Anti-aircraft Gun Research Articles

Two-stage knowledge-assisted coevolutionary NSGA-II for bi-objective path planning of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles

This paper focuses on the bi-objective path planning problem of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) under the complex environment with numerous obstacles and threat areas, where the UAVs need to be kept as far away as possible from threat areas during flight. Based on the integrated energy reduction perspective, a bi-objective model is subtly constructed by minimizing the total energy consumption of each path (including flight altitude, horizontal turns, and path length), and minimizing the costs of the total threats (including ground radar, anti-aircraft gun, missile and geological hazard threat areas). Moreover, a two-stage knowledge-assisted coevolutionary NSGA-II algorithm is novelly proposed to enhance collaboration and avoid collision. The first stage is designed for population convergence, where the considered constrained problem is solved with the help of the designed problem without the constraints of threats and obstacles. The second stage emphasizes the quality and diversity of solutions. In this stage, a double-population coevolution approach is developed. Additionally, a multi-mode strategy is introduced for the inferior population, leveraging reinforcement learning. This strategy aids in selecting the optimal mode from random swing, directed guidance, and potential dominance exploration. Furthermore, experimental results in two different environments show that the proposed algorithm can better solve the collaborative path planning problem for multiple UAVs compared with other five classical or recent proposed algorithms.

OPTIMIZATION OF THE USAGE OF 35 MM ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUN BARRELS IN TERMS OF RELIABILITY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY

The scientific basis for optimizing the use of work resources of 35 mm anti-aircraft gun barrels, enabling their durability to be increased by 25÷100% while improving operational efficiency indicators are presented in this paper. The development of a new approach to assessing the durability and effectiveness of these barrels results from current solutions and capabilities of navigation and targeting systems, new generation projectiles (programmable ammunition with sub-projectiles) and real-time muzzle velocity measurement applications (while main-taining or even increasing the current muzzle velocity and rate of fire). This increases the probability of hitting floating, coastal and flying targets (especially UAVs and RAM). It has been shown that the durability and operational assessment of this class of guns (including economic efficiency) is not determined only by indicators based on the rate of fire, muzzle velocity or second burst of fire. What is now more important is the ability to reduce the rate of barrel destructive processes, resulting from the possibility of shortening the length of firing series. It has been shown that with short series, the barrels wear and the intensity of damage to the reload mechanisms are significantly reduced. The phenomenon of barrel overheating is also limited, and thus operational indicators are improved (average time to failure, continuous operation time, ammunition usage), which significantly reduces the cost of operating the guns.

HEAT TRANSFER IN THE ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUN BARREL DURING FIRE WITH TRAINING AND COMBAT AMMUNITION – COMPARISON OF CALCULATION RESULTS

The paper presents results of numerical simulations of heat transfer in the 35 mm anti-aircraft gun barrel wall made of 30HN2MFA steel during firing with combat and practice ammunition. Calculations were made for a single shot and a sequence of seven shots for two types of ammunition 35x228 mm: with FAPDS-T projectile and TP-T practice projectile. The 3150 mm long barrel was divided into 6 zones and in each zone the temperature versus time was calculated along the barrel thickness during firing. The results were compared for both types of ammunition.

Evaluation of Exposure to Impulse Noise at Personnel Occupied Areas During Military Field Exercises

The tests reported in this paper were carried out to evaluate the exposure of soldiers to noise at operator and control positions during military field exercises. The tests were conducted during firing from a T-72 tank, a BWP-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicle, antitank guided missiles, a ZU-23-2K anti-aircraft gun, and a 2S1 GOZDZIK howitzer. The evaluation of noise exposure showed that the limit values of sound pressure level, referred to by both Polish occupational noise protection standards and the Pfander and Dancer hearing damage risk criteria developed for military applications, were repeatedly exceeded at the tested positions. Despite of the use of tank crew headgear, the exposure limit values of sound pressure level were exceeded for the crew members of the T-72 tank, the BWP-1 infantry fighting vehicle, and the 2S1 GOZDZIK howitzer. The results show that exposure of soldiers to noise during military field exercises is a potentially high hearing risk factor.

Modal Research on Photoelectric Turntable of a Medium Caliber Tracked Anti-aircraft Gun

Aiming at the problem of violent vibration of the photoelectric turntable caused by the high frequency firing work load during the firing of a medium caliber tracked anti-aircraft gun, the tracking accuracy of the photoelectric tracker is unstable, and the law of the vibration of the gun on the platform is obtained by combining mechanical simulating and experiment. According to the finite element theory, a model of certain type of the gun is built, modal analysis is carried out through the ANSYS Workbench, the natural frequency and mode shape of the turntable are gained, and the hammering method modal test is carried out to verify the simulation outcomes. Through the strength check of the gun mount assembly under three typical working conditions, the weak link in the structural design is found. The results show that the research results can provide a reference for the structural design optimization of the photoelectric turntable on a vehicle-mounted antiaircraft gun.

Design and Research of Missile launcher Drive System for Anti-aircraft Gun and Missile Weapon System

Aiming at the problems of large size and weight of electric cylinder, low efficiency and large pressure fluctuation of centralized hydraulic drive system, a drive system of anti-aircraft gun and missile weapon system based on electro-hydrostatic actuator is designed. The working principle of the hydraulic system of electro-hydrostatic actuator is discussed, its components are selected and designed, the micro cartridge hydraulic control check valve is designed and the electro-hydrostatic actuator is analyzed and integrated structure is designed;The simulation model is established by AMEsim software. The simulation results show that the electro-hydrostatic actuator can move the missile driving device to the highest position within 2s, meet the working requirements, and have certain guiding significance for the research and development of missile launcher driving.

Study on Damage Effectiveness of Single Projectile of Small Caliber Anti-aircraft Gun Under Multi-error Constraints

In this paper, the damage effectiveness of a single projectile of small caliber (30-35 mm) anti-aircraft gun under multi-error constraints is studied. Based on the known prior information of target motion and the dispersion mathematical model of prefabricated fragment warhead, under the constraints of fragment effective killing radius and target equivalent size, the fuze starting characteristic factor is introduced to establish the integrated model of fuze and warhead. Based on the Monte-Carlo method, the variation law of the damage effectiveness of a single projectile under the joint constraints of the gun firing angle error and the fuze fixed range error is analyzed. The simulated annealing (SA) algorithm is used to find the global optimal solution of the model. The optimal damage effectiveness of a single projectile under multi-error constraints is found. The results show that the damage effectiveness of single projectile is increased by 26.91% without changing the state of existing weapon and equipment.

Development status of anti UAV swarm and analysis of new defense system

UAV swarm is gradually becoming a comprehensive new weapon platform integrating electronic countermeasure, information attack and defense and firepower attack. It has become an important form of future combat, and also gave birth to the rapid development of anti UAV swarm system. Aiming at the problem that UAV is developing rapidly and becoming an important threat in the battlefield, the characteristics of typical UAV swarm system level targets are analyzed. The main means of counteracting UAV swarm, such as air defense missile, anti-aircraft gun / missile gun combination, high-energy laser and high-power microwave, are studied, and the counteraction performance is compared and analyzed. A new air anti UAV interception system based on UAV mounted micro recoil automatic gun is proposed, and the architecture, combat concept and process, key technologies and innovations involved are studied, which provides a technical reference for strengthening the ability of anti UAV system.

Prediction of firing accuracy of self-propelled antiaircraft gun in marching fire based on GA-BP neural network

The firing efficiency during the marching fire is an important indicator to measure the combat efficiency of self-propelled antiaircraft gun, and it is very important to improve the firing accuracy during the marching fire. In order to understand the coupling mechanism between the firing density and various influencing factors of the self-propelled anti-aircraft guns, this paper combines different driving and shooting conditions to study the factors such as driving speed, road grade, shooting load, the angle of fire and other factors. A method of predicting the firing density of self-propelled anti-aircraft guns during marching is proposed based on the GA-BP neural network. This method not only provides a theoretical basis and indirect measurement for the quantification of the firing density of the self-propelled anti-aircraft guns during the marching, but also has important significance for the distribution and design of the firing accuracy of the self-propelled anti-aircraft guns.

Modal Test and Model Modification of the Rotating Parts of a Self-propelled Antiaircraft Gun

The rotating parts of a self-propelled antiaircraft gun is taken as the research object, the single point excitation and multi-point response frequency response function method were used to test the experimental mode. At the same time, the finite element simulation model is established, and the frequency and mode of vibration are obtained. Combined with the modal test and analysis of the rotating parts, the stiffness of the connection between the rotating parts and the turret is selected as the optimization parameter. The numerical simulation model was optimized and modified by comparing the experimental and simulation modes and combining with the sensitivity analysis of the connection parameters, the correction variable with the higher sensitivity of the parameters to the results was selected. After optimization, the error between the first order calculation frequency and the test frequency is reduced from 8.61% to 1.13%, it is shown that the simulation model optimized by parameters can better reflect the physical characteristics of the real structure.

Research on the ability of artillery-launched laser beam-guided artillery projectiles to counter high-speed dive and large-wall thickness guided munitions

Aiming at the typical high-speed dive high-thickness guided munitions air attack problem, according to the shooting characteristics and typical target characteristics of a vehicle-mounted medium-caliber anti-aircraft gun compatible with laser beam-guided projectiles, the impact of the long-distance shooting of artillery-guided projectiles on the hit probability was analyzed. The main factors are the simulation calculation of the shooting probability of the weapon system; the plan of the shaped warhead for the anti-high-speed dive with large wall thickness guided munitions is proposed, and its LS-DYNA simulation model is established. The K-level damage of the thick wall thickness guided munition provides a technical approach for the future anti-high-speed dive thick wall thickness guided munition, as well as CRAM (anti-artillery, rocket and mortar shells).

Development of a shooting strategy to neutralize UAV swarms based on multi-shot cooperation

Economical and efficient assault methods using drones and drone swarms severely assailed the defenders during the conflict in the Middle East. In view of the current situation, based on medium and large-caliber anti-aircraft artillery platforms, this article analyzes and calculates the advantages of using multiple anti-aircraft guns against drones, the threat of a drone colony, and the drone colony density. Additionally, this study determines the firing sequence of a drone swarm, and provides anti-aircraft gun firing position points to reduce the firing cost and increase the efficiency. This ensures the optimization of an air defense system within a short duration of time. Ammunition is an effective defense against drone swarms. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with that of the conventional methods of individually shooting the swarms, this strategy can simultaneously neutralize multiple targets, assign shooting tasks to multiple artillery guns, and can cause greater damage to a drone swarm.

COMPARISON OF MIG-29 AND F-16 AIRCRAFT IN THE FIELD OF SUSCEPTIBILITY TO DESTRUCTION IN COMBAT

Because the Polish Air Force currently uses F-16 and MiG-29 aircraft, the aim of the study was to conduct a comparison of the susceptibility to destruction in combat of these two aircraft. The first part of the work concerned the analysis of individual critical components, such as: general characteristics of the airframe structure, aircraft engine, flight control system, fuel system, aircraft weapons, radar system. The index of susceptibility to destruction in combat was defined considering the listed critical components and the following types of enemy weapon: aircraft gun, air-to-air missile, anti-aircraft gun, surface-to-air missile. The analysis proved that the aircraft have similar susceptibility to damage in combat, a slight advantage of the F-16 aircraft in this respect was determined. The presented scheme can be used to analyze other aircraft. Proposals of aircraft modifications, directions of further actions, possibilities of using the described method were presented. The method can be used to making decisions by governments regarding the purchase aircraft for their fleets and identify aircraft critical components with high susceptibility to destruction in order to introduce appropriate modifications by military aircraft manufacturers.

Study on projectile number of anti-aircraft gun based on future airspace window

The future airspace window can improve the overall damage capability of the anti-aircraft gun by configuring the weapon’s aiming point to form a regional kill surface. In the general process of airspace window shooting in the future, solving the number of projectiles in the area is an important step, and studying the optimal projectiles can effectively improve the firing efficiency of weapons. By analyzing the deficiency of determining projectile number based on firing distance, a method of projectile number solving based on firing probability density is proposed, and the feasibility of this method is verified by simulation, which provides a new reference for future shooting application of airspace window.

INDICATORS OF SA-19 “GRISON” ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUN MISSILE SYSTEM EFFICIENCY WHEN FIRING AT NONTYPICAL TARGETS OF THE ROCKET AND ARTILLERY WEAPONS

In modern conditions of combat use the SA-19 “Grison” anti-aircraft gun missile system fires at small targets (drones) and typical targets (helicopters and attack aircraft), so a number of problems arise. In particular, they include: finding the value of the probabilities of hitting the target with n shots and one shot; assessing the effectiveness of the SA-19 “Grison” platoon‟s concentrated fire on a single target; estimating errors of missile guidance and warhead detonation system; estimating the values of conditional probabilities of hitting a target with a single missile, depending on the value of particular mishit.
 When calculating the slant range to the far edge of the SA-19 “Grison” weapon's kill zone under different conditions of use, factors that reduce these ranges should be taken into account.
 An analysis of the main studies and publications presented in [1-9] does not make it possible to determine the performance of missile and artillery weapons in shooting at small-size targets. This literature provides general approaches to solving this problem.
 The purpose of this article is to develop a model for calculating the values of conditional probabilities of destruction of small targets, to form the best options for repelling an enemy‟s air strike, as well as to justify the general directions of improvement of weapon‟s elements.

Landmarks in Romanian History of Anti-Aircraft Artillery

The main purpose of this article is to present the decisive contribution that Brigadier General Ion Bungescu had to the development of anti-aircraft artillery in Romania. To achieve this objective we describe in the paper the evolution of the anti-aircraft gun director computer he invented, as well as its modus operandi. The adopted methods include quantitative and qualitative analyses of documents, manuals and albums published during the considered period, and some published by Brigadier General Ion Bungescu. The results of the article are presented in the context of the accelerated development of military aviation between the two world wars. This development put terrible pressure on the development of anti-aircraft artillery that started with land guns adapted for anti-aircraft firing in 1916 and reached anti-aircraft guns controlled by Gun Director Computer in 1945. We can compare the development of military aviation during that time with the development of information technology over the last 30 years, from connecting computers in the network to the use of artificial intelligence.

Dynamics of Short Recoil-Operated Weapon

In this article, the authors mentioned the function of short-recoil-operated weapons with a vertical sliding-wedge breechblock. The dynamic simulation was conducted and then the results were compared with the corresponding experimental data to verify reliability of the model. The model is calculated and tested out on the 37 mm twin anti-aircraft gun. Besides, the article presents the effect of some structural parameters on functionality of the automatic weapon. The reported results are an important theoretical basis to determine the rate of fire and the forces acting on the guns. The movement of the breechblock also affects stability of the weapon and can therefore be used to a math model or to simulate the movement of the weapon. Calculated and verified data could be used for the design of an automatic firing system as well as for solving vibration on automatic guns when burst firing.

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT OF THE ROLLER BEARING PROVIDING MOVEMENT IN THE DIRECTION OF ANTI-AIRCRAFT GUNS

This paper analyzes a method of evaluating the reliability of the rolling bearing in anti-aircraft guns. In evaluating its reliability, the factors that depend on the operating conditions of the anti-aircraft gun are taken into account, as well as the factors of design, technology, materials and assembly

A Helmet Cueing System Based Firing Control for Anti-Aircraft Gun Prototype

In this research work, a firing control system is developed for the ZU-23-2 Russian anti aircraft gun prototype by integrating an image processor with helmet mounted cueing system. The combined action of the image processor and inertial measuring unit, which is mounted on operators helmet used here to generate actuation command for the motors. Actuators used in this research are two stepper motors for azimuth and elevation motion of the weapon; both are controlled by a PI controller. The overall proposed systems are deployed in the prototype hardware and tested with an experiment by varying the target range and the PI controller parameters. Finally, results show an improvement in performance in terms of speed (1.75 sec) and approximately a 82% accuracy of detection as well as in tracking by applying background subtraction in frame deference algorithm. In addition, the deployed stepper motor gives a response time of 0.005 sec for every change in position of the gunner head with 95% accuracy in input waveform tracking.

PID Parameter Tuning of Self-propelled Antiaircraft Gun Servo System Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm

PID Parameter Tuning of Self-propelled Antiaircraft Gun Servo System Based on Differential Evolution Algorithm