP was also found to significantly (p < 0.05) reduce the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), blood lactic acid (BLA), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine kinase (CK). The contents of liver glycogen (LG) and muscle glycogen (MG) were also significantly (p < 0.05) increased by HGP. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the serum and brains of the mice was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced and catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by HGP, especially in the middle- and high-dose groups. These results enhance our understanding of the anti-fatigue function of HGP and lay an important foundation for the further development and utilization of hairtail fish resources.

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Five Natural Active Ingredients Achieve Anti-fatigue Function by Synergistic Antioxidation and Regulating the Structure of Intestinal Flora

In this study, the synergistic anti-fatigue effects of five natural active ingredients (anthocyanin, tea polyphenol, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide, ginsenoside, salidroside) and their effects on intestinal flora in mice were investigated. Synergistic antioxidant in vitro showed that when ginsenoside: Lycium barbarum polysaccharide: salidroside = 2:1:6 (4 mg/mL), the maximum experimental scavenging capacity (ESC) of the system was 124.73±5.32 μmol Trolox/L, the synergistic effect (SE) was 2.75. Natural active ingredients of different concentrations and formulations were orally administered to mice. The results showed that compared with control group, the group H (Ginsenoside/Lycium barbarum polysaccharide/Salidroside (2/1/6) 200 mg kg-1 d-1) can significantly increase the exhausting swimming time, decreasing the content of blood lactic acid (BLA), serum urea nitrogen (BUN), and malondialdehyde (MDA), which were accompanied by a corresponding increase in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), liver glycogen content (LG) (p 0.05). The relative abundances of Verrucomicrobiota and Rokubacteria in group H were significantly decreased (p Acidobacteria, Parasutterella and Deferribacteres were significantly increased (p < 0.05). These data suggest that ginsenoside, Lycium barbarum polysaccharide, and salidroside achieve synergistic anti-fatigue effects by regulating intestinal flora and oxidative stress.

Anti-Fatigue and Exercise Performance Improvement Effect of Glossogyne tenuifolia Extract in Mice.

Glossogyne tenuifolia (GT) is a native perennial plant growing across the coastline areas in Taiwan. The current study aimed to examine the efficacy of GT extract in ameliorating physical fatigue during exercise and increasing exercise performance. Fifty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly segregated into five groups (n = 10) to GT extract orally for 4 weeks, at different concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW/day): LGT 1X, MGT 2X, HGT 5X, and HGT 10X groups. Forelimb grip strength, endurance swimming time, serum biochemical marker levels, blood lipid profile and histological analysis of various organs were performed to assess the anti-fatigue effect and exercise performance of GT extract. The forelimb-grips strength and endurance-swimming time of GT-administered mice were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. Serum glucose, creatine kinase, and lactate levels were increased significantly in the HGT 10X group. Liver marker serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was increased in the HGT 5X and HGT 10X groups, whereas Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) was not altered. Renal markers, creatinine and uric acid levels, were not altered. Muscle and hepatic glycogen levels, which are essential for energy sources during exercise, were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in all GT extract groups. No visible histological aberrations were observed in the vital organs after GT extract administration. The supplementation with GT extract could have beneficial effects on exercise performance and anti-fatigue function without toxicity at a higher dose.

Research on fatigue failure mode and failure theory of rubber

The rubber products are usually used in the condition of periodically complicated stresses, and their anti-fatigue function is simultaneously dependent on their viscoelasticity and the emergence and propagation of cracks directly effecting on the life of rubber products. Therefore, the research on fatigue failure of rubber products has important significance to improve their durability and safety. The research on fatigue failure of rubber has important significance to improve the durability and safety of rubber products. The fatigue failure mechanism of natural rubber was explained from the point of molecular motion theory and phenomenological theory. The application of test research methods in the study of rubber fatigue microstructure and the influence of environmental factors on the fatigue properties of natural rubber were studied, and the future development direction of natural rubber fatigue was also forecasted.

Preparation of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Punica granatum Composite Beverage and Its Resisting Exercise Fatigue Effect

The composite beverage was developed with Punica granatum fruit and polysaccharide of Amaranthus caudatus L. as main raw materials and observed its anti-fatigue activity. Sensory evaluation score was used as the index. The single factor experiments and response surface analysis method were used to optimize the formula of composite beverage, and investigateits effect of exhaustive swimming time and related biochemical indexes after animal exercise. The results showed that the best formula of the compound beverage was as follows: The volume ratio of 10% Prunus syringae polysaccharide liquid to 20% Punica granatum juice was 2:5, the amount of sucrose was 4.5%, the amount of citric acid was 0.4%, the amount of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose was 0.06%, and the sensory score was 89.8. Compared with the blank control group, the animal groups of composite beverage at middle and high dose could significantly prolong the exhaustive swimming time (P<0.01), obviously decreased BLA (P<0.01) and BUN (P<0.01) contents after exercise. Therefore, the composite beverage of Amaranthus caudatus L. and Punica granatum had better anti-fatigue function.

Anti-fatigue effect of enzymatic protein hydrolysate from Macadamia

The anti-fatigue effect of macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) protein and hydrolysate prepared with basic protease were investigated. Random mice grouping was carried out to create 4 groups including the control group and protein hydrolysate groups at low (150 mg/kg·d), medium (500 mg/kg·d) and high (1500 mg/kg·d) doses. All groups were treated by gavage for 28 consecutive days. Weight-loaded swimming test, serum urea nitrogen, serum creatine kinase activity, blood lactic acid and liver glycogen assays were performed to assess its anti-fatigue effect. The results showed that macadamia protein hydrolysate could significantly prolong weight-loaded swimming time, promote synthesis of liver glycogen and decrease blood urea nitrogen and lactic acid. Moreover, it can also significantly reduce serum creatine kinase activity. Therefore, macadamia protein hydrolysate had significant anti-fatigue function.

Anti-fatigue effect of L-arginine complex preparation on mice

Objective: To investigate the anti-fatigue effect of L-arginine complex preparation on mice. Methods: The experimental mice were divided into a blank group, low dose group, medium dose group and high dose group. L-arginine complex preparation mice were intragastrically administered for 30 days, and the mice were tested for exhaustive swimming time. At the same time, contents of plasma lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, urea nitrogen and hepatic glycogen were measured. Results: Compared with the blank control group, the weight-bearing swimming time and hypoxia-tolerant survival time of the low, middle and high dose groups was significantly increased (P&lt;0.05). Whereas, the serum urea nitrogen levels and lactose content were significantly decreased (P&lt;0.05). However, compared with the blank control group, the liver glycogen content of the middle and high dose groups was increased significantly (P&lt;0.05), and there was no significant difference in the low dose group. Conclusion: The L-arginine complex preparation has an anti-fatigue function in mice.

Anti-fatigue effect of anwulignan via the NRF2 and PGC-1α signaling pathway in mice.

To examine the anti-fatigue function of anwulignan from Schisandra and its underlying mechanism. After an excessive fatigue mouse model was created, anwulignan was administered to the mice, and its effect on exercise tolerance was studied by the weight-bearing swimming test, rotarod test, grip strength test, and tail suspension test. The biochemical indicators closely related to fatigue, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic acid (LD), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK) in the serum; liver glycogen (LG) in the liver tissue; muscle glycogen (MG); inorganic phosphate (Pi) and Annexin V in the gastrocnemius; superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities; malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS); and the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in both serum and the gastrocnemius were detected. Morphological changes were also observed. The anti-fatigue-related proteins of the NRF2/ARE, Bcl2, and PGC-1α pathways in the gastrocnemius of the mice were detected by western blot. Anwulignan significantly increased the exercise tolerance by decreasing BUN, LD, LDH, CK, Pi, MDA, TBARS, 8-OHdG, ROS, and Annexin V levels and increasing LG, MG, SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px levels, significantly upregulated the expression of NRF2 and Bcl2 proteins, which are anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis regulators, and also activated the p38MAPK-PGC-1α pathway. Anwulignan can increase exercise tolerance and relieve fatigue in an excessive fatigue mouse model. The underlying mechanism may be through its regulatory effect on the NRF2 and PGC-1α signaling pathway. This study will provide scientific data for anwulignan to be developed as a novel and efficient component in anti-oxidant or anti-fatigue health food.

Antifatigue Functions and Mechanisms of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms.

Fatigue is the symptom of tiredness caused by physical and/or psychological stresses. As fatigue is becoming a serious problem in the modern society affecting human health, work efficiency, and quality of life, effective antifatigue remedies other than pharmacological drugs or therapies are highly needed. Mushrooms have been widely used as health foods, because of their various bioactive constituents such as polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber. This paper reviews the major findings from previous studies on the antifatigue effects, the active components of mushrooms, and the possible mechanisms. Many studies have demonstrated the antifatigue effects of edible and medicinal mushrooms. These mushrooms probably mitigate human fatigue through effects on the functional systems, including the muscular, cardiovascular, hormone, and immune system. The bioactive constituents that contribute to the antifatigue effects of mushrooms may include polysaccharides, peptides, nucleosides, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids. Further research is still needed to identify the active ingredients and to investigate their mechanism of action on the antifatigue effects. Since most previous studies have been carried out in animal models, more human trials should be performed to verify the antifatigue function of edible and medicinal mushrooms.

Lactobacillus Plantarum TWK10 Supplementation Improves Exercise Performance and Affects the Fecal Microbiota in Mice

PURPOSE: Lactobacillus plantarum is a well-known probiotics i.e. ingested microorganisms associated with beneficial effects to host. However, few studies have examined the effect of Lactobacillus plantarum TWK10 (LP10) supplementation on exercise performance, physical fatigue and gut microbial profile. METHODS: Male ICR mice were divided into 3 groups to receive vehicle or LP10 by oral gavage at 0, 2.05x10^8 or 1.03x10^10 CFU/kg/day for 6 weeks. Exercise performance and anti-fatigue function were evaluated by forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming time, and levels of physical fatigue-associated biomarkers serum lactate, ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), glucose, and tissue damage markers such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK) after physical challenge. Fecal samples were obtained from each mouse and analyzed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA genes for unveiling microbial community profile using a Roche 454 FLX pyrosequencer. RESULTS: LP10 supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength and endurance swimming performance. LP10 supplementation significantly decreased lactate, CK and glucose levels after physical challenge. Moreover, the LP10 supplementation induced a shift in the gut microbiota composition such as Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Barnesiella and Clostridium of specific taxa. CONCLUSIONS: LP10 supplementation may be an effective intervention for promoting health, improving exercise performance and ameliorating fatigue.

Improvement of Exercise Performance and Attenuation of a Marker of Muscle Damage by Epimedium Brevicornum Supplementation in Mice

Epimedium is a well-known yang-invigorating agent in traditional Chinese medicine that can promote blood circulation, functions as an anti-inflammatory agent and be used to treat male reproductive problems. However, we have limited evidence for the effect of Epimedium on exercise performance and physical fatigue. We aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of Epimedium brevicornum L. leaves water extract (EP) on ergogenic and anti-fatigue functions following a physiological challenge. Male ICR mice from 3 groups (n = 8 per group) were orally administered EP for 2 weeks at 0, 2054 and 4108 mg/kg/ day, designated the vehicle, EP-1X and EP-2X groups, respectively. The grip strength and exhaustive swimming time were higher by 1.14- and 2.77-fold, respectively, with EP-2X than vehicle treatment. Furthermore, after a 15-min swimming test, blood lactate level was lower with the 2 doses of EP than with vehicle alone. In addition, the activity of serum creatine kinase (CK), a marker of muscular damage, was significantly lower with EP-1X than vehicle alone after the same swimming test. On trend analysis, grip strength and endurance swimming time dose-dependently increased with EP dose. Moreover, EP treatments significantly decreased lactate levels and slightly decreased serum CK activity in a dose-independent manner. Therefore, EP could be a potential agent with an anti-fatigue pharmacological effect. With its ergogenic and anti-fatigue functions, EP may have potential as an ergogenic aid in relevant fields.

Effect of whole-body vibration training on body composition, exercise performance and biochemical responses in middle-aged mice

AimsWhole-body vibration (WBV) is a well-known light-resistance exercise by automatic adaptations to rapid and repeated oscillations from a vibrating platform, which is also a simple and convenient exercise for older adults. However, the potential benefits of WBV on aging-associated changes in body composition, exercise performance, and fatigue are currently unclear. The objective of the study is to investigate the beneficial effects of WBV training on body composition, exercise performance, and physical fatigue-related and biochemical responses in middle-aged mice. MethodsIn total, 24 male C57BL/6 mice aged 15months old were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=8 per group): sedentary control (SC), relatively low-frequency WBV (5.6Hz, 2mm, 0.13g) (LV), and relatively high-frequency WBV (13Hz, 2mm, 0.68g) (HV). Mice in the LV and HV groups were placed inside a vibration platform and vibrated at different frequencies and fixed amplitude (2mm) for 15min, 5days/week for 4weeks. Exercise performance, core temperature and anti-fatigue function were evaluated by forelimb grip strength and levels of serum lactate, ammonia, glucose, and creatine kinase (CK) after a 15-min swimming exercise, as were changes in body composition and biochemical variables at the end of the experiment. ResultsRelative muscle and brown adipose tissue weight (%) was significantly higher for the HV than SC mice, but relative liver weight (%) was lower. On trend analysis, WBV increased grip strength, aerobic endurance and core temperature in mice. As well, serum lactate, ammonia and CK levels were dose-dependently decreased with vibration frequency after the swimming test. Fasting serum levels of albumin and total protein were increased and serum levels of alkaline phosphatase and creatinine decreased dose-dependently with vibration frequency. Moreover, WBV training improved the age-related abnormal morphology of skeletal muscle, liver and kidney tissues. Therefore, it could improve exercise performance and ameliorate fatigue and prevent senescence-associated biochemical and pathological alterations in middle-aged mice. ConclusionsWBV training may be an effective intervention for health promotion in the aging population. The detailed molecular mechanism of how WBV training regulates anti-aging activity warrants further functional studies.

Effect of curcumin supplementation on physiological fatigue and physical performance in mice.

Curcumin (CCM) is a well-known phytocompound and food component found in the spice turmeric and has multifunctional bioactivities. However, few studies have examined its effects on exercise performance and physical fatigue. We aimed to evaluate the potential beneficial effects of CCM supplementation on fatigue and ergogenic function following physical challenge in mice. Male ICR mice were divided into four groups to receive vehicle or CCM (180 μg/mL) by oral gavage at 0, 12.3, 24.6, or 61.5 mL/kg/day for four weeks. Exercise performance and anti-fatigue function were evaluated after physical challenge by forelimb grip strength, exhaustive swimming time, and levels of physical fatigue-associated biomarkers serum lactate, ammonia, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and glucose and tissue damage markers such as aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and creatine kinase (CK). CCM supplementation dose-dependently increased grip strength and endurance performance and significantly decreased lactate, ammonia, BUN, AST, ALT, and CK levels after physical challenge. Muscular glycogen content, an important energy source for exercise, was significantly increased. CCM supplementation had few subchronic toxic effects. CCM supplementation may have a wide spectrum of bioactivities for promoting health, improving exercise performance and preventing fatigue.

Fucoidan supplementation improves exercise performance and exhibits anti-fatigue action in mice.

Fucoidan (FCD) is a well-known bioactive constituent of seaweed extract that possess a wide spectrum of activities in biological systems, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammation and modulation of immune systems. However, evidence on the effects of FCD on exercise performance and physical fatigue is limited. Therefore, we investigated the potential beneficial effects of FCD on ergogenic and anti-fatigue functions following physiological challenge. Male ICR mice from three groups (n = 8 per group) were orally administered FCD for 21 days at 0, 310 and 620 mg/kg/day, which were, respectively, designated the vehicle, FCD-1X and FCD-2X groups. The results indicated that the FCD supplementations increased the grip strength (p = 0.0002) and endurance swimming time (p = 0.0195) in a dose-depend manner. FCD treatments also produced dose-dependent decreases in serum levels of lactate (p < 0.0001) and ammonia (p = 0.0025), and also an increase in glucose level (p < 0.0001) after the 15-min swimming test. In addition, FCD supplementation had few subchronic toxic effects. Therefore, we suggest that long-term supplementation with FCD can have a wide spectrum of bioactivities on health promotion, performance improvement and anti-fatigue.