Anthropometric Equations Research Articles

Validation of Anthropometric Muscle Cross-Sectional Area Equation after Spinal Cord Injury

The purposes of this study were to cross-validate a previously derived anthropometric estimation equation specific to the spinal cord injury population and determine the ratios of absolute skeletal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) for the quadriceps, hamstrings, and adductor muscle groups based on magnetic resonance imaging. The validation cohort consisted of eleven men with chronic (>1 yr. post injury) spinal cord injury (SCI). Ten individuals were classified as AIS A or B and one participant was classified as an AIS C. Significant correlations were found between the anthropometrically predicted CSAs and MRI-derived CSAs for the whole muscle including bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.72, SEE=10.6 cm2, P<0.001), absolute muscle excluding bone and intramuscular fat (r2=0.60, SEE=10.1 cm2, P=0.005), and absolute quadriceps muscle (r2=0.67, SEE=5.5 cm2, P=0.002). The quadriceps, hamstrings and the adductor muscle groups represented 52±5%, 23±6%, and 20±4%, respectively, of the absolute muscle CSA. Our results suggest that the utilization of a previously developed anthropometric equation is applicable to a different validation cohort with SCI. The equation has the ability to predict whole muscle CSA, absolute muscle CSA excluding bone and intramuscular fat, and absolute muscle CSA of the quadriceps in individuals with chronic SCI.

ESTIMATION OF FEMALE BODY FAT PERCENTAGE BASED ON BODY CIRCUMFERENCES

ABSTRACT Introduction: The increase in the prevalence of obesity entails the need for accurate low-cost methods to estimate body fat percentage (BF%). Objective: The aim of this study was to develop mathematical models to estimate the BF% of young women from southern Brazil using inexpensive equipment, based on body circumferences (BC), considering the shortage of specific studies of this population. Methods: Subjects were women (n=130) aged 18 to 35 years (26.06±4.41 years), from the city of Curitiba. Body mass and stature were measured and used to estimate body mass index (BMI), while BC measurements of the arm, forearm, waist (narrowest point and umbilicus), abdomen, hip, thigh and leg were taken for use in the mathematical models. Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) equipment recorded the BF%. Pearson’s correlation was used for anthropometric variables and age in association with BF%. The indicators with best correlations were used to estimate linear regression mathematical models for prediction of BF%. The results of the two models and of nine anthropometric equations were compared to those obtained with the DXA using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and paired t-test. Results: Age was not significantly correlated with BF% (r=0.113 and p=0.200). The BCs with the highest correlations with BF% were abdomen, hip and waist - umbilicus (r=0.697, 0.682, 0.660, respectively, and p&lt;0.001). Eight equations showed positive correlation with BF%, but only the results obtained with the models estimated in this study did not differ from those of DXA, with paired t-test. Mathematical models were developed with three (r=0.744, r²=0.554; t=0.16 and p=0.869) and six (r=0.768, r²=0.591; t=-0.04 and p=0.967) anthropometric variables. Conclusion: The use of mathematical models developed for estimating BF% based on body circumference and body mass is considered feasible. Level of Evidence II; Diagnostic studies - Investigating a diagnostic test.

Anthropometry to assess body fat in Indonesian adults.

Anthropometric equations are widely used to estimate body composition however, are only appropriate for use in populations in which they have been developed and validated. The present study developed anthropometric prediction equations for Indonesian adults and cross-validated them with selected equations used in this population. Six hundred Indonesian adults aged between 18- 65 years (292 males and 308 females) were divided equally into development and validation groups. Stature, body weight, skinfold thickness at eight sites, girth at five sites, and bone breadth at four sites were measured. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to propose percentage body fat (%BF) prediction equations using measured variables and %BF from the deuterium oxide dilution technique as the reference. The proposed prediction equations were then cross-validated using the validation group and %BF estimated from several existing equations. Proposed prediction equations showed r ranged from 0.82 to 0.86 and Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE) from 4.7 to 5.4%. Cross-validation analysis showed bias with the reference %BF between 0.2 and 3.3% and Pure Error (PE) between 2.8 and 4.0%. Among the existing equations, the Durnin and Womersley equation was applicable in females whilst the equation by Davidson et al. underestimated %BF by 6.3-6.6% and the equation by Gurrici et al overestimated by 2.0-3.4% in both genders (p<0.01). The proposed prediction equations provide better options for accurate prediction of %BF in Indonesian adults.

Accuracy of Anthropometric Equations for Estimating Body Fat in Professional Male Soccer Players Compared with DXA.

Background There are several published anthropometric equations to estimate body fat percentage (BF%), and this may prompt uncertainty about their application. Purpose To analyze the accuracy of several anthropometric equations (developed in athletic [AT] and nonathletic [NAT] populations) that estimate BF% comparing them with DXA. Methods We evaluated 131 professional male soccer players (body mass: 73.2 ± 8.0 kg; height: 177.5 ± 5.8 cm; DXA BF% [median, 25th–75th percentile]: 14.0, 11.9–16.4%) aged 18 to 37 years. All subjects were evaluated with anthropometric measurements and a whole body DXA scan. BF% was estimated through 14 AT and 17 NAT anthropometric equations and compared with the measured DXA BF%. Mean differences and 95% limits of agreement were calculated for those anthropometric equations without significant differences with DXA. Results Five AT and seven NAT anthropometric equations did not differ significantly with DXA. From these, Oliver's and Civar's (AT) and Ball's and Wilmore's (NAT) equations showed the highest agreement with DXA. Their 95% limits of agreement ranged from −3.9 to 2.3%, −4.8 to 1.8%, −3.4 to 3.1%, and −3.9 to 3.0%, respectively. Conclusion Oliver's, Ball's, Civar's, and Wilmore's equations were the best to estimate BF% accurately compared with DXA in professional male soccer players.

Predictive equations for muscle mass in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia.

Objective: to compare anthropometric equations with one that uses BIA to predict muscle mass in patients with SCA. Methods: 76 patients with ages from 22 to 72 years had their muscle mass estimated by the equation that employs BIA and by five anthropometric equations. The results were analyzed using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficient, the paired t test and the Bland-Altman plot. Results: the mean weight and height ± SD were 64.2 ± 14 kg and 1.61 m ± 8 cm, respectively. The equation proposed by Lee et al. (2000), which uses body weight and height measurements, produced the best results in predicting muscle mass, since a significant bias value was not detected, and both a stronger linear correlation (r = 0.94) and higher intraclass correlation (ICC = 0.93). Conclusion: this anthropometric equation can be used to reliably estimate and monitor decreases in muscle mass in people with SCA.

Volume Estimates in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients by the Watson Equation and Bioimpedance Spectroscopy and the Impact on the Kt/Vurea calculation.

Background:Accurate assessment of total body water (TBW) is essential for the evaluation of dialysis adequacy (Kt/Vurea). The Watson formula, which is recommended for the calculation of TBW, was derived in healthy volunteers thereby leading to potentially inaccurate TBW estimates in maintenance hemodialysis recipients. Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) may be a robust alternative for the measurement of TBW in hemodialysis recipients.Objectives:The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of Watson formula–derived TBW estimates as compared with TBW measured with BIS. Second, we aimed to identify the anthropometric characteristics that are most likely to generate inaccuracy when using the Watson formula to calculate TBW. Finally, we derived novel anthropometric equations for the more accurate estimation of TBW.Design and Setting:This was a cross-sectional study of prevalent in-center HD patients at St Michael’s Hospital.Patients:One hundred eighty-four hemodialysis patients (109 men and 75 women) were evaluated in this study.Measurements:Anthropometric measurements including weight, height, waist circumference, midarm circumference, and 4-site skinfold (biceps, triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac) thickness were measured; fat mass was measured using the formula by Durnin and Womersley. We measured TBW by BIS using the Body Composition Monitor (Fresenius Medical Care, Bad Homburg, Germany).Methods:We used the Bland-Altman method to calculate the difference between the TBW derived from the Watson method and the BIS. To derive new equations for TBW estimation, Pearson’s correlation coefficients between BIS-TBW (the reference test) and other variables were examined. We used the least squares regression analysis to develop parsimonious equations to predict TBW.Results:TBW values based on the Watson method had a high correlation with BIS-TBW (correlation coefficients = 0.87 and P < .001). Despite the high correlation, the Watson formula overestimated TBW by 5.1 (4.5-5.8) liters and 3.8 (3.0-4.5) liters, in men and women, respectively. Higher fat mass and waist circumference (general and abdominal obesity) were correlated with the greater TBW overestimation by the Watson formula. We created separate equations for men and women based on weight and waist circumference.Limitations:The main limitation of our study was the lack of an external validation for our novel estimating equation. Furthermore, though BIS has been validated against traditional reference standards, our assumption that it represents the “gold standard” for body compartment assessment may be flawed.Conclusions:The Watson formula generally overestimates TBW in chronic dialysis recipients, particularly in patients with the highest waist circumference. Widespread reliance on the Watson formula for derivation of TBW may lead to the underestimation of Kt/Vurea..

Comparison between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and skinfold thickness in assessing body fat in overweigh/obese adult patients with type-2 diabetes

Percentage of body fat (%BF) is estimated in clinical practice using anthropometric equations, but little is known about their reliability in overweight/obese patients with type-2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to compare, in overweight/obese adults with type-2 diabetes, %BF estimated with several commonly used anthropometric equations and %BF measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, Hologic). The %BF was measured with DXA in 40 patients aged 40–68 years with type-2 diabetes (mean HbA1c, 7.3 ± 0.9%). Body density was estimated in the same patients by means of four anthropometric equations and converted to %BF using the Siri and Brozek equations. Paired-sample t-test and the mean signed difference procedure were used to compare anthropometric equation-derived %BF and DXA measurements. The coefficient of determination was computed. Bland-Altman analysis was used to test the agreement between methods. Among the four anthropometric equations, the Durnin-Womersley equation only showed close agreement with DXA in both female and male patients; the other equations significantly underestimated or overestimated %BF. Two new predictive equations were developed using DXA as the reference to predict total body and trunk %BF. Further comparative studies are required to confirm and refine the accuracy of practical, non-invasive methods for monitoring %BF in this population.

SARCOPENIA EM UMA AMOSTRA DE INDIVÍDUOS INFECTADOS HIV ATENDIDOS A NÍVEL AMBULATORIAL

Introdução: A população infectada pelo vírus HIV está envelhecendo e a sarcopenia é um importante problema de saúde que pode afetar essa população,levando a consequências negativas, como declínio de mobilidade, piora na qualidade de vida e até morte. O presente estudo tem como objetivo descrever a frequência de sarcopenia em pacientes infectados pelo HIV em dois ambulatórios na cidade de Salvador-Brasil. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal incluídos 128 pacientes infectados pelo vírus HIV. Foram incluídos sujeitos com idade ?18 anos infectados pelo HIV, com capacidade de execução de comandos externos simples, estabilidade hemodinâmica, capacidade de deambulação sem auxílio externo, ausência de dispnéia ou alguma alteração cardiorrespiratória. O diagnóstico de sarcopenia foi determinado pela combinação de redução de massa esquelética, obtida através de equação antropométrica; com fraqueza muscular e/ou baixo desempenho físico. Estas duas mensurações foram realizadas com o dinamômetro de preensão palmar e com o teste de velocidade de marcha respectivamente. Resultados: A ocorrência de sarcopenia foi de 5,5% de toda amostra e a de pré-sarcopenia, 10,2%. Houve associação entre sarcopenia com as variáveis idade(p=0,001), maior tempo de tratamento antiviral(p=0,001) e maior índice de comorbidades de Charlson(p=0,003). Conclusão: A frequência de sarcopenia entre indivíduos infectados HIV foi baixa, com uma maior frequência de pré-sarcopenia, o que sugere uma necessidade de maior atenção para esta população no que diz respeito as intervenções como treino de força e melhor aporte nutricional.

SARCOPENIA: PREVALENCE AND PROGNOSIS IN OLDER PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

To date, no study has systematically investigated the prevalence of sarcopenia in cardiovascular disease (CVD) according to the international consensus definition. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and prognostic value of sarcopenia in older patients with CVD. The study population consisted of 1929 admitted patients aged 60 years and older (72.3 ± 7.3 years, 633 females) with CVD. Sarcopenia was defined according to the recommended diagnostic algorithm of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS). Handgrip strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer, and gait speed was measured by a 10-m walking test. Using the cut-off points from the AWGS consensus, low hand grip strength was defined as <26 kg for men and <18 kg for women, and slow gait speed was defined as <0.8 m/sec. The muscle mass was estimated according to a previously validated anthropometric equation in Asian population. The endpoint was all-cause mortality. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 26.8% (male:17.6%, female:45.7%) and increased with age (<75 years: 16.5%, 75–84 years: 40.3%, ≥85 years: 62.6%, P for trend <0.001). During follow-up (2.3 ± 2.2years), 203 deaths occurred. Patients with sarcopenia had a higher risk of all-cause death compared with non-sarcopenic patients (age-sex adjusted hazard ratio: 2.00, 95% confidence interval: 1.46 - 2.73, P < 0.001). The present study suggests that sarcopenia is highly prevalent among older patients with CVD and it is associated with increased mortality.

Are traditional body fat equations and anthropometry valid to estimate body fat in children and adolescents living with HIV?

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of traditional anthropometric equations and to develop predictive equations of total body and trunk fat for children and adolescents living with HIV based on anthropometric measurements. Forty-eight children and adolescents of both sexes (24 boys) aged 7–17 years, living in Santa Catarina, Brazil, participated in the study. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used as the reference method to evaluate total body and trunk fat. Height, body weight, circumferences and triceps, subscapular, abdominal and calf skinfolds were measured. The traditional equations of Lohman and Slaughter were used to estimate body fat. Multiple regression models were fitted to predict total body fat (Model 1) and trunk fat (Model 2) using a backward selection procedure. Model 1 had an R2=0.85 and a standard error of the estimate of 1.43. Model 2 had an R2=0.80 and standard error of the estimate=0.49. The traditional equations of Lohman and Slaughter showed poor performance in estimating body fat in children and adolescents living with HIV. The prediction models using anthropometry provided reliable estimates and can be used by clinicians and healthcare professionals to monitor total body and trunk fat in children and adolescents living with HIV.

Validity of anthropometric equations to estimate infant fat mass at birth and in early infancy

BackgroundIn newborns and children, body fat estimation equations are often used at different ages than the age used to develop the equations. Limited validation studies exist for newborn body fat estimation equations at birth or later in infancy. The study purpose was to validate 4 newborn fat mass (FM) estimation equations in comparison to FM measured by air displacement plethysmography (ADP; the Pea Pod) at birth and 3 months.MethodsNinety-five newborns (1–3 days) had their body composition measured by ADP and anthropometrics assessed by skinfolds. Sixty-three infants had repeat measures taken (3 months). FM measured by ADP was compared to FM from the skinfold estimation equations (Deierlein, Catalano, Lingwood, and Aris). Paired t-tests assessed mean differences, linear regression assessed accuracy, precision was assessed by R2 and standard error of the estimate (SEE), and bias was assessed by Bland-Altman plots.ResultsAt birth, FM measured by ADP differed from FM estimated by Deierlein, Lingwood and Aris equations, but did not differ from the Catalano equation. At 3 months, FM measured by ADP was different from all equations. At both time points, poor precision and accuracy was detected. Bias was detected in most all equations.ConclusionsPoor agreement, precision, and accuracy were found between prediction equations and the criterion at birth and 3 months.

Assessing Fat Mass of Adolescent Swimmers Using Anthropometric Equations: A DXA Validation Study

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim of the present study was to determine which of the published anthropometric equations is the most appropriate to estimate body-fat percentage (BF%) in adolescent swimmers. Method: Eighty-eight swimmers (45 boys, 43 girls) participated in this study. Following the recommendations of the International Society of the Advancement of Kinanthropometry, biceps, triceps, subscapular, iliac-crest, supraspinale, front-thigh, and medial calf skinfold thicknesses were measured. Waist, hip, midthigh, calf, relaxed arm, and arm flexed and tensed girths were also registered. BF% was measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to obtain the reference value. Existing anthropometric equations were applied, and BF% results obtained from anthropometric equations were compared to DXA BF% results with the modified Bland-Altman. Results: The Flavel, Durnin-Rahaman-Siri, and Durnin-Rahaman-Brozek were the only equations that did not demonstrate statistically significant differences when compared with DXA. Conclusion: The present study showed that the best anthropometric equation from existing literature to estimate BF% in swimmers is that proposed by Durnin-Rahaman (independently of applying the Siri or Brozek equation).

Sarcopenia in rheumatoid arthritis: prevalence, influence of disease activity and associated factors.

Evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia on patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the influence of sarcopenia on disease activity and factors associated with sarcopenia. One hundred and twenty-three patients aged over 18years with RA based on the 1987 ACR/EULAR classification criteria were enrolled. We performed a whole body DXA scan using a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanner lunar prodigy to measure fat mass, lean mass, and bone mass in the whole body and body parts. According to the anthropometric equation by Baumgartner et al., sarcopenia was defined as Relative skeletal mass index (RSMI) <5.5kg/m2 on women and <7.26kg/m2 on men. Body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference were measured and patients were classified according to World Health Organization. Disease activity was evaluated by: disease activity score 28 ESR (DAS28 ESR), disease activity score 28 CRP (DAS28 CRP), clinical disease activity index (CDAI), simplify disease activity index (SDAI). We measured functional disability by Health assessment questionnaire (HAQ). History and previous medication use including steroids were also checked, and comorbidities were recorded. We analyzed the relation between disease parameters and sarcopenia with the r of Pearson and Spearman. Factors associated and related to sarcopenia were assessed using multiple regression analysis and t independent test. We included 123 patients (107 women). 49 subjects (39.8%) where suffering from sarcopenia, of which 40 women. Most of the sarcopenic patients were between 41 and 50years old. Sarcopenia on female subjects was not related to parameters of disease activity evaluated by DAS 28, CDAI and SDAI. Most of the sarcopenic patients had normal BMI and abnormal waist circumference. In simple regression analysis sarcopenia was related to BMI, DAS 28 ESR, bone erosion, waist circumference and HAQ. In multiple regression analysis, sarcopenia was positively related to an increase cardiometabolic risk [p = 0.025, OR 0.176, CI (0.038-0.980)], normal BMI [p = 0.004, OR 12.3, CI (2.27-67.6)], over fat BMI [p = 0.004, OR 12.3, CI (2.27-67.6)] and bone erosion [p = 0.012, OR 0.057 CI (0.006-0.532)]. No statistical difference was found according to disease duration and steroids use between sarcopenic and non sarcopenic patients. Sarcopenia is prevalent and related to age, bone erosion, normal/over fat BMI and high cardiometabolic risk according to waist circumference but not with disease activity.

Development and validation of two equations based on anthropometry, estimating body fat for the Greek adult population.

To validate anthropometric equations in the current literature predicting body fat percentage (%BF) in the Greek population, to develop and validate two anthropometric equations estimating %BF, and to compare them with the retrieved equations. Anthropometric data from 642 Greek adults were incorporated. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used as reference method. The comparison with other equations was made using Bland-Altman analysis, intraclass correlation coefficient, and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient. Nine of the thirty-one retrieved equations had no statistically significant bias. However, all of them had wide limits of agreement (±8.3 to ±16%BF). The equations accrued were: BF% = -0.615-10.948 × sex + 0.321 × waist circumference + 0.502 × hips circumference-0.39 × forearm circumference - 19.768 × height (m) and BF% = -27.787-5.515 × sex-8.419 × height + 0.145 × waist circumference + 0.270 × hips circumference + 7.509 × log of thigh skinfold + 20.090 × log of sum of skinfolds (bicep + tricep + suprailiac + subscapular)-0.445 × forearm circumference. Bland-Altman's reliability analysis showed no significant bias of -0.058 and -0.148%BF and limits of agreement ±8.100 and ±6.056%BF; the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.955 and 0.976; and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient was 0.914 and 0.951, respectively. Literature equations performed moderately on this study's population. Therefore, two equations were designed and validated. The first one was simple and easily applicable, with measures obtained from a measuring tape, and the second one more complicated yet more accurate and reliable. Both were found to be reliable for the assessment of body composition in the Greek population.

Selection and analysis of anthropometric equations for the calculation of body composition in adults

En diversos estudios se han utilizado criterios antropometricos, como el indice de masa corporal (peso-estatura), para definir la obesidad, no obstante estos indices poseen poca sensibilidad para monitorear y calcular realmente el sobrepeso y la obesidad. Por lo anterior y en la busqueda de mejores opciones, se evaluaron ecuaciones antropometricas de la composicion corporal para poder identificar las de mayor sensibilidad para calcular las proporciones corporales. El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo seleccionar y analizar ecuaciones antropometricas para el calculo de la composicion corporal. El estudio fue descriptivo, se evaluaron dos individuos masculino y femenino para verificar la utilidad de las ecuaciones elegidas. Para la recopilacion de los datos se diseno una ficha antropometrica, las medidas mas sobresalientes estudiadas fueron los pliegues cutaneos: tricipital, subescapular, suprailiaco, abdominal, muslo anterior y pierna (pantorrilla). Dos diametros: el biestiloideo (muneca) y el bicondileo (femoral) y se analizaron las ecuaciones de Yuhasz, el de Rocha, Matiegka y la ecuacion de Dubois-Dubois. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.21017/rimci.2017.v4.n7.a21

Sarcopenia predicts readmission and mortality in elderly patients in acute care wards: a prospective study.

BackgroundThe aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of sarcopenia and investigate the associations between sarcopenia and long‐term mortality and readmission in a population of elderly inpatients in acute care wards.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study in the acute care wards of a teaching hospital in western China. The muscle mass was estimated according to a previously validated anthropometric equation. Handgrip strength was measured with a handheld dynamometer, and physical performance was measured via a 4 m walking test. Sarcopenia was defined according to the recommended diagnostic algorithm of the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia. The survival status and readmission information were obtained via telephone interviews at 12, 24, and 36 months during the 3 year follow‐up period following the baseline investigation.ResultsTwo hundred and eighty‐eight participants (mean age: 81.1 ± 6.6 years) were included. Forty‐nine participants (17.0%) were identified as having sarcopenia. This condition was similar in men and women (16.9% vs. 17.5%, respectively, P = 0.915). During the 3 year follow‐up period, 49 men (22.7%) and 9 women (16.4%) died (P = 0.307). The mortality of sarcopenic participants was significantly increased compared with non‐sarcopenic participants (40.8% vs. 17.1%, respectively, P < 0.001). After adjusting for age, sex and other confounders, sarcopenia was an independent predictor of 3 year mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.49; 95% confidential interval: 1.25–4.95) and readmission (adjusted hazard ratio: 1.81; 95% confidential interval: 1.17–2.80).ConclusionsSarcopenia, which is evaluated by a combination of anthropometric measures, gait speed, and handgrip strength, is valuable to predict hospital readmission and long‐term mortality in elderly patients in acute care wards.

The Accuracy of Anthropometric Equations to Assess Body Fat in Adults with Down Syndrome.

The aim of this study was to verify the accuracy of anthropometric equations to estimate the body density (BD) of adults with Down syndrome (DS), and propose new regression equations. Twenty-one males (30.5±9.4 years) and 17 females (27.3±7.7years) with DS participated in this study. The reference method for BD was air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Also, the BD was estimated by anthropometric equations. The body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated by the Siri equation. For females, the Durnin and Womersley equation showed no difference from the ADP, but a trend of underestimation was observed. For males, all equations were significantly different for the BF % from ADP. The equations developed in this study showed a high correlation and acceptable agreement with BF % from ADP in both genders. All equations are not valid for DS adults. The new equations developed here were accurate in estimating the BF %.

Development of 1RM Prediction Equations for Bench Press in Moderately Trained Men.

Macht, JW, Abel, MG, Mullineaux, DR, and Yates, JW. Development of 1RM prediction equations for bench press in moderately trained men. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2901-2906, 2016-There are a variety of established 1 repetition maximum (1RM) prediction equations, however, very few prediction equations use anthropometric characteristics exclusively or in part, to estimate 1RM strength. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop an original 1RM prediction equation for bench press using anthropometric and performance characteristics in moderately trained male subjects. Sixty male subjects (21.2 ± 2.4 years) completed a 1RM bench press and were randomly assigned a load to complete as many repetitions as possible. In addition, body composition, upper-body anthropometric characteristics, and handgrip strength were assessed. Regression analysis was used to develop a performance-based 1RM prediction equation: 1RM = 1.20 repetition weight + 2.19 repetitions to fatigue - 0.56 biacromial width (cm) + 9.6 (R = 0.99, standard error of estimate [SEE] = 3.5 kg). Regression analysis to develop a nonperformance-based 1RM prediction equation yielded: 1RM (kg) = 0.997 cross-sectional area (CSA) (cm) + 0.401 chest circumference (cm) - 0.385%fat - 0.185 arm length (cm) + 36.7 (R = 0.81, SEE = 13.0 kg). The performance prediction equations developed in this study had high validity coefficients, minimal mean bias, and small limits of agreement. The anthropometric equations had moderately high validity coefficient but larger limits of agreement. The practical applications of this study indicate that the inclusion of anthropometric characteristics and performance variables produce a valid prediction equation for 1RM strength. In addition, the CSA of the arm uses a simple nonperformance method of estimating the lifter's 1RM. This information may be used to predict the starting load for a lifter performing a 1RM prediction protocol or a 1RM testing protocol.

A New Specific Equation for the Assessment of Body Fat Percentage in Adolescent Soccer Players

PURPOSE: To determine whether the commonly used anthropometric equations or a new developed specific anthropometric equation are adequate to estimate body-fat percentage (BF%) in adolescent soccer players. METHODS: Ninety-eight players (65 males/33 females; 13.4 ± 0.6 years) from different Spanish soccer clubs participated in the present study. Following the recommendations of the International Society of the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK), biceps, triceps, subscapular, supraspinale, iliac-crest, abdominal, front thigh and medial calf skinfolds were measured and inserted in the following prediction equations to estimate BF%: Johnston et al., Slaughter et al., Carter et al., Faulkner et al. and Deurenberg et al. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used as a reference method to evaluate BF%. Several 2-paired samples t-test were used to compare BF% from DXA and the different equations. The validity and presence of heteroscedasticity of these equations was assessed by Bland-Altman analyses. Stepwise linear-regression was used to develop the soccer-specific equation. A cross-validation for the new anthropometric equation was performed using Stein´s equation. RESULTS: The developed equation resulted as follows: %BF = 11.115 + 0.775*(triceps skinfold) + 0.193*(iliac-crest skinfold) - 1.606*(sex; being sex=0 for female and sex=1 for male). The present study showed that Johnston et al. equation was the only one without differences with DXA, but with tendency towards heteroscedasticity. However, the proposed equation demonstrated high cross-validation prediction power (R2=0.85). CONCLUSIONS: The specific equation developed in the present study may be the most appropriate for estimating BF% in adolescent soccer players.

Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Changes Monitored by DXA And Anthropometric Equations in Professional Soccer Players

Appendicular Lean Soft Tissue Changes Monitored by DXA And Anthropometric Equations in Professional Soccer Players