Anthropometric Measurements Research Articles

The Role of Intersectional Stigma in Coronary Artery Disease Among Cisgender Women Aging with HIV

Cisgender women living with HIV experience elevated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk that increases with age, a concern given extended life expectancies for people living with HIV. The CVD risk disparity among cisgender women aging with HIV is understudied and remains unclear. Taking a psychoneuroimmunology approach, given this group’s intersecting marginalized identities, one potential driver of the disparity is intersectional stigma. Yet not all women living with HIV have coronary artery disease (CAD). Resilience to stigma may serve as a protective factor to CAD, as observed in other health issues. This study aimed to explore the relationship between intersectional stigma, resilience, “traditional” CVD risk factors, and objective indicators of CAD among women aging with HIV. A diverse sample of cisgender women aging with HIV (aged ≥ 35, N = 48) completed a cross-sectional survey, clinical health interview, blood sample, blood pressure, anthropometric measurements, and computed tomography angiography (CTA). CART-based machine learning models assessed the statistical importance of traditional CVD risk factors, intersectional stigma, and resilience for classifying individuals with coronary artery stenosis, calcification, and inflammatory markers associated with CAD. Of the n = 31 who completed CTA, 74% had detectable calcification and 39% stenosis. Intersectional stigma was identified as an important variable for explaining calcification, but not stenosis, and for explaining sCD163, an inflammatory biomarker associated with CAD. Results show a potential psychoneuroimmunology pathway to the CAD disparity among this group. Future longitudinal research should investigate the mechanisms of this pathway and consider stigma as target for intervention to improve cardiovascular health among women aging with HIV.

Do sociodemographic and health predictors affect the non-insulin-based insulin resistance index? A cross-sectional study.

Insulin resistance (IR) is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, early diagnosis of IR is clinically significant for primary and secondary CVD prevention initiatives. In addition, non-insulin metabolic indices may be useful for diagnosing IR. The first objective was to estimate the triglyceride and glucose (TyG) index and the metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR) index values in a local community with high social deprivation and increased cardiovascular risk according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation scale. The second objective was to identify significant sociodemographic and health predictors for the TyG index and METS-IR index. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the local community of Janów district in eastern Poland and consisted of 2 stages. The 1st stage involved basic research (n = 4,040), while the 2nd stage involved enhanced diagnostics (n = 2,657). Data from the 2nd stage was used for the analyses. Anthropometric and physiological measurements were taken, blood was drawn for laboratory tests, selected sociodemographic and health variables were evaluated, and the TyG index and METS-IR index were calculated. The mean TyG index score in the study group was 8.65 (±0.58), and the mean METS-IR index score was 41.45 (±9.02). Both indices were significantly associated with age, male sex, smoking, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a multivariable model. In addition, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) were significantly correlated with the TyG index, whereas education was significantly associated with the METS-IR index. Our results show the association between IR and sociodemographic and health variables in a group with a high social deprivation rate and increased cardiovascular risk. Early detection of cardiometabolic risk is important for both primary and secondary CVD prevention. In primary healthcare, this can be accomplished through surrogate markers of IR.

The Relationship Between Picky Eater and The Nutrional Status of Preschool Children at Gotong Royong Kindergarden in Surabaya, Indonesia

One of the eating behavior disorders in preschool children is picky eater, a behavior that is picky about food so that children experience limited consumption of a variety of foods. This impacts the nutritional status of children, which can affect their health. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between children's eating behavior disorders (picky eaters) and the nutritional status of preschool children at Kindergarten Gotong Royong Surabaya, Indonesia. This was an observational analytical research with a cross-sectional research design. The sampling method used purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by filling out the CEBQ (Child Eating Behavior Questionnaire) questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of body weight and height, as well as measuring nutritional status using the indicators BB/TB (0-6 months) and BMI/U (>60 months). All data were processed using IBM SPSS v25.0 software with the Spearman rank correlation test. The results of the study showed that 53.6% of preschool children at KB-TK Gotong Royong Surabaya had eating behavior disorders (picky eaters), 46.4% of the children were non-picky eaters, 41.0% had poor nutritional status, and 43.6% had normal nutrition who were mostly non-picky eaters. The bivariate analysis results of the correlation test obtained a p-value of 0.001 (α>0.05). These data showed a relationship between picky eating disorders and the nutritional status of preschool children at Kindergarten Gotong Royong Surabaya.

Abstract 4137518: The implications of polygenic versus phenotypic characterization of obesity for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health

Introduction: The overall amount and the distribution of body fat, proxied by body-mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), are two important measures of obesity and have significant polygenic heritability. We aimed to investigate whether polygenic scores (PGS) for these traits have additional predictive utility, beyond phenotypic characterization of obesity, for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health. Methods: We derived PGS for BMI (PGS BMI ) and WHR adjusted for BMI (PGS WHRadjBMI ) using PRS-CS-auto on summary statistics from ~700k individuals of European ancestry (EA) in the GIANT consortium and selecting ~1M common variants for each score. We conducted association analyses in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, a prospective cohort including 8,631 EA individuals with ascertainment of incident diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke, and heart failure. We used nested Cox models to measure the added predictive utility of PGS to BMI and WHR for incident CKM phenotypes. Results: The study cohort (age 54.4±5.7 years, 52.4% women, follow-up 24.5±7.6 years) had a baseline BMI of 26.4 kg/m 2 (median [IQR]; 21.6-29.6) and WHR of 0.94 (0.88-0.98). PGS BMI and PGS WHRadjBMI were associated with their phenotypes (partial R 2 ; BMI 0.11 and WHR 0.04, p <0.001), although with a large phenotypic variability across the distribution of PGS (IQR for 1 st and 10 th deciles of PGS; BMI 19.6-28.3 and 22.6-35.9, WHR 0.79-1.03 and 0.87-1.05). Anthropometric measures of obesity were associated with a wider gradient of risk compared to PGS for obesity–most notable for diabetes and cardiovascular phenotypes (Table 1a). Addition of PGS BMI and PGS WHRadjBMI to BMI and WHR resulted in limited improvement in risk discrimination across incident CKM phenotypes (Table 1b). Conclusions: Observed anthropometric measures of obesity are sufficient, and for certain conditions far superior, to capture the risk of incident CKM phenotypes. These findings suggest PGS for adiposity traits likely have limited clinical utility to refine risk stratification for CKM syndrome among middle aged adults.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NEWBORNS FROM WOMEN WHO CONTRACTED COVID-19 DURING PREGNANCY

Objective: to study characteristics of newborns from women who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy. Material and methods. The condition of newborns was analyzed based on 210 primary medical records of women who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy (main group). These findings were compared with similar data obtained from a control group of 210 women who did not have COVID-19 during pregnancy, selected using the case-control method. To assess the newborns' condition, gestational age at birth, anthropometric measurements, and Apgar scores were examined. Research results. It was found that women who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy are at an increased risk for perinatal complications. Significant differences were observed in gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores between the main and control groups. Babies born to mothers in the main group were more frequently premature compared to the control group (P<0.05), where all newborns were full-term. In the main group, 68.6% of newborns were in satisfactory condition, with an Apgar score of 8. In 13.8% of cases, the score was 7, while 12.4% had a score of 6, and 5.2% had a score of 5. In contrast, 93.8% of newborns in the control group had an Apgar score of 8, 5.7% scored 7, and 0.5% scored 6 (p<0.05). Furthermore, in the main group, 84.3% of newborns were discharged home in satisfactory condition, while 14.7% required transfer to the intensive care unit, and 1.0% died. In the control group, 99.0% of newborns were discharged home in satisfactory condition, and 1.0% were transferred to intensive care (p<0.05). Conclusions. The study revealed that women who contracted COVID-19 during pregnancy are at an increased risk of perinatal complications. Significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, and Apgar scores were observed between the main and control groups (P<0.05). Newborns in the main group were more frequently premature compared to those in the control group, where all births were full-term (P<0.05). It is recommended that women who had COVID-19 during pregnancy be classified as a "risk group" for perinatal complications.

Prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition among 15-49-year-old women in Sierra Leone: A secondary data analysis of Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey of 2019.

Undernutrition of women of childbearing age is pertinent for maternal and offspring health. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition (underweight and stunting) among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sierra Leone using a secondary data analysis of the 2019 Demographic Health Survey. Anthropometric measurements and maternal characteristics were obtained from the Sierra Leone Demographic Health Survey (SLDHS) of 2019. The heights and weights of women were measured, and BMI in kg/m2 was calculated. Based on the World Health Organization's recommendations, stunting was defined as heights <145cm and being underweight as BMI <18.5kg/m2. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with undernutrition, with a significant level set at p<0.05. A total of 7,514 women of reproductive age, 15-49 years were analyzed in this study. The prevalence of stunting and underweight were 1.5% (113/7514) and 6.7%(502/7,514), respectively. Women with primary education had a 47% lower likelihood of being stunted (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 0.53, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]:0.30-0.94;p = 0.029) than secondary education. Women in the poorest wealth index had a 51% lower likelihood of being stunted (aOR = 0.49,95%CI:0.27-0.88;p = 0.017) than the middle wealth index. Underweight was 1.48 times more likely among women with a parity of one-to-four (aOR = 1.48,95% CI:1.08-2.03;p = 0.015) than women who never gave birth. Also, underweight was 1.41 times more likely among women who listened to radios (aOR = 1.41,95% CI:1.14-1.74;p = 0.002) than those who did not. Age groups of 15-19 years and 40-49 years had a 54% (aOR = 0.46,95%CI:0.34-0.62;p<0.001) and 34% (aOR = 0.66,95%CI:0.45-0.97;p = 0.035) lower likelihood of being underweight than 20-29-year age group, respectively. Women with primary education had a 26% lower likelihood of being underweight (aOR = 0.74,95%CI:0.56-0.99;p = 0.042) than those with secondary education. However, none of the wealth indices was significantly associated with being underweight. The prevalence of underweight and stunting among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) in Sierra Leone was lower than regional and world data. This study highlights similarities and differences in this population's prevalence and factors associated with undernutrition. Underweight and stunting were less likely in women with primary education, while parity of one to four and listening to radios were significantly associated with being underweight. Further trend studies using DHS data from 2010, 2014, and 2019 are warranted to understand the dynamics of undernutrition among women (15-49 years) in Sierra Leone.

Cardiometabolic risk factors are affected by interaction between FADS1 rs174556 variant and dietary vegetable oils in patients with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

FADS1 rs174556 polymorphism influences on dietary fats metabolism and type 2 diabetes (T2DM). This study aimed to compare the effect of three oils of sesame, canola and sesame-canola on cardio metabolic factors across genotypes of rs174556 variant in patients with type 2 of diabetes. This study was a randomized triple-blind three-way cross-over clinical trial. 95 Subjects with T2DM replaced their regular dietary oil with sesame oil, canola oil, or sesame-canola oil for three 9-week phases and completed the study. There were three anthropometric measurements, blood sampling and biochemical assessments at the beginning, middle, and at the end of each phase for assessments. Genotyping was conducted using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. In the crude model, there was an interaction between consumed oils and rs174556 variant on serum concentration of Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-1). During intake of sesame oil, lower levels of triglycerides (TG) were observed in individuals with TT genotype compared to C allele carriers' allele, which remained significant in adjusted models. Compared to C allele carrier's, the people with TT genotype experienced significant increase and decrease in serum levels of HDL and TG, respectively in adjusted models. Also, the subjects who consumed sesame-canola oil had lower serum concentrations of fasting blood glucose than those who received sesame and canola oils, regardless of used oils and genotypes. FADS1 Gene variant (rs174556) might modify cardiometabolic changes following dietary vegetable oils. Larger longitudinal studies especially randomized clinical trials are needed to clarify these associations.

Nutrition among nursing home residents: results from the NutriCare study

BackgroundOlder adults living in nursing homes (NHs) are considered a vulnerable population in terms of nutrition. The aim of the present study was to explore the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, and specific food groups, along with offers in the NH menus on a nationally representative sample of Slovenian NH residents and compare dietary patterns with the established recommendations.MethodsThe study was conducted as part of a cross-sectional NutriCare study on 317 residents (65–101 years) from 20 Slovenian NHs in 9 health regions. Relatively independent residents were selected using quota sampling by sex and age. Data collection involved interviews and anthropometric measurements. Usual dietary intake was assessed by a multiple-source method from two 24-h dietary recalls and food frequency questionnaires. Adherence of dietary intake to the recommendations and dietary composition of NH menus were assessed. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) was used to explore nutritional status.ResultsNotable variability in energy and macronutrient intakes was observed with some participants showing intakes below and others above the recommended values. A high prevalence of BMI &amp;gt; 30 kg/m2 was observed in 39% of participants, indicating potential discrepancies between total energy intake and expenditure. The usual intake of fat was 36% of total energy intake (TEI). The intake of foods of animal origin exceeded dietary guidelines. Intake of carbohydrates (46% TEI in men and 47% TEI in women) as well as dietary fibre (20 g/day for both sexes) was below recommendations. A scarce intake of fruits, vegetables, and cereals was observed. In total, 40% of men and 35% of women had usual daily protein intakes lower than 1 g/kg of body weight. The protein content of breakfast and dinner could be improved. NH residents consumed little food from outside NH. The usual nutrient and food group intakes of residents reflected the NH menu offers.ConclusionThe study results on the usual intake of energy, macronutrients, specific food groups, and offers in the NH menus indicate the potential for optimisation. According to the World Health Organisation, the prevalence of BMI &amp;gt; 30 kg/m2 is notable and warrants attention. Careful meal planning and regular monitoring of the nutritional status of NH residents should be considered.

Importance of Return to Usual and School Activities After Social Isolation in Recovering Vitamin D Concentrations, Physical Fitness, and Motor Performance in Adolescents

This study aimed to observe adolescents’ changes and individual responses regarding the anthropometry, cardiometabolic profile, vitamin D concentrations, physical fitness, and motor competence upon immediate return and three months of school activities after lockdown. Methods: The study included 28 adolescents (14.8 ± 0.8 years) of both sexes. Anthropometric measures, body composition, cardiometabolic parameters, physical fitness, and motor competence were assessed. A paired t-test was used to compare the frequencies of respondents and the effect size of the results, considering significant p &lt; 0.05. Results: After three months of school activities, adolescents changed their body composition, reducing % fat mass (p = 0.008) and increasing fat-free mass (p = 0.008). In terms of physical fitness, there was increased abdominal resistance (p &lt; 0.001; ES = −0.42) and motor performance, with reduction in supine-to-stand test time (p &lt; 0.001; ES = 0.53). There were very beneficial effects in reducing resting heart rate (p ≤ 0.001; ES = 0.61) and increasing vitamin D concentrations (p &lt; 0.001; ES = −0.61). After three months of a school routine, the proportions of change in respondents were similar between girls and boys and eutrophic individuals and overweight individuals. Conclusions: Returning to school activities after lockdown was important for the recovery of vitamin D concentrations, physical fitness, and motor competence, whose responses were independent of the level of adiposity and sex of the adolescents.

Nutritional Status of Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) in Irbid Governorate, Jordan: A Case-Control Study

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a crucial infertility problem among women in the world; especially Arab women. The main objective of this case-control study was to perform anthropometric, biochemical, clinical and nutritional assessment among PCOS patients. The study population composed of 60 Jordanian women aged 19–39 years, and classified into two groups: 30 were cases (PCOS patients) and 30 were control group (Healthy women). Results of the study indicated that the Body Mass Index (BMI) were significantly higher among PCOS patients than healthy women. Furthermore, significant differences were shown in the mean values of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and (LH): Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) (LH:FSH) ratio which were higher among PCOS patients with a p=0.01 and p=0.03, respectively. Also, significant differences between PCOS patients and healthy women were shown for three clinical manifestations of PCOS including infertility, sleep apnea, and eating disorders. Moreover, the findings of the validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) revealed no significant differences between two study groups in the consumption of macronutrients and total energy intake. It is obviously concluded from the study that PCOS is remarkably responsible for substantial variations in anthropometric and biochemical measurements, hormonal levels, and clinical features among PCOS patients.

Chyme reinfusion therapy in adults with severe acute intestinal failure: A descriptive cohort study.

Chyme reinfusion therapy treats patients with high-output fistulas or stomas by returning chyme to the distal gut. The role of this treatment in severe acute intestinal failure is currently unclear. The primary outcome of this study was a successful establishment of chyme reinfusion therapy, defined by the ability to replace parenteral nutrition for nutrition support. A descriptive cohort study of adult patients with severe acute intestinal failure due to a high-output stoma and distal mucus fistula or a high-output small intestinal fistula receiving chyme reinfusion therapy was undertaken. The effect of chyme reinfusion therapy on parenteral nutrition requirements, medication, nutrition status, liver function, and treatment cost were studied. Twenty-four patients commenced treatment for a median of 44 (range, 3-571; total, 2263) days. Fifteen (62.5%) were successfully established for 1208 days, and nine continued treatment at home. Parenteral requirements, including volume, energy and nitrogen content, and frequency, were significantly reduced (P = 0.002), whereas anthropometric measurements remained stable. However, chyme therapy was not tolerated in nine patients (37.5%), and only two (8.3%) weaned fully from parenteral nutrition. Chyme reinfusion therapy was associated with a 47.6% reduction in parenteral energy requirements, 42.8% reduction in nitrogen, and 33.3% reduction in volume of parenteral nutrition requirements. Treatment was associated with a net cost of £30.05 ($40.27) per patient per day. Chyme reinfusion therapy was associated with reductions in the need for parenteral therapy and medication but did not replace parenteral nutrition or result in a significant cost saving.

Weight loss in patients with severe obesity after bariatric surgery-the potential role of the chrono-nutrition, chronotype and the circadian misalignment: A study protocol of the ChronoWise prospective cohort.

Despite the potential effectiveness of bariatric surgery in promoting weight loss, a considerable proportion of patients still face the challenge of achieving optimal post-surgery outcomes. The timing of eating, in addition to the content of what is eaten, as well as chronotype and social jetlag (a marker of circadian misalignment), have been implicated in weight regulation. However, the current understanding of these chrono-related behaviours in individuals undergoing bariatric surgery is still scarce. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the role of chrono-nutrition, chronotype, and circadian misalignment in the weight-loss trajectory among individuals living with severe obesity who underwent bariatric surgery. The ChronoWise project is a prospective single-centre cohort study designed to follow patients experiencing bariatric surgery at the Santo António Local Health Unit (ULSSA), Porto, Portugal. Participants will be recruited and evaluated at pre-surgery and followed-up over 3 and 6 months after surgery. The baseline evaluation will be conducted face-to-face during the hospital stay and by telephone or video call on the subsequent evaluations, following standard procedures. Data collection includes sociodemographics, food intake, chrono-nutrition behaviours, sleep time behaviour, sleep quality, screen time, physical activity and exercise behaviours, anthropometric measurements, and biochemical parameters. The 'Munich Chronotype Questionnaire' will be used to assess chronotype and social jet lag. Chrono-nutrition dimensions will be measured by the 'Chrononutrition Profile-Questionnaire' in all evaluations. Weight and height will be self-reported and retrieved from medical registries. trajectories of weight-loss will be obtained. This study will add important evidence on the role of chrono-nutrition, chronotype and social jetlag profile in weight-loss outcomes after bariatric surgery. Identifying novel approaches to change the paradigm of post-surgical weight management towards a tailored treatment aligned with circadian rhythm may be useful to strengthen the existing treatments and improve patients' response to bariatric surgery.

Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of anxiety and depression in people with obesity: a cross-sectional analysis.

Anxiety and depression are common mental disorders worldwide, in particular in people with obesity. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been found beneficial for the prevention of anxiety and depression in the general population. We aimed to evaluate this association in a large cohort of people with obesity. A cross-sectional study of 4957 patients with obesity (63.1% women, median age 49 years, IQR 40-58 years and BMI 33.6 kg/m2, IQR 31.6-36.9 kg/m2) was carried out. Clinical history, anthropometric measurements and lifestyle-related information were investigated. A 14-item MEDAS questionnaire was used to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The 20-item STAI2 questionnaire and the 24-item QD questionnaire were used to assess the presence of anxious and depressive symptoms, respectively. Clinical cases of anxiety and depression were identified among patients with a physician-made diagnosis of anxiety and depression or with STAI2 and QD score ≥95th percentiles of reference population. Overall, 11.9% of participants were positive for anxiety and 11% for depression. Multivariate linear regression models showed a decrease in STAI2 and QD scores of 0.18 points (95%CI: -0.33, -0.03) and 0.10 points (95%CI: -0.16, -0.03), respectively, for each 1-point increase in MEDAS score. The multivariate logistic regression model showed a 7% reduction in the odds of anxiety and depression for each 1-point MEDAS increase (OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.89, 0.99; OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.88, 0.98). Mediterranean diet is associated with a lower risk of anxiety and depression in people with obesity. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine causality.

Metabolic stress in patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis - a single-center cohort study

Background and aimsAcute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) is characterized by systemic inflammation, which may initiate an acute-phase response leading to hypercatabolism. Patients with ASUC are usually treated with high-dose steroids that may further accelerate the metabolic response and lead to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Nevertheless, the degree of synergy between inflammation and steroid treatment and their influence on the insulin resistance remains unknown. We aimed to measure the degree of metabolic stress including insulin resistance in patients with ASUC during admission and three weeks after discharge.MethodsThis single-center cohort study was conducted in adult patients with ASUC, defined and assessed by Truelove and Witt’s criteria. Indirect calorimetry, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and the Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) were applied at baseline and at follow-up three weeks after discharge.ResultsAmong the 22 patients admitted during the project period, 15 provided consent for participation in the study. Median C-reactive protein at inclusion was 37.6 [4; 154.7]. Both median HOMA-IR and fasting plasma glucose were markedly increased at inclusion (median 8.6 [3.8; 14.1] and 7.1 [6; 8.7], respectively), and both had decreased significantly three weeks after discharge (p=0.0036 and p=0.0039, respectively). No significant differences were observed in resting energy expenditure or anthropometric measurements from baseline to follow-up.ConclusionPatients with ASUC presented with marked insulin resistance, indicating that the days following admission and high-dose steroid treatment are particularly vulnerable. Despite improvement at three-week follow-up, patients still exhibited insulin resistance compared with relevant control groups.Clinical trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT0527183.

Waist-to-Height Ratio Cut-Off Points for Central Obesity in Individuals with Overweight Across Different Ethnic Groups in NHANES 2011–2018

Background: The identification of surrogate measures of central obesity is of clinical importance, and the waist-to-height ratio (WtHR) has recently attracted great interest as an alternative method. Objective: For this reason, we aimed to establish specific WtHR cut-off points for adiposity (i.e., central obesity) in four different ethnicity groups across both sexes based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population. Methods: Of the total 23,037 participants who completed four cycles of the survey between the years 2011 and 2018, anthropometric measures (i.e., body weight, waist circumference, and height) and dual X-ray absorptiometry-derived visceral adipose tissue (DXA-derived VAT) results were available for 3566 individuals who were assessed in this cross-sectional study. Participants with an overweight status defined according to the World Health Organization (WHO) body mass index (BMI) cut-off points (25–29.9 kg/m2) were included. The sample was then categorized by adiposity according to the DXA-derived VAT tertiles (highest), and based on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the best sensitivity and specificity were attained for predicting central obesity using the WtHR. Results: The following WtHR cut-offs were identified as having the best discriminating ability for central obesity: 0.57 for White males and 0.58 for White females; 0.55 for Black males and 0.57 for Black females; 0.56 for Asian males and 0.59 for Asian females; and 0.57 for Hispanic males and 0.59 for Hispanic females. Conclusions: These new WtHR cut-off points should be utilized in adults with overweight to screen for central adiposity based on their sex and ethnicity, and obesity guidelines therefore need to be revised accordingly.

Association of Dietary Patterns, C-Reactive Protein, and Risk of Obesity Among Children Aged 9–17 Years in Guangzhou, China: A Cross-Sectional Mediation Study

Background: Childhood obesity is a major public health challenge in the 21st century, and diet is one of the key modifiable factors in its prevention. This study examined the link between dietary patterns of children and general and central obesity, including the role of C-reactive protein (CRP). Methods: This study enrolled 2413 children aged 9–17. Anthropometric measurements, CRP levels, and dietary data were collected. Factor analysis identified dietary patterns, and logistic regression examined the association between CRP levels and childhood obesity. Multiple linear regression determined the correlation between dietary patterns and CRP. Mediation analysis assessed the role of CRP in the link between dietary patterns and childhood obesity. Results: Three dietary patterns were identified. The rice and meat pattern was significantly correlated to the risk of childhood obesity (OR = 1.166, 95%CI: 1.000, 1.359 for general obesity; OR = 1.215, 95%CI: 1.071, 1.377 for central obesity). CRP was positively correlated with childhood obesity risk (OR = 2.301, 95%CI: 1.776, 2.982 for general obesity; OR = 2.165, 95%CI: 1.738, 2.697 for central obesity). The fruit and vegetable pattern was inversely related to CRP (β= −0.059, 95%CI: −0.081, −0.036), while the snack pattern was positively correlated (β= 0.043, 95%CI: 0.020, 0.065). CRP had a suppressive effect on the association between the fruit and vegetable pattern and snack pattern with childhood obesity. Conclusions: This study revealed the rice and meat pattern as a risk factor for childhood obesity, and cross-sectional evidence linked the fruit and vegetable pattern and snack pattern to childhood obesity risk, mediated by CRP.

Lipid Accumulation Product and Cardiometabolic Index as Effective Tools for the Identification of Athletes at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a growing global public health concern that is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular events, even in athletes. The lipid accumulation product (LAP) index and cardiometabolic index (CMI) have been shown to be efficient markers of MS in the general population; its applicability in athletes has not been discussed yet. We aimed to assess the role of LAP and CMI in predicting MS in athletes. Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 793 Olympic athletes practicing different sporting disciplines (power, skill, endurance, and mixed), classified arbitrarily into no risk (NR), low risk (LR), high risk (HR), or MS if they had 0, 1, 2, or 3 criteria for MS, respectively. Evaluations included a calculation of the LAP index, CMI, anthropometric measurements, and clinical and laboratorial variables. Results: Among our population, only 0.8% reached the criteria for MS, 9.1% were at HR for MS, 37.8% were defined as LR, and 52.3% had NR. Significant differences in anthropometric parameters and the principal components of MS criteria (blood pressure, lipidic profile, glycemia) were reported predominantly in HR athletes and those with MS (p &lt; 0.0001). LAP and CMI presented linearly increasing values from individuals with NR to those with MS (p &lt; 0.0001). In addition, HR and MS athletes were classified as “likely MS” (9.8%) and LR and NR athletes as “unlikely MS” (90.2%). After adjusting for potential confounders, LAP ≥ 34.66 and CMI ≥ 0.776 emerged as independent predictors for MS in the overall cohort (Hazar Ratio (HR) 7.22 [3.75–13.89], p &lt; 0.0001, and HR 5.37 [2.96–9.73], p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). The ROC curve revealed that these cut-offs in the general population predict MS with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.80 and 0.79, respectively, for LAP and CMI. However, gender-related cut-offs seem to be more precise in predicting MS (LAP ≥ 38.79 for male, LAP ≥ 14.16 for female, and CMI ≥ 0.881 for male and ≥0.965 for female). Conclusion: The ROC curve analyses of LAP and CMI showed good diagnostic accuracy in predicting MS among athletes, despite the low prevalence of MS in our sample. Thus, these indexes may be used to promote screening for primary prevention and early detection of athletes at risk for MS to establish an early prevention strategy. Larger prospective studies are necessary to validate their benefit in the general population.

Age-Related Differences and Reliability of a Field-Based Fitness Test Battery in Young Trained Footballers: The Role of Biological Age

Background: the purpose of this study was to analyze the reliability of a field-based fitness test battery in young trained football players, according to biological age. Methods: 197 young trained football players (12–19 years old) participated in the study. We measured anthropometric measurements (i.e., height, sitting height, length leg, and body mass), a bilateral vertical jumping test (CMJ), a progressive loading test of squats and hip thrust, acceleration and speed tests (10 m and 30 m sprint tests), a change-of-direction ability test (V–cut test), and a cardiorespiratory fitness test (30–15 intermittent fitness test). Statistical data are shown as the mean ± standard deviation by PHV group in tests and retests. Test reliability was assessed through the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), with an ICC above 0.9 being considered high. To evaluate accuracy and repeatability, standard error of measurement, coefficient of variation, and minimum detectable change at 90% were determined and Bland–Altman diagrams were used, establishing a statistical significance of p &lt; 0.05. Results: All of the tests showed non-significant differences between the test and retest in the pooled sample (p &gt; 0.05). Furthermore, all of them presented a trivial effect size (&lt;0.2) and high intraclass correlation coefficients (&gt;0.9), which indicates the high reproducibility of the tests, despite some of them presenting a significant difference between trials (i.e., the CMJ, 10 m sprint, V–cut, and squat tests). Low measurement errors were found for all tests (coefficient of variation [CV] = 4.39–9.39), except for the CMJ and the progressive loading test for squat and hip thrust exercises (CV = 12.2–21.11). Similar results were found irrespective of biological age group. Conclusions: All tests were reliable for the pooled sample as well as for the biological age groups.

Post-Discharge Growth Among Extremely Preterm Infants With or Without Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

This study aimed to evaluate whether bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and home respiratory care (HRC) after discharge, including home oxygen therapy (HOT) or home mechanical ventilation (HMV), were associated with the growth of extremely preterm infants. This secondary study uses data from a study on the infant and early childhood development survey of low-birth-weight infants in the Health, Labor, and Welfare Science Research. We enrolled 788 singleton extremely preterm infants appropriate for gestational age (GA). BPD was defined as the requirement of supplemental oxygen or respiratory support at 36 weeks corrected GA. We compared trends of anthropometric measurements from age 0 to 5 years among infants with non-BPD, BPD without HRC, and BPD with HRC. We obtained 4113 weight and length measurements. At age 0-5 years, the BPD with the HRC group weighed less and was shorter than the other two groups. Lower GA and BPD status were significantly associated with growth failure of weight at 3 and 5 years after adjustment for potential risk factors. Lower GA was significantly associated with growth failure of length at 3 and 5 years. Conversely, although BPD status was significantly associated with growth failure of length at 3 years, it was not at 5 years. Among extremely preterm infants, BPD with HRC was associated with a significant growth delay at 0-5 years compared with non-BPD and BPD without HRC. However, the effect of different severities of BPD on growth failure of length was attenuated with age.

H-NMR metabolomics identifies three distinct metabolic profiles differentially associated with cardiometabolic risk in patients with obesity in the Di@bet.es cohort

BackgroundObesity is a complex, diverse and multifactorial disease that has become a major public health concern in the last decades. The current classification systems relies on anthropometric measurements, such as BMI, that are unable to capture the physiopathological diversity of this disease. The aim of this study was to redefine the classification of obesity based on the different H-NMR metabolomics profiles found in individuals with obesity to better assess the risk of future development of cardiometabolic disease.Materials and methodsSerum samples of a subset of the Di@bet.es cohort consisting of 1387 individuals with obesity were analyzed by H-NMR. A K-means algorithm was deployed to define different H-NMR metabolomics-based clusters. Then, the association of these clusters with future development of cardiometabolic disease was evaluated using different univariate and multivariate statistical approaches. Moreover, machine learning-based models were built to predict the development of future cardiometabolic disease using BMI and waist-to-hip circumference ratio measures in combination with H-NMR metabolomics.ResultsThree clusters with no differences in BMI nor in waist-to-hip circumference ratio but with very different metabolomics profiles were obtained. The first cluster showed a metabolically healthy profile, whereas atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypercholesterolemia were predominant in the second and third clusters, respectively. Individuals within the cluster of atherogenic dyslipidemia were found to be at a higher risk of developing type 2 DM in a 8 years follow-up. On the other hand, individuals within the cluster of hypercholesterolemia showed a higher risk of suffering a cardiovascular event in the follow-up. The individuals with a metabolically healthy profile displayed a lower association with future cardiometabolic disease, even though some association with future development of type 2 DM was still observed. In addition, H-NMR metabolomics improved the prediction of future cardiometabolic disease in comparison with models relying on just anthropometric measures.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated the benefits of using precision techniques like H-NMR to better assess the risk of obesity-derived cardiometabolic disease.