Antidiabetic Effects Research Articles

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effects of Watermelon Rind Extract: Integrative Computational Simulations and In Vitro Studies

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Effects of Watermelon Rind Extract: Integrative Computational Simulations and In Vitro Studies

Phenolic Profiling, In Vitro Antiglycation, Antioxidant Activities, and Antidiabetic Effect of Algerian Trigonella Foenum-Graecum L. in Rats Administered a β-Cell Toxicant.

This study sought to quantitatively assess individual and total polyphenols, mineral composition, antioxidant and antiglycation activities of Algerian fenugreek seeds (AFS) as well as the antidiabetic effect of its supplementation on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty rats were divided into four groups (i) non diabetic rats, (ii) non diabetic rats +10 % AFS, (iii) diabetic rats, (iv) diabetic rats +10 % AFS. Flame-SAA analysis revealed a rich content in micro-elements, HPLC DAD-FLD analysis revealed twenty components with rutin and ferulic acid being the major compounds in AFS hydro-methanolic extract while spectrophotometric assays scrutinized moderate contents in total phenolics and flavonoids. The extract was potent in scavenging ABTS⋅+ and DPPH+ (42.06±2.14 and 55.84±4.14 mg TE/g), reducing Fe3+ and Mo6+ (35.12±2.45 and 29.89±3.12 mg TE/g) and inhibiting AGEs (IC50=1.03±0.02 mg/ml). In vivo, 10 %AFS- supplemented diet (w/w) was found to elicit a significant reduction in glycemia (66.74 %), TNF α (9.4 %), IL-6 (23.74 %), CRP (31.10 %), liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation (MDA) (47.24 %;30 %), protein carbonyl (PCO) (28.35 %; 27.15 %), improvement in insulin level (79.74 %), reduced glutathione amount (GSH) (41.01 %; 16.55 %), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) (45.80 %; 56.37 %), catalase (CAT) (24.44 %; 35.42 %) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (22.78 %; 22.90 %) activities, in liver and pancreas respectively, along with a rejuvenation of hepatic and pancreatic histological features. These outcomes disclosed that AFS is endowed with biologically effective components which could be decent applicant to attain the objective of mitigating glycation, oxidative stress and diabetes-related complications.

Antidiabetic Potential of Mangifera Indica: Insights from In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. Owing to the adverse side effects of synthetic drugs, natural products attract research interest because of their fewer side effects and prominent efficacy. In the present study, we examined the antidiabetic effects of the seeds of Mangifera indica. Materials & Methods: Phytochemical analysis (quantitative and free radical scavenging activity), in vitro enzymatic assays, and in vivo antidiabetic studies were performed on the hydroalcoholic extract of M. indica. Additionally, an immunohistochemistry approach was utilized to illustrate the alteration of the cellular architecture in the pancreatic islets of extract-treated diabetic rats. Results: The hydroalcoholic extract exhibited good phenolic and flavonoid contents, prominent radical scavenging ability, and antidiabetic activity in an in vitro enzymatic assay. At a dose of 200 mg/kg body weight, the hydroalcoholic extract significantly decreased the blood glucose and HbA1c levels and substantially improved the serum marker levels (GLU, ALB, UREA, CREA, CHOL, TG, SGPT, SGOT, TP, HDL, and ALP). The immunohistological study revealed 40% regeneration of pancreatic β-cells upon extract treatment. Conclusion: The hydroalcoholic extract has prominent antidiabetic activity, as evidenced by both in vitro and in vivo studies, by modulating the cellular composition and regenerating the β-cells of the pancreatic islet.

Efficacy of Myricetin Supplementation on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Mice Studies

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disorder characterized by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Myricetin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has shown potential anti-diabetic effects in murine studies. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the impact of myricetin supplementation on glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in mouse models of metabolic diseases. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO: CRD42084518999). Studies involving mice with metabolic disease models and exclusively using myricetin supplementation were checked across four databases (Embase, Scopus, PubMed, and WoS) until 23rd September 2024. The primary outcomes assessed were blood glucose (BG), insulin levels, triacylglycerol (TAG), total cholesterol (TC), HDL, and LDL. A random-effects model was applied to estimate standardized mean differences (SMD), and SYRCLE’s risk-of-bias tool for animal studies was used. Results: Twenty-one studies with 514 mice met the inclusion criteria. Myricetin supplementation significantly reduced BG (SMD = −1.45, CI: −1.91 to −0.99, p < 0.00001, I2 = 74%), insulin (SMD = −1.78, CI: −2.89 to −0.68, p = 0.002, I2 = 86%), TAG (SMD = −2.60, CI: −3.24 to −1.96, p < 0.00001, I2 = 81%), TC (SMD = −1.86, CI: −2.29 to −1.44, p < 0.00001, I2 = 62%), and LDL (SMD = −2.95, CI: −3.75 to −2.14, p < 0.00001, I2 = 74%). However, the effect on HDL was not statistically significant (SMD = 0.71, CI: −0.01 to 1.43, p = 0.05, I2 = 83%). Conclusions: Myricetin supplementation improved glucose metabolism and lipid profiles in mouse models, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for managing T2DM. However, further research is needed to confirm these findings in human studies.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Abutilon crispum on Normal and Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Albino Wistar Rats

Background Diabetes mellitus is a disorder that affects the majority of individuals in the world. Objectives The objective of the current study is to estimate the antidiabetic effect of methanol extract of Abutilon crispum entire plant, which is broadly cultivated in India’s arid and desert areas. This current investigation aims to estimate the efficacy of methanol extract of A. crispum to prevent streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in Albino Wistar strain rats. Materials and Methods In the current examination, methanol extract of the whole plant of A. crispum with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/b.wt (body weight) is administered through the oral route to the streptozotocin-prompted diabetic animals where n = 6. We evaluated the differences in food and water intake, body weight levels, fasting glucose, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). When methanol extract of A. crispum was used to evaluate the OGTT for diabetic animals, levels of glucose were found to be pointedly lower when administered with 500 mg/kg b.wt as this is compared to the control group. A. crispum had specifically declined the levels of glucose elevated in diabetic rats. A. crispum is a vital alternative source for managing blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus that have increased during the condition and need to be further reduced by oral medications that cause hypoglycemia. Biochemical parameters were estimated as a part of the investigation. Results The results demonstrated that the dried methanol extract of A. crispum (250 mg/kg/bwt and 500 mg/kg/bwt) considerably declined those levels of blood glucose during the treatment period when compared to glibenclamide (10 mg/kg), enhanced the metabolism, improved the health of animals and enhanced the OGTT. Conclusion As a result, we can conclude that the whole plant of A. crispum methanol extract contains antidiabetic effects, as well as, hypoglycemic activities.

Extraction and evaluation for anti-diabetic effects of some Indian plant extracts

Diabetes is a metabolic disease associated with changes in the structure and function of several biological systems. The main cause of tissue injury is persistent hyperglycaemia. The past 20 years have seen increased expansion of the harmful effects of persistent hyperglycaemia, even if peripheral neuropathy and small and large vascular disease can also be used to explain diabetes-related organ failure. Liophyllum decastes, Butea monosperma, and Opuntia dillenil fruit extracts were shown to pass phytochemical testing. The study findings of Butea Monosperma, Opuntia dillenil, and Liophyllum decastes distilled (150 mg/kg) and (300 mg/kg) on STZ-tempted DM rats were paired with Glibenclamide. The glucometer method, serum and urine analysis, as well as factors including body weight, food consumption, glucose levels, and biochemical analysis, were used to determine the blood sugar rankings. Liophyllum decastes fungus fruit, Opuntia dillenil Planned fruit, and distilled Butea monosperma leaves all have anti-diabetic properties for diabetics.

Floral Elegance Meets Medicinal Marvels: Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of the Genus Lagerstroemia L.

The genus Lagerstroemia L. (Lythraceae), known for its exquisite flowers and prolonged flowering period, is commonly employed in traditional medicinal systems across Asian countries, where it has always been consumed as tea or employed to address ailments such as diabetes, urinary disorders, coughs, fevers, inflammation, pain, and anesthesia. Its diverse uses may be attributed to its rich active ingredients. Currently, at least 364 biological compounds have been identified from Lagerstroemia extracts, encompassing various types such as terpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids, alkaloids, and phenylpropanoids. Extensive in vitro and in vivo experiments have examined the pharmacological activities of different extracts, revealing their potential in various domains, including but not limited to antidiabetic, anti-obesity, antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and hepatoprotective effects. Additionally, 20 core components have been proven to be associated with antidiabetic and hypoglycemic effects of Lagerstroemia. Overall, Lagerstroemia exhibit substantial medicinal potential, and the alignment between its traditional applications and contemporary pharmacological findings present promising opportunities for further investigation, particularly in food and health products, drug development, herbal teas, and cosmetics. However, evidence-based pharmacological research has largely been confined to in vitro screening and animal model, lacking clinical trials and bioactive compound isolations. Consequently, future endeavors should adopt a more holistic approach.

Protective role of SIRT1 (rs3758391 T > C) polymorphism against T2DM and its complications: Influence on GPx activity

AbstractBackground and AimsSirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) has antidiabetic effects through the regulation of insulin secretion and modulation of inflammation. The SIRT1 rs3758391 gene polymorphism affects the level of SIRT1. The current study aimed to investigate the possible influence of SIRT1 gene variants in relation to oxidative stress parameters on the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its microvascular complications.MethodsIn this case‐control study 398 individuals including 300 patients with T2DM (100 T2DM without complication, 100 diabetic neuropathy patients and 100 patients with diabetic retinopathy) and 98 healthy subjects were studied for SIRT1 rs3758391 T > C variants. Also, the glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and the levels of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and total oxidative status (TOS) were determined by colorimetric methods. SIRT1 genotypes were detected using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method.ResultsThe C allele of SIRT1 reduced the risk of T2DM, diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. Significantly lower levels of GSH, GPx, and TAC were found in diabetic patients compared to control group. However, the level of MDA was significantly higher in patients compared to healthy individuals. Considering all individuals, the GPx activity increased in the presence of the SIRT1 CC, and TC genotypes compared to the TT genotype. Among all studied individuals the activity of GPx was significantly higher in normal body mass index (BMI) subjects than overweight, and obese individuals. However, among overweight and obese diabetic, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic neuropathy patients the mean level of TOS was significantly higher compared to patients with normal BMI.ConclusionsOur findings suggest a protective role for SIRT1 C allele against T2DM and diabetic neuropathy and diabetic retinopathy. We found in the presence of this allele the GPx activity increased. Also, we detected an enhanced oxidative stress level among overweight and obese patients with diabetes and its complications that could be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.

Anogeissus Latifolia: A Comprehensive Review from Ethanobotanical Insights to Future Pharmacological Frontiers.

Anogeissus latifolia, commonly known as Axlewood, Indian Gum Tree, or Gum Ghatti, belongs to the Combretaceae family and is native to India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Sri Lanka. It thrives in most tropical and subtropical regions of India. Different parts of the plant contain various proteins, carbohydrates, sugars (arabinose, galactose, mannose, xylose, rhamnose, and glucuronic acid), minerals (magnesium and calcium salts of ghattic acid), and a wide range of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, terpenoids, sterols, saponins, tannins, coumarins, quinine, and ellagic acid. Studies have indicated the potential of Anogeissus latifolia in managing various health conditions, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-parasitic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, wound healing, and hypolipidemic effects. However, like many medicinal plants, Anogeissus latifolia demonstrates a dose-dependent toxicity profile, particularly when administered intraperitoneally. Research efforts have been directed towards elucidating its safety profile, and findings suggest that it can be considered safe when administered within prescribed dosages. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review encompassing the ethnobotanical significance, morphological characteristics, phytochemistry, pharmacological actions, and toxicological aspects of Anogeissus latifolia. Additionally, it explores future research perspectives in the field of Anogeissus latifolia pharmacology and therapeutics.

Purification of Glucomannan from Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) Tuber Flour through Hydrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid

Porang (Amorphophallus oncophyllus) is a local perennial plant that commonly grown in Indonesian forest. Its tuber contains a lot of glucomannan that has many benefits as food ingredient or as functional food. Glucomannan has a lot of health benefits, such as anti-diabetic effect, low glycemic index, prebiotic effect, etc. Despite that, the extraction is still a problem because it is difficult to get pure glucomannan extract out of Porang flour. Thus, in this study we are going to use hydrocloric acid to extract the glucomannan from the porang flour through hydrolysis extraction. This research will test the effect of hydrochloric acid concentration on the purity of glucomannan extract obtained from porang flour, to study the effect of nonsolvent, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol on glucomannan concentration, and to obtain the optimal condition to get high concentration of glucomannan using extraction with pretreatment hydrochloric acid hydrolysis.

Anti-Diabetic Effects of Oleuropein

Background/Objectives: Oleuropein, a secoiridoid polyphenol found in olive oil as well as the fruit and leaves of the olive tree, has been reported to have antioxidant, cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic properties. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (TD2M) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by impaired insulin action, termed insulin resistance. The development of T2DM is closely associated with obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation. In recent years, a rise in sedentary lifestyles and diets rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats has contributed to an increase in the prevalence of obesity and TD2M. Currently, the strategies for treating T2DM and its prevention lack efficacy and are associated with adverse side effects. Hence, there is an urgent need for novel treatment strategies, including naturally occurring compounds possessing hypoglycemic and insulin-sensitizing properties. Methods: This review summarizes the evidence of the anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties of oleuropein from in vitro and in vivo animal studies, as well as the available clinical trials. Results: The existing evidence indicates that oleuropein may exert its anti-inflammatory effects by downregulating the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hepatic and adipose tissue. Additionally, the evidence suggests that oleuropein targets skeletal muscle and enhances glucose uptake and its related protein signalling cascades, improving glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Conclusions: Despite the evidence of oleuropein’s anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic potential, more animal and clinical studies are needed to proceed towards its clinical/therapeutic use for metabolic diseases confidently.

Anti-Diabetic and Insulinotropic Effects of p-Anisic Acid in High-Fat Diet and Streptozotocin Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats.

To evaluate the antidiabetic effect of p-anisic acid (p-AA) against type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Thirty-six male rats were utilized for the study. The animals were provided with the high-fat diet (HFD) and T2DM was induced through 35 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Subsequently, the animals were allocated to 6 groups and subjected to the treatments for 4 weeks followed by a 2-week observation. Three treatment groups were administered with p-AA (25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg). Glibenclamide (3 mg/kg) was provided to the standard control group. The normal control and disease control groups were supplied with 0.1 % carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Subsequently, the effects of treatment on body weight (BW), blood glucose level (BGL), glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and lipid parameters were measured and the pancreas was isolated for histopathology. A statistically significant (P-value<0.001) increase in BW was observed in the p-AA (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) groups. The BGL decreased significantly (P-value<0.001) in p-AA groups. p-AA significantly (P-value<0.001) regulated the levels of HbA1c and serum insulin and lipid parameters. A notable improvement in the morphology of the pancreas was observed. Treatment with p-AA exhibited significant antidiabetic effects against STZ-HFD-induced T2DM.

Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids investigating their role in medicinal applications and genomic protection.

Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a white rot fungus widely used for its pharmacological properties and health benefits. GL consists of several biological components, including polysaccharides, sterols, and triterpenoids. Triterpenoids are often found in GL in the form of lanostane-type triterpenoids with quadrilateral carbon structures. The study revealed that triterpenoids have diverse biological properties and can be categorized based on their functional groups. Triterpenoids derived from GL have shown potential medicinal applications. They can disrupt the cell cycle by inhibiting β-catenin or protein kinase C activity, leading to anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. They can also reduce the production of inflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating inflammation. Additionally, triterpenoids have been found to enhance the immune system's defenses against various health conditions. They possess antioxidant, antiparasitic, anti-hyperlipidemic, and antimicrobial activities, making them suitable for pharmaceutical applications. Furthermore, triterpenoids are believed to afford radioprotection to DNA, protecting it from radiation damage. This review focuses on the types of triterpenoids isolated from GL, their synthesis pathways, and their chemical structures. Additionally, it highlights the pharmacological characteristics of triterpenoids derived from GL, emphasizing their significant role in various therapeutic applications and health benefits for both humans and animals.

Sauerkraut‐derived LAB strains as potential probiotic candidates for modulating carbohydrate digestion attributing bacterial organic acid profiling to antidiabetic activity

AbstractSauerkraut‐derived lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains have gained attention due to their potential health benefits. This study focuses on evaluating seven Sauerkraut‐derived RAMULAB strains isolated from sauerkraut, aiming to identify promising candidates for modulating α‐glucosidase (AG) and α‐amylase (AM) enzymatic functions. RAMULAB strains with remarkable probiotic potential can contribute to the digestive health and manage conditions like diabetes. Identifying robust candidates from sauerkraut, a fermented food, holds promise for natural and cost‐effective probiotic sources. The RAMULAB strains underwent extensive characterization, including identification through 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing. Their tolerance to harsh conditions, adherence properties, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, and inhibition of AG and AM were assessed. In silico analyses explored their molecular interactions, particularly with hydroxycitric acid, a potential antidiabetic compound. Among the RAMULAB strains, RAMULAB48 emerged as a standout candidate. It displayed exceptional resilience to acidic bile (≥97%), and simulated gastrointestinal conditions (≥95%), highlighting its suitability for probiotic applications. RAMULAB48 exhibited robust adherence properties, including cell‐surface hydrophobicity (80%), autoaggregation (42%), coaggregation with pathogens (≥33%), and adhesion to epithelial cells. Additionally, all seven isolates demonstrated gamma‐hemolysis and resistance to antibiotics (Kanamycin, Methicillin, and Vancomycin), while displaying strong antibacterial properties against foodborne pathogens. These RAMULAB strains also exhibited varying degrees of antioxidant activity, with RAMULAB48 displaying the highest potential (≥41%). In terms of antidiabetic activity, cell‐free supernatant (CS) obtained from RAMULAB48 expressed the highest inhibition levels, notably inhibiting yeast AG by an impressive 59.55% and AM being by a remarkable 67.42%. RAMULAB48 produced organic acids, including hydroxycitric acid (28.024 mg/mL), which showed promising antidiabetic properties through in silico analyses, indicating favorable interactions with the target enzymes. This study identifies Lacticaseibacillus paracasei RAMULAB48, a Sauerkraut‐derived RAMULAB strain, as a promising probiotic candidate with exceptional tolerance, adherence properties, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant potential, and antidiabetic effects. The presence of hydroxycitric acid further underscores its potential in managing diabetes.

Recent Advances in the Health Benefits of Phenolic Acids in Whole Grains and the Impact of Processing Techniques on Phenolic Acids: A Comprehensive Review.

Phenolic acids, essential compounds in whole grains, are renowned for their health-enhancing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Variations in concentration, particularly of hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, are observed among grain types. Their antiobesity and antidiabetes effects are linked to their modulation of key signaling pathways like AMPK and PI3K, crucial for metabolic regulation and the body's response to inflammation and oxidative stress. Processing methods significantly influence phenolic acid content and bioavailability in whole grains. Thermal techniques like boiling, baking, or roasting can degrade these compounds, with loss influenced by processing conditions. Nonthermal methods such as germination, fermentation, or their combination, can protect or enhance phenolic acid content under ideal conditions. Novel nonthermal approaches like ultrahigh pressure (UHP), irradiation, and pulsed electric fields (PEF) show promise in preserving these compounds. Further research is needed to fully comprehend the impact mechanisms of these innovative methods on the nutritional and sensory attributes of cereals.

Improved Antioxidant, Antihypertensive, and Antidiabetic Activities and Tailored Emulsion Stability and Foaming Properties of Mixture of Corn Gluten and Soy Protein Hydrolysates Via Enzymatic Processing and Fractionation

ABSTRACTBioactive peptides and protein hydrolysates have gained considerable attention in the food industry and functional food markets due to their diverse health effects, including antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic properties. This study aimed to produce combined soy and corn protein hydrolysates using Alcalase (Al), modification of Al‐hydrolysates through sequential hydrolysis using Flavourzyme (Al‐FL), cross‐linking of Al‐hydrolysates using microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) (Al‐TG), and fractionation of Al‐hydrolysates by ultrafiltration (UF) with molecular weight (MW) cut‐off of 100 (Al‐F4), 30 (Al‐F3), 10 (Al‐F2), and 2 kDa (Al‐F1). Notably, the &lt; 2 kDa fraction (Al‐F1) showcased exceptional biological activities, including antioxidant (81.54% DPPH, 98.02% ABTS), antihypertensive (95.45%), and antidiabetic effects (44.72% α‐glucosidase, 77.52% α‐amylase), linked to its high hydrophobic amino acid content and low molecular weights (111 and 263 Da). Conversely, the higher molecular weight fraction (Al‐TG) excelled in emulsion and foam stability, attributed to its balanced amino acid profile and larger peptides (1385–7057 Da). Our findings reveal that specific protein hydrolysate fractions, particularly Al‐F1 and Al‐TG, are promising for applications in food and pharmaceutical formulations due to their enhanced biological and functional properties.

Silicon-Enriched Meat Ameliorates Diabetic Dyslipidemia by Improving Cholesterol, Bile Acid Metabolism and Ileal Barrier Integrity in Rats with Late-Stage Type 2 Diabetes

Silicon as a functional ingredient of restructured meat (RM) shows antidiabetic and hypocholesterolemic effects in a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model. The present paper investigated the mechanisms involved in this cholesterol-lowering effect by studying the impact of silicon-RM consumption on bile acid (BA) and cholesterol metabolism. In addition, the main effects of cecal BA and short-chain fatty acids derived from the microbiota on intestinal barrier integrity were also tested. Rats were fed an RM high-saturated-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HSFHCD) combined with a low dose of streptozotocin plus nicotinamide injection (LD group) and for an 8 wk. period. Silicon-RM was included in the HSFHCD as a functional food (LD-Si group). An early-stage T2DM group fed a high-saturated-fat diet (ED group) was used as a reference. Silicon decreased the BA pool with a higher hydrophilic BA profile and a lower ability to digest fat and decreased the damaging effects, increasing the occludin levels and the integrity of the intestinal barrier. The ileal BA uptake and hepatic BA synthesis through CYP7A1 were reduced by FXR/FGF15 signaling activation. The silicon up-regulated the hepatic and ileal FXR and LXRα/β, improving transintestinal cholesterol (TICE), biliary BA and cholesterol effluxes. The inclusion of silicon in meat products could be used as a new therapeutic nutritional tool in the treatment of diabetic dyslipidemia.

A systematic review of lithium biology and pharmacology and toxicological evaluation of new organic lithium salts

Objective: to systematize scientific data on biomedical studies investigating trace element lithium over the past 70 years; evaluate toxic properties of lithium ascorbate (LiAsc) as an important promising candidate molecule.Material and methods. An analysis of 49,959 publications on lithium biomedical research retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE database was carried out using modern data mining methods developed within the framework of topological approach to recognizing (Yu.I. Zhuravlev scientific school). Publications found by experts and not indexed in PubMed/MEDLINE were used in discussing the results of a systematic analysis of publications array retrieved from PubMed/MEDLINE. An experimental study of chronic 180 day-long LiAsc (at doses of 5, 50 and 150 mg/kg) toxicity was performed on 36 “Soviet chinchilla” rabbits by assessing local irritant action. Intoxication clinical picture, body weight dynamics, water and food intake as well as physiological, hematological and biochemical parameters were analyzed.Results. Classification and systematization of all currently available publications on lithium biology and medicine were performed. It was shown that pharmacological applications of lithium salts in mental disorders as well as lithium effects on simple sugars metabolism, lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, hematopoiesis, inflammation and tumor growth inhibition, neurotransmitter homeostasis, neurotrophic and neuroprotective molecular mechanisms as well as homeostasis of other electrolytes comprised promising fields of lithium drug research. The prospects for using organic lithium salts, particularly LiAsc, for various therapeutic goals were also discussed. 180-day-long oral administration of LiAsc at doses of 5, 50, 150 mg/kg resulted in no macroscopic signs of local inflammatory reaction while examining its local irritant effect.Conclusion. The lithium-ion effect on neurotransmitters promotes neuroprotection and reduces a risk of addiction. The antihypertensive, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, antitumor and neurotrophic effects related to organic lithium salts may be beneficial in various therapeutic applications.

Anti-Diabetic Activity of Cordyceps-Fermented Edible Insects by the Promotion of Glucose Absorption.

Insects are considered important food resources for future diet due to diverse nutrients and pharmacological effects. Fermentation is an important strategy of food processing with various beneficial effects such as increasing nutrients, promoting bioavailability, and reducing anti-nutrients. Cordyceps is a mushroom that grows on insects and produces various active ingredients. Therefore, we investigated the effect of Cordyceps-fermentation of insects on the nutritional composition and functional benefits of the insects. Six edible insects: Bombyx mori, Protaetia brevitarsis, Caelifera, Gryllus bimaculatus, Tenebrio molitor, and Allomyrina dichotoma were fermented with Cordyceps militaris to produce mycelia and fruiting bodies. Analysis of nutritional components showed that protein content was increased whereas carbohydrate content was decreased by the fermentation with Cordyceps. In addition, the fermented insects showed anti-diabetic efficacy by the promotion of glucose absorption as evaluated using differentiated L6-GLUT4myc cells. Quantitation using HPLC analysis suggested that cordycepin was produced in both mycelium and fruiting bodies in Cordyceps-fermented edible insects with different amounts depending on insect type and cultivation conditions. Therefore, the fermentation of insects with Cordyceps is expected to increase nutritional values and bioactive constituents and exert anti-diabetic effects.

LC-MS/MS Profiling, Biological Activities and Molecular Docking Studiesof Simmondsia Chinensis Leaves.

This study aimed to assess the biological activities of Tunisian Simmondsia chinensis and characterize their potential bioactive compounds. Different extracts of S. chinensis were tested for their antioxidant, antibacterial, anti α-amylase, and anti-acetylcholinesterase activities through in vitro assays. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest levels of antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (976.03 GAE/g extract) compared to the other extracts. Additionally, it demonstrated a substantial anti-acetylcholinesterase activity (PI= 75%) and potent antibacterial property, particularly against Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Salmonella enterica. The IC50 values of ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts against α-amylase were 42 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL, respectively, indicating potent anti-diabetic effects. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analyses identified flavonoids and lignans as the major phenolic compounds in the methanolic extract. To better comprehend the mechanisms behind inhibitory effects on α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase enzymes, a molecular docking study was conducted. Consequently, these findings indicate that S. chinensis is a highly valuable natural resource with potential industrial applications.