Anthropometric Study Research Articles

Ergonomic Design of Classroom Furnitures: Evaluation of Comfortability and Musculoskeletal Disorders

Background: Anthropometric studies are essential in furniture design to ensure comfortability and improved productivity of the users. Methods: Anthropometry of 407 from a population of 5601 students, and classroom furniture at Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology were evaluated. Student’s comfortability and reported musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) in using the furniture were assessed with two questionnaires. Participants who volunteered for the study were randomly selected and had no previous history of MSDs. Descriptive statistics of the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The participant's aged ranged from 17 to 28 years, and mostly were female (61%). The fitness between student’s anthropometry and classroom furniture included underneath table height for the imported plastic furniture and chair seat depth and width, as well as underneath table height for the locally manufactured wooden furniture. We observed high incidence of MSDs, including upper back (71.40%), lower back (58.30%), neck (51.90%), joint (39.10%), shoulder (32%), knee (25.20%), and wrist (22.60%) pain. The prevalence of MSDs were higher in women than men. The majority of the students were uncomfortable with using the furnitures, and only 6.6% reported comfortable experience. Conclusion: Recommended dimensions for ergonomically designed furniture have been proposed to reduce MSDs in the students. It would improves student’s health, and promote comfortability.

The Height of Children and Adolescents in Colombia. A Review of More than Sixty Years of Anthropometric Studies, 1957-2020.

In this article, we present a review of the studies on the heights of children and teenagers in Colombia published since 1957. We focus on examining the geographic coverage, features of the population studied, height measurement techniques, authors’ profiles, and growth patterns in children. This relatively recent literature has been developed mainly by medical doctors who carried out rigorous measurements with highly specific time and space horizons. The first studies emphasized the differences among socioeconomic levels. Later, there was an interest in minority groups, such as indigenous people and Afro-descendants. Although most of the research lacked long-term vision, the overall balance shows that the country has been improving in anthropometric indicators over time, across territories, and in different socioeconomic groups.

A Guide to Bilateral Cleft Lip Markings: An Anthropometric Study of the Normal Cupid's Bow.

The aim of this study was to define the ratio of the heights of the vermilion between the peaks and trough of the Cupid's bow and hence assist in defining the point of closure on the lateral lip element to achieve a balanced Cupid's bow in bilateral lip repair based on our findings. This study is a retrospective observational study of the anthropometrics of the upper lip's Cupid's bow. Three-dimensional (3D) images of toddlers between 2009 and 2016 were extracted from a normative 3D image database of toddlers at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. Participants from the normative 3D image database at the age of 1 year were studied. This excluded any patients with prior trauma or surgical intervention of the nasolabial region. Landmarks measured were right and left crista philtri (cphR and cphL), labial superius (ls), stomion (sto), right and left chelion, and labial fissure (lf). Vermilion height of the right peak, trough, and left peak of the Cupid's bow was calculated by analyzing the vertical linear distance between cphR-lf, ls-sto, and cphL-lf. The ratio between the median and paramedian heights were recorded. The paramedian height of the upper lip vermilion is consistently greater than the midline height. There was no significant sexual dysmorphism between ratio of paramedian to midline height on the right (P = .538) and left (P = .410). We describe an anthropometric observation of the vermilion relationship at the Cupid's bow and define a specific lateral lip marking for bilateral cleft lip repair based on our anthropometric findings.

English

BACKGROUND Femur is the longest and strongest bone of the human body. It also takes relatively longer time to disintegrate after death, hence morphometric analysis of skeletal remains of femoral head can be considered for the determination of age and sex for forensic expert, anthropologist as well as anatomist. The present study was an attempt to establish sex of a skeleton by the help of femoral head diameters which will be of great help in medico-legal and anthropometric studies. METHODS The present study was carried out in the S C B Medical College Cuttack from May 2019 to June 2020 by taking 84 dried and intact femora. The vertical head diameter of femoral head and head circumference were measured by the vernier’ s caliper and measuring tape in centimeters. RESULTS The result showed significant difference in the head circumference and the vertical diameter of head of femur of the male and female femora. It was found that the mean femoral head circumference of the male was 13.296 cm with a “S.D” of 0.8694 cm and female was 12.023 cm with a “S.D” of 0.73 cm and vertical diameter of male was 4.1520 cm with a “SD” of 0.3635 cm and that of female femora was 3.7231 cm with a “S.D” of 0.2264 cm respectively. CONCLUSIONS There was a significant difference in the head circumference and the vertical diameter of head of femur of the male and female femora which determines sexual dimorphism. KEY WORDS Anthropometry, Medico-Legal, and Standard Deviation (SD)

Evaluation of the nutritional habits of the population of the Stavropol Territory and risk factors for the development of diseases associated with nutrition

The study and assessment of the nutritional characteristics of the population makes it possible to detect risk factors for metabolic disorders and the development of chronic non-infectious diseases associated with nutrition, which proves the relevance of the study. The purpose of this article is to study the nutritional characteristics of the population of the Stavropol Territory and identify risk factors for the development of diseases associated with nutrition. For this purpose, 3986 people of the Stavropol Territory aged from 31 to 55 were surveyed and questioned, who were divided into two groups: urban population — 1783 people, rural population — 2203 people. The data of anthropometric studies (height, weight, waist and hip circumference) were collected by a generalizing method using an electronic scale (with an accuracy of 0.2 kg), measurement of height — using a stadiometer (with an accuracy of 0.1 cm), followed by calculating the value of the body mass index (BMI). In 300 people (150 urban dwellers and 150 rural dwellers), the total cholesterol content in the blood was studied, which was determined by the enzymatic colorimetric method. The glucose content was determined by the glucose oxidase method. The excretion of iodine in the urine was determined in the morning portion of urine by the cerium-arsenite method with wet ashing of the sediment. Diagnostics of the elemental status of the population was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry with direct determination of chemical elements. According to the results of the survey, it was found that the risk factors for the development of health disorders in the population of the Stavropol Territory should be considered excessive nutrition in combination with high levels of cholesterol and glucose in the blood, iodine deficiency, decreased levels of calcium, copper, zinc, and low physical activity. More than half of the overweight or obese population had a combination of 3–6 risk factors that worsen their health.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ РЕАБИЛИТАЦИИ ФИЗИЧЕСКИМИ СРЕДСТВАМИ СПОРТСМЕНОВ-ВОЛЕЙБОЛИСТОВ С ТЕНДИНИТОМ НАДКОЛЕННИКА

Aim. The article aims to develop an effective program of physical rehabilitation for reducing the time of temporary disability in volleyball players with patellar tendonitis. Materials and methods. 24 volleyball players (Candidates for Master of Sports, Master of Sports of International Class) participated in the study. Assessment of the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the motor function of the injured knee joint was carried out before the experiment and at the end of the rehabilitation period and included anthropometric studies, myotonometry of the quadriceps femoris of the injured limb, and pain assessment using a 100-point visual analogue scale (VAS). The rehabilitation program for volleyball players with patellar tendonitis implied a comprehensive approach based on isometric, dynamic, kinesiology, proprioceptive and plyometric exercises aimed at developing mobility of the knee joint and the application of kinesiotaping. Results. The obtained results proved the high efficiency of the integrated approach, which includes various physical exercises depending on the features of the morphological and functional processes in the knee joint and quadriceps in different periods of the rehabilitation of volleyball players after patellar tendonitis. Conclusion. The obtained results prove the high efficiency of the program developed for the physical rehabilitation of volleyball players with patellar tendonitis, which allows the athlete to quickly return to training sessions.

Indices of the body structure and activity of the cardiovascular system in female students in modern professional educational institutions

Introduction. The formation of professional groups occurs under the influence of numerous social, medical, and physiological factors. This phenomenon has been known for a long time, but special attention was drawn to it only in the middle of the last century when the term “healthy worker effect” or self-selection was introduced. Since people with various clinical and physiological indices go to various professions, which affects mortality and morbidity in the future and makes it difficult to assess the impact of professional factors objectively. Later, there were identified several reasons determining the state of health of professional groups, particularly the so-called. “Healthy / unhealthy hiring effect.” Moreover, when comparing different working populations, the health status of workers in some cases depended more on the initial indices of employment than on working conditions. The most common method for evaluating the health status of children and adolescents is the assessment of their physical development, particularly the degree of obesity. An increased level of body fat can negatively affect the health of the cardiovascular system. The choice of a future specialty upon admission of adolescents to professional educational institutions may depend both on hygienic features and the self-assessment of their adaptability to working conditions in future activities. Material and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted of 141 female students enrolled in the Saratov College of Water Transport, Construction, and Services. During the examination, an anthropometric study, a study of the structure of body mass, and a study of the state of the cardiovascular system were carried out. Results. Body mass analysis found seamstress and hairdresser-trained girls to have lower body fat but higher levels of lean body mass and active cell mass. In contrast, insurance-trained girls and cook-trained girls had increased levels of body fat but lower levels of lean body mass and active cell mass. At the same time, girls who studied insurance and cooks had a higher load on the cardiovascular system. In these two groups, there were higher mean values of blood pressure and heart rate, as well as higher values of the cardiac index, index “rhythm” and index “myocardium”. Conclusion. Signs of latent obesity associated with a deficit in active cell body mass and excess body fat with normal body mass index are found in a significant number of girls entering various specialties of a vocational educational institution. There are found differences in clinical and physiological indices between groups of female adolescents entering various specialties of a vocational educational institution, which can be regarded as signs of the effect of healthy/unhealthy hiring. Trends that arise already at the stage of formation of professional groups can continue in the course of work and affect the state of health in the future.

О качестве измерений кожно-жировых складок калиперами и скользящим циркулем

A comparative study of the calipers GPM (DKSH, Switzerland), Holtain (Holtain Ltd, Great Britain), the caliper designed by V.E. Deryabin, and the sliding caliper GPM (Martin type) was carried out by the four measurers. The study was conducted using a metal caliper checking gauge GPM, a ‘sandwiches’ of soft silicone rubber kSil™ GP250 (Silicon Engineering, UK), as well as by measurements of subscapular, triceps, suprailiac, and calf skinfolds utilized in the Heath-Carter somatotype assessment scheme, in 20 adult volunteers (10 women and 10 men). Results and discussion. When measuring the caliper checking gauge, the V.E. Deryabin’s and the sliding caliper were accurate, the caliper GPM slightly underestimated (by 0.2 mm), and the caliper Holtain overestimated the exact values (by 0.4-0.6 mm). When measuring ‘sandwiches’ of silicone rubber, the GPM and Holtain calipers showed small but statistically significant differences between measurers (up to 1.4 mm), and for the V.E. Deryabin’s caliper, these differences were more pronounced (up to 5 mm). With a sufficiently high reproducibility of skinfold data, the mean values of their total thickness for the GPM and Holtain calipers differed significantly, and for the V.E. Deryabin and GPM calipers, there were no significant differences. The measurement data using the sliding caliper were consistent with those for the Holtain caliper but showed the largest variation of data between measurers: the maximal difference of the total skinfold thickness averages was 5.2 mm and 7.1 mm in the female and male subgroups, respectively, or 10-14% of the total averages. Conclusion. The results obtained support the need for mutual comparison of skinfold calipers and control of technical measurement errors to ensure data comparability. Cross-calibration of skinfold calipers is a necessary procedure that should precede the anthropometric study. When measured by an experienced anthropologist, the technical error of measuring skinfolds with a sliding caliper can be reduced, but this instrument is not recommended for training and subsequent use for skinfold measurements due to the high risk of obtaining inconsistent data.

Study of the bi-orbital distance and inter-orbital distance of human dry skulls in north Indian population

Introduction: Bi-orbital distance and inter-orbital distance are two of the most important anthropometric parameters. Distance varies with race, regions within the same race & period in evaluation. Anthropometric study of orbit is of immense importance on account of its various implications in medical science, ranging from ophthalmic surgery, facial surgery and for forensic record. It is also helpful in plastic surgery (reconstructive surgery) and is used to treat congenital or post traumatic facial disfigurements successfully. The aim of the study was to investigate the orbital anthropometric variations in the normal population. Materials and methods: The study was conducted on hundred human dry skulls in the department of anatomy, S.N medical college Agra. Bi-orbital distances and inter-orbital distances were measured directly by using digital vernier calipers. Results: In the current study, the mean bi-orbital distance was 93.29±4.37 mm and the inter-orbital distance was 19.79±2.39 mm. Conclusions: The findings of our study provide a database to determine normal inter orbital distance and bi-orbital distance. The BOD and IOD can be utilized by ophthalmologists, in reconstructive cosmetic surgeries of face and by forensic experts. Keywords: Inter-orbital distance, Bi-orbital distance, Dry skull, Digital vernier caliper.

Considerable inter-individual variability of tibial geometric ratios renders bone-implant mismatch unavoidable using off-the-shelf total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the variability in tibial geometric ratios among knees of different sexes and races to determine whether commercially-available tibial baseplates accommodate the morphologic diversity. The hypothesis was that anthropometric studies report considerable variability of tibial geometric ratios among sexes and races. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) criteria. Two authors independently conducted an electronic search using MEDLINE® and Embase® on 28 January 2021 for clinical studies reporting on tibial geometric ratios. Tibial geometric ratios, as reported by the clinical studies, were represented by plotting their means and two standard deviations for comparison to two symmetric and two asymmetric commercially-available tibial baseplates. A total of 27 articles that reported on a combined total of 20,944 knees were eligible for data extraction. Variation in tibial aspect ratios was equal among sexes. The greatest variation in aspect ratio was observed among East Asians, followed by Caucasians, African-Americans, Indian and Middle Easterns. The variation in tibial asymmetry ratio was larger among men compared to women. The greatest variation in asymmetry ratio was observed among African-Americans, followed by Caucasians, East Asians, Indian and Middle Easterns. Bone-implant mismatch of > 3mm overhang or > 4mm under-coverage with four commercially-available tibial baseplates occurred in large proportions of knees due to variations in aspect ratio (in 17-100% of knees) and asymmetry ratio (in 7-100% of knees). Anthropometric studies reported considerable inter-individual variability of tibial geometric ratios, which exceeded effects of sexual dimorphism and racial diversity. Bone-implant mismatch may be unavoidable in a large proportion of knees, when considering that a surgeon generally only uses one or a few TKA brands. These findings support the drive towards patient-specific implants to potentially achieve accurate bone-implant fit by implant customisation. IV.

Microbiological Characteristics of Intestinal Biocenosis of Ambulator Patients Having Behavioral Risk Factors for Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases

The earliest correction of behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases will reduce the rates of premature mortality of the population. Currently, the relationship between the altered spectrum of intestinal microflora in various indicators of suboptimal health status and body mass index is not sufficiently studied. When they are in a state of suboptimal health status, patients consider themselves healthy and do not go to the doctor for a long time, which makes it difficult to implement early preventive measures in this group of patients. Goal. To determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of the intestinal microflora before and 1 month after taking a metaprebiotic complex containing dietary fiber (inulin) and oligosaccharides (oligofructose) in outpatient patients who consider themselves healthy, have behavioral risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases or chronic non-communicable diseases in remission, and/or do not consult a doctor within the last 3 months. Materials and methods. Outpatient patients were examined (114 people: 36 men, 78 women aged 18 to 72 years). A survey was conducted, including a detailed active collection of complaints (including using the international SHSQ-25 questionnaire) and anamnesis, as well as a thorough physical examination with an anthropometric study. Using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry method, the degree of microbiotic disorders, the structure of the intestinal microflora were determined with the identification of microorganisms isolated from feces before and after taking the course of the metaprebiotic complex with various indicators of suboptimal status and body mass index. Results. New data were obtained on the intestinal biocenosis of patients who consider themselves healthy at different levels of suboptimal status. When using a metaprebiotic complex containing inulin and oligofructose, an improvement in the composition of the intestinal microflora was found due to a decrease in the frequency of release of conditionally pathogenic enterobacteria and other gram-negative microorganisms (median degree of contamination: from 0.45 (0.3-0.98) to 0.3(0.21-0.7) at low suboptimal status and from 0.5(0.7-1.7) to 0.31 (0.2-1.3) at high) and increase the frequency of enterococcal excretion (median degree of contamination: from 5,58 (4,16-7,0) tо 6,3 (4,8-7,8) at low suboptimal status and from от 4,5 (2,8-6,3) tо 5,1 (3,8-6,4) at high). Conclusion. The importance of studying the microbiotic complex of the intestine in increasing the indicators of suboptimal health status and body mass index in patients who consider themselves healthy is proved, which will allow for the earliest detection and rational individual prevention of chronic non-communicable diseases.

Instrumental and anthropometric studies in physical rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease of unknown etiology, characterised by pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints of the hands and feet, but the disease can also affect other joints. The disease is quite common among rheumatological pathologies and is observed in an average of 1% of the population. A thorough examination of a patient with rheumatoid arthritis, early detection of the main radiological signs of the disease, the level of functional and organic disorders, and the establishment of a rehabilitation diagnosis are essential, which is the basis for building a further personalised physical rehabilitation programme. The purpose of the paper is to determine the severity of the disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using instrumental and anthropometric methods of research to form an individual approach to rehabilitation. Materials and methods: the study was conducted on the basis of the Rheumatology Department and the Department of Rehabilitation Treatment with Traditional and Alternative Methods of the Rivne Regional Clinical Hospital named after Yuriy Semenyuk. The study involved 216 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, including 178 women (82%) and 38 men (18%). The patients were aged 25 to 59 years (mean age – 46±0.24). The following research methods were used: questionnaire, history taking, objective examination, instrumental methods of research (radiography), anthropometric methods (Ketle index), statistical methods. Results. Clinical and radiological stage I was diagnosed in 50 (23 %) patients, stage II – in 102 (47 %) patients, and stage III – in 64 patients (30 %). It was found that most patients had radiological stage II with characteristic radiological symptoms (periarticular osteoporosis with minor destruction of the subchondral bone; slight narrowing of the joint gaps, single usurps). Average body mass index values indicate that patients are generally overweight, which is a negative factor in the onset and progression of rheumatoid arthritis. Body mass index is an important indicator in determining the indications for treatment and rehabilitation. Conclusion. As a result of the examination, we found that most patients with rheumatoid arthritis were diagnosed with clinical and radiological stage II. The average BMI values indicate that, in general, patients are overweight, which is a negative factor in the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. The above data give grounds for the development and implementation of the concept of physical rehabilitation of patients with rheumatoid arthritis aimed at reducing clinical symptoms of the disease, reducing body mass index and improving the quality of life of patients.

Adiponectin Gene Variant rs3774261, Effects on Lipid Profile and Adiponectin Levels after a High Polyunsaturated Fat Hypocaloric Diet with Mediterranean Pattern.

The role of ADIPOQ gene variants on metabolic improvements after weight change secondary to different hypocaloric diets remained unclear. We evaluate the effect of rs3774261 of ADIPOQ gene polymorphism on biochemical improvements and weight change after high polyunsaturated fat hypocaloric diet with a Mediterranean dietary pattern for 12 weeks. A population of 361 obese subjects was enrolled in an intervention trial with a calorie restriction of 500 calories over the usual intake and 45.7% of carbohydrates, 34.4% of fats, and 19.9% of proteins. The percentages of different fats was; 21.8% of monounsaturated fats, 55.5% of saturated fats, and 22.7% of polyunsaturated fats. Before and after intervention, an anthropometric study, an evaluation of nutritional intake and a biochemical evaluation were realized. All patients lost weight regardless of genotype and diet used. After 12 weeks with a similar improvement in weight loss (AA vs. AG vs. GG); total cholesterol (delta: −28.1 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −14.2 ± 4.1 mg/dL vs. −11.0 ± 3.9 mg/dL; p = 0.02), LDL cholesterol (delta: −17.1 ± 2.1 mg/dL vs. −6.1 ± 1.9 mg/dL vs. −6.0 ± 2.3 mg/dL; p = 0.01), triglyceride levels (delta: −35.0 ± 3.6 mg/dL vs. 10.1 ± 3.2 mg/dL vs. −9.7 ± 3.1 mg/dL; p = 0.02), C reactive protein (CRP) (delta: −2.3 ± 0.1 mg/dL vs. −0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dL vs. −0.2 ± 0.1 mg/dL; p = 0.02), serum adiponectin (delta: 11.6 ± 2.9 ng/dL vs. 2.1 ± 1.3 ng/dL vs. 3.3 ± 1.1 ng/dL; p = 0.02) and adiponectin/leptin ratio (delta: 1.5 ± 0.1 ng/dL vs. 0.3 ± 0.2 ng/dL vs. 0.4 ± 0.3 ng/dL; p = 0.03), improved only in AA group. AA genotype of ADIPOQ variant (rs3774261) is related with a significant increase in serum levels of adiponectin and ratio adiponectin/leptin and decrease on lipid profile and C-reactive protein (CRP).

A technique for selecting complete denture teeth by attaching printed tooth mold images

Tooth selection for complete denture patients has been assisted by different anthropometric studies of individuals from various ethnicities.1-4 However, it may be difficult for the patient to evaluate the esthetic outcome until the tooth arrangement is completed. Although digital dentistry has enabled visualizing the outcome with a digital trial restoration, the expensive software program and complex workflow may make these procedures inaccessible for many practices, and it may be many years before it becomes routine for complete denture fabrication.

Identify dominant dimensions of 3D hand shapes using statistical shape model and deep neural network

Hand anthropometry is one of the fundamentals of ergonomic research and product design. Many studies have been conducted to analyze the hand dimensions among different populations, however, the definitions and the numbers of those dimensions were usually selected based on the experience of the researchers and the available equipment. Few studies explored the importance of each hand dimension regarding the 3D shape of the hand. In this paper, we aim to identify the dominant dimensions that influence the hand shape variability while considering the stability of the measurements in practice. A novel four-step research method was proposed where in the first step, based on literature study, we defined 58 landmarks and 53 dimensions for the exploration. In the second step, 80,000 virtual hand models, each had the associated 53 dimensions, were augmented by changing the weights of Principle Components (PCs) of a statistical shape model (SSM). Deep neural networks (DNNs) were used to establish the inverse relationships from the dimensions to the weight of each PC of the hand SSM. Using the structured sparsity learning method, we identified 21 dominant dimensions that represent 90% of the variance of the hand shape. In the third step, two different manual measuring methods were used to evaluate the stability of the measurements in practice. Finally, we selected 16 dominant dimensions with lower measurement variance by synthesizing the findings in Step 2 and 3. It was concluded that the recognized 21 dominant dimensions can be treated as the reference dimensions for anthropometric study and using the selected 16 dominant dimensions with lower measurement variance, ergonomists are able to generate a 3D hand model based on simple measurement tools with an accuracy of 5.9 mm. Though the accuracy is limited, the efforts are minimum, and the results can be used as an indicator in the early stage of research/design.

Stature estimation for Saudi men based on different combinations of upper limb part dimensions.

Estimating stature based on body/limb parts can help define the characteristics of unidentified bodies. The most studied upper limb part is the hand, although few studies have examined whether stature can be estimated using fingers plus other hand dimensions. Moreover, there is paucity in anthropometric studies that determined whether bilateral whole limb parts (e.g., arms, forearms, and hands) are related to stature among the living subjects.This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the relationship between different upper limb measurements and the stature of Saudi men. Furthermore, I assessed whether upper limb asymmetry was present, and developed regression models to estimate stature based on different available measurements. Stature and 13 upper limb parameters were measured for 100 right-handed Saudi men who were 18 to 24 years old.All measurements were positively correlated with stature (P < .001), and the best single predictor was the bilateral ulnar length. Asymmetry was more pronounced in the hand measurements. A multiparameter model provided reasonable predictive accuracy (±3.77–5.68 cm) and was more accurate than single-parameter models. Inclusion of the right-side fingers improved the model's accuracy.This study developed potential models for estimating stature during the identification of bodies of Saudi men.

Effect of Dapagliflozin on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Single-Center Survey.

IntroductionNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease, with a global prevalence of 20%-40%. Approximately 40%-60% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) experience NAFLD; out of which 20%-40% cases may have higher severity. Due to the scarcity of available reports from the eastern part of India, we aimed to evaluate the effects of dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor used in these types of cases.Material and methodsThe study included consecutive patients with DM2 and NAFLD, treated with dapagliflozin at 10 mg daily for six months. All patients underwent detailed anthropometric, biochemical, abdominal ultrasonography, and transient elastography studies at baseline and after therapy as well as a comparative analysis.ResultsIn the 100 patients included in our study, the male patients outnumbered the female patients (male-to-female ratio, 4.27:-1) and the mean age at presentation was 44.11 ± 8.24 years. The mean body mass index significantly decreased over the course of the therapy, from 27.31± 1.87 kg/m2 at baseline to 26.21 ± 1.51 kg/m2 after the therapy. The patients’ transaminitis, dyslipidemia, and glycemic status significantly improved over the course of the therapy. We also observed significant (p < 0.05) improvement in hepatic steatosis by the end of the treatment. Although transient elastography by FibroScan-measured hepatic fibrosis score (Echosens, Paris, France) significantly decreased from 6.95 ± 1.42 to 6 ± 1.44 kPa, hepatic fibrosis did not improve significantly (p ≥ 0.05) following therapy.ConclusionAlthough dapagliflozin improved body mass index, transaminitis, dyslipidemia, glycemic status, and hepatic steatosis, it had a minimal effect on hepatic fibrosis.

Health education: the effects of an educational program on the health of hypertensive patients with low educational level

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): FAPEMIG Introduction Health education is one of the most complete practices for supporting of patients with chronic diseases such as hypertension. It is important, however, to investigate which strategies would be more assertive in this process, depending on the objective and profile of the patient. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an interactive educational program on the health of hypertensive patients with low educational level in a Basic Health Unit in Brazil. Methods: This is an almost experimental study, with a multidisciplinary approach, with 6 months of duration. Interactive workshops were held where topics related to hypertension, such as: pathophysiology, complications, drug and non-drug therapeutic approach and lifestyle change. It is important to emphasize that the work used interactive and playful sessions, such as games, videos and group dynamics. The sample consisted of 35 hypertensive individuals submitted to blood pressure (systolic = SBP and diastolic = DBP) measurement, quality of life (Minichal), adherence to treatment (Martín-Bayarre-Grau), level of knowledge of the disease, physical activity (IPAQ) and anthropometric study evaluation. In addition, for analysis of the data, the sample was divided into two subgroups, according to the participation in the activities: adhered (n = 11) or not adhered (n = 24). Initially, descriptive statistics were used to present the study variables. Subsequently, the WILCOXON test was used to compare before and after and MANN-WHITNEY to compare the two groups, p = 0.05 was considered significant. Results: No significant difference was found relating the initial data in the two subgroups. After the educational program, a significant reduction was observed in relation to the SBP values: 9.8 mmHg in the adherent subgroup. On the other hand, there was increased 0.7 mmHg among non-adherents. The other evaluations did not change. It should be emphasized that the studied population demonstrated a satisfactory level of knowledge of the pathology and the therapeutic process necessary since the initial evaluation in both groups. Such finding, however, was not related to adherence to treatment. Conclusion: the findings suggest that an adapted educational approach could help to control blood pressure levels of hypertensive patients with low educational level. In addition, it was observed that knowledge does not seem to be associated with action, and it is necessary to develop strategies that can increase adherence to therapeutic interventions.

English

BACKGROUND The peculiar waddling gait of a female attracts most of the anatomists to measure and compare the neck-shaft angle (NSA) of the femora. The femoral neck shaft angle is greater in women due to greater pelvic breadth and shorter femur. Neck-shaft angle was measured by the angle that the neck makes with the shaft of the femur and it is measured on the ventral surface of femur taking the long axis of femoral neck with the long axis of the proximal end of the femur. It gives information about the race it belongs to and normally measures 120° to 140°. The intention of this study was to establish the femoral neck shaft angle variations in adult male and female for medico-legal and anthropometric studies. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 adult human femora of unknown sex in the anatomy department, Sriram Chandra Bhanja (SCB) Medical College, Cuttack, Odisha, from May 2018 to April 2019. We included all the femora which were free of damage or deformity and fully ossified indicating adult bone. Femora with any pathological changes i.e., cortical bone deterioration, extreme osteophyte activity, osteoarthritis and fracture etc. were excluded from the study. The NSA was measured by protractor and goniometer. RESULTS In the present study the NSA range for the right femur of male was 108° - 135° and for the right femur of females 117° - 135°. The left male femur was 118° - 135° and the left female femur was 120° - 135°. The mean neck shaft angle of male femora was 125.9° and the female femora was 125.7°. These measurements show that the values were more in males than the females. The value of the present study was statistically significant between male and female i.e., P &lt; 0.0001. CONCLUSIONS These measurements are important in the medico-legal cases, reconstructive orthopaedic surgeries, hip replacement surgeries and also while constructing suitable prosthesis. This will also be helpful in the detection of sex by anatomists and forensic experts. KEY WORDS Neck Shaft Angle, Medico-Legal, Anthropometry and Goniometer

Design and Baseline Demographics of a Five-Year, Multi-National Observational Cohort Study of Children With Achondroplasia (ACHieve Study)

Background: Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common form of dwarfism occurring in 1 in 22,000 births (95% CI 18,500 to 26,000). This skeletal dysplasia is caused by a gain-of-function mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) gene located on chromosome 4p16.3 and results in sustained activation of the FGFR3 pathway leading to impaired chondrogenesis and endochondral bone formation. Both typical childhood growth patterns and the impaired linear growth of ACH are modulated by the delicate balance between growth-inhibiting FGFR3/mitogen-activated phosphokinase and growth-promoting c-type natriuretic peptide/natriuretic peptide receptor B.Individuals with ACH frequently develop clinically significant comorbidities, many with onset during childhood. Currently, there are no therapies addressing the underlying pathology. Most available treatments are surgical with goals to alleviate the symptoms from specific comorbidities (i.e. foramen magnum and spinal stenosis or recurrent otitis media). Since the available therapies do not address the underlying etiology, individuals with ACH often undergo multiple surgeries and myriad other forms of supportive care throughout their lives. The precise timing of comorbidity onset and the natural history of many of the skeletal dysplasia features are incompletely defined. This information is needed to inform the design and conduct of pathology-targeted intervention studies. Aim: The purpose of this study is to gather information about the precise timing of comorbidity onset, the longitudinal growth trajectory, and the evolution of body proportionality in children with ACH. Methods and Future Results: The ACHieve study (NCT03875534) is a multi-center, longitudinal, observational cohort study in children with ACH from birth up to 8 years at enrollment. In this non-therapeutic study, children are evaluated every six months for up to 5 years in 25 centers from North America, Europe and Oceania. The first patient was enrolled in 2019 and a total of 84 children have been enrolled to date. At each assessment, children undergo comprehensive anthropometric studies, (including body proportionality measurements and recumbent or standing height) and information on the timing and nature of ACH-related comorbidities and their treatments are collected. Additional information about the baseline demographics, including sex, age distribution, race/ethnicity, and height standard deviation scores will be presented at the time of conference. Conclusions: The ACHieve study will provide additional insight into the natural history of growth, body proportionality, and comorbidities in children with ACH. These observations will serve as a benchmark for future intervention trials targeting the pathology of the underlying skeletal dysplasia.