Anthropological Point Of View Research Articles

Zwangsbehandlung in der Psychiatrie und Selbstbestimmungsfähigkeit: Anthropologie einer Grenzbegegnung

Whereas from a professional point of view, a medical treatment might seem necessary, this treatment might be refused by the patient. In such cases, the patient's ability to determine his will is the key. Any substitutive medical decision is justified by a specific normative framework. The dialectic between a patient's inability to determine his will and the conviction of physicians about the necessity of a medical intervention is reformulated from a medical-anthropological point of view. This dialectic leads to a substitutive decision-making on the basis of a presumed will beyond the elemental will due to the breakdown of mental capacity/legal competence. After bracketing out legal concepts, assumptions mirroring canonical conceptions of individual autonomy are carved out. Then the medical encounter involving medically necessary treatments rejected by the patients is analyzed from an anthropological point of view. Hereby, both i) the asymmetry in the understanding and implementation of necessary medical measures, and ii) the emotional resonance capability between physician and patient are discussed. Based on these observations, a criticism of a solely individualistic conception of the mentally ill without any consideration of social interconnections will be developed. Finally, criteria for the assessment of mental capacity as well as for a pragmatic and prudent decision-making under uncertainty are proposed. Mental capacity and legal competence as normative concepts mean the autonomy to act towards sustainable self-care. It can be understood as the competence of judging one's own intentions; this competence includes the balanced interpretation of contingencies and forecasting the scope of consequences. The canonical dialectic between self-sufficiency (corresponding to mental capacity) and subsidiarity (according to substitutive decisions) is based, within the framework proposed here, on treatment asymmetry and personal resonance. When considering substitutive decisions, the relevant social micro systems the patient is embedded in should be taken into account. The anthropological examination of the dialectic between autonomy (based on mental capacity) and substitutive decisions leads to a reflection on individual decision-making with uncertain denouement rather than unequivocal, categorical solutions. All stakeholders and relevant others should be taken into account in the decision-making process.

Prank Journalism as a New Genre in Russian Media Landscape

The article aims at theorizing the phenomenon of prank journalism. The authors explain the need for new formats of searching for information in the context of information wars. The concept prank is defined in general, at the same time it is analyzed in the psychological, socio-cultural and legal aspects, a psychological and social image of a prankster is drawn. The article describes the process of a prank phone call evolving first into a youth subculture and then into a new genre of journalism. The aspects of the prank subculture are described from the viewpoint of anthropology and its media coverage is characterized. Some aspects of the beginnings of prank journalism in the Russian media space are considered, Examples of prank journalism in the Western media space are given. The article states reasons for the introduction of political prank in the Russian media space. The article offers basis for comparing a pranksters and journalists activities, and describes the ethical component of prank journalism. The article gives a brief characteristic of stages of creating a prank. The role of the personal factor in a prank journalists job is defined as exemplified by Alexey Stolyarov (Lexus) and Vladimir Kuznetsov (Vovan), the founders of the Russian intellectual prank. Examples of some well-known pranks from the recently published book by Vovan and Lexus For Whom the Phone Rings? are given. The article offers criteria for rating pranks as instruments for creating fake news as exemplified by the prank about the victims in the Kemerovo Winter Cherry mall, disseminated by a Ukrainian prankster. The prank is considered in a dichotomy: as information terrorism and as a kind of fact journalism. The article states how the prank is characterized by professional journalists and media people. The article makes a conclusion about the place of prank journalism in the modern media space.

Perspectiva intercultural en la Universidad médica contemporánea.

Introducción: La construcción de sociedades interculturales, sustentadas en la riqueza de la diversidad, el respeto mutuo y la igualdad, es un requerimiento para la supervivencia pacífica y el desarrollo futuro de la humanidad, en este marco se inserta un proceso de enseñanza – aprendizaje sustentado en lo social y lo cultural.
 Objetivo: Proponer un sistema didáctico para desarrollar la interculturalidad en el ambiente áulico de la Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Carrera de Medicina, a punto de partida de la revisión exhaustiva de la literatura de los últimos cinco años.
 Metodología: Se emplearon los métodos de investigación histórico-lógico, el análisis-síntesis, sistémico, hipotético-deductivo e inductivo-deductivo. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura desde el 2012 al 2017, que incluyó 15 artículos en ProQuest, todos revisados por expertos y publicados en revistas científicas de alto impacto. Participaron dos revisores independientes, quienes trabajaron sobre el diseño de sistemas didácticos en la Educación Superior.
 Resultados: La revisión de quince artículos publicados en el periodo 2012-2017 permitieron sustentar teóricamente el diseño de un sistema didáctico para la búsqueda de información desde una perspectiva intercultural, con vistas a dar solución a problemas que se presentan en la etapa estudiantil y profesional, favorecer la adquisición de conocimientos y comparación de resultados obtenidos en sus investigaciones con los de otros autores, a partir de una triangulación, todo lo cual favorecerá el desarrollo de la actividad científica estudiantil y profesional, con un impacto en la producción científica de la Instituciòn de Educación Superior.
 Conclusiones: Los referentes teóricos abordados desde una perspectiva intercultural permitieron reconocer la importancia de preservar la cultura vista desde lo antropológico, lo cual conlleva a respetar las tradiciones, a conservarlas como legado para una trasmisión lo más fidedigna posible de generación en generación, además permite reconocer que el aspecto cultural va entrelazado con el proceso formativo en la Universidad Médica, lo cual evidencia el logro de lo cognitivo, procedimental y actitudinal. El sistema didáctico diseñado, a punto de partida de la revisión bibliográfica efectuada, permitió interrelacionar elementos didácticos dados por creación de situaciones problémicas, un sistema de: actividad participativa, retroalimentación y tareas de ayuda, lo cual favorece una visión holística de los fenómenos de la realidad con vistas a la construcción de hipótesis de investigación que podrán ser evaluadas y confirmadas con marcos referenciales que sustentan nuevos enfoques con ambientes de preservación de la cultura y la ciudadanía, afianzando las humanidades, el fortalecimiento de la condición humana y la comunicación en el análisis de los problemas médicos.

Contenidos en el aprendizaje de idiomas desde el enfoque intercultural: una perspectiva integral con orientación kantiana

La cuestión de transmisión de una lengua, desde una perspectiva integral, requiere categorías más amplias que las meramente lingüísticas, ya que implica incorporar la lengua y su contexto como contempla la lingüística aplicada (Pragmática intercultural, comunicación intercultural y el aprendizaje intercultural) y la visión antropológica de la enseñanza como proceso socio-histórico. Esta orientación intercultural integradora de lengua y su contexto contrasta en los últimos años con una demanda más instrumentalista del aprendizaje de lenguas. En esta tensión, entre una demanda más instrumentalista y una dimensión humanista del proceso, centro mi investigación, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar, en la enseñanza-aprendizaje desde un enfoque Intercultural. Las posibilidades que nos muestra dicho enfoque me ha llevado a reflexionar sobre el espacio que nos abre la incorporación de una lengua entendida como el contactar con otras identidades e incorporar múltiples identidades. Esto nos lleva a la necesidad de indagar y reflexionar los principios del método comunicativo, los principios interculturales y por ende los principios donde sustentamos un comportamiento ético. Dicha fuente filosófica que fundamentan principios metodológicos de transmisión de una lengua o de mediación entre culturas lo hemos trabajado desde varios textos del Kant crítico y poscrítico. Tales fundamentos teórico-empírico que sustentan dichos principios ayudan también a encontrar nuevas propuestas dentro del método comunicativo. La reflexión teórica va acompañada de diferentes ejemplos y propuestas prácticas.

The responsible use of technological power

This article is based on a translation into English of a speech given by Professor Marco Doldi at Diritto, Etica e Techologica, 2018 Il doppio volto della tecnologia, organised by Ordine degli Avvocati di Genova and Consiglio Notarile Genova (Palazzo Ducale, Sala del maggior Consiglio, Genova, 11-12 maggio 2018). The original Italian text follows the translation. Where there is a difference, the Italian text is the original.The author considers how new technologies are a form of power that, from the modern age on, man has achieved with the help of technology. He suggests that Artificial intelligence and robotics represent the new frontiers, to which contemporary scientific knowledge has arrived. They open ethical questions about their use and, from an anthropological point of view, raise interesting questions, such as: what does it mean to be human – to be human beings in an era of technological complexity and rapid change? and how can technology development be managed?

The Boundaries of Russian Identity Analysis of the Concept of Russkiy Mir in Contemporary Russian Online Media

This article set out to present selected outcomes of my research on the concept of “russkiy mir” in contemporary ethnocentric online Russian media. Perspectives for further analysis were also presented. The analytical methodology involved a semantic and cultural analysis of a dataset from a cognitive and anthropological viewpoint including elements of critical discourseanalysis. The concept of “russkiy mir” in the ethnocentric discourse investigated in this article was based on an idea of forming a supranational Russian civilization. This community would unite all Russians, the Russian diaspora and all those learning Russia, and declaring the attachment to Russian culture. Proponents of this discourse assume that “russkiy mir” will have a geopolitical dimension, imperial pretenses and will transgress state borders, and claiming for itself a transcontinental realm. A nationality dimension is also supposed to be an important aspect according to the discourse participants. The main ethnos is to be that of the Russian nation, around which other ethnoses will congregate. The Orthodox religion is supposed to be an important co-constituent of “russkiy mir”.

Translating ritual into film – Notes on Paul Henley’s ‘spirit, possession, power, and the absent presence of Islam: re-viewing Les Maîtres Fous’

In his 2006 article for the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, ‘Spirit Possession, power, and the absent presence of Islam: re-viewing Les Maîtres Fous’ (Henley, 2006, pp 731-62), Paul Henley gives an in-depth analysis and re-examination of the seminal classic “Les Maîtres Fous” by the late French film director Jean Rouch. One of the most striking elements in the text is the rift Henley detects between what he calls ‘Rouch The Author’ and ‘Rouch The Film-Maker’. The article goes to great lengths in its analysis of possible new viewing angles for the anthropological material at hand, being the hauka – cult in Accra, West-Africa – as observed in the film. Henley has a clear view on all possible alternative interpretations and re-viewings of the film from an anthropological point of view, but seems to struggle when it comes to juxtaposing these with the reality of the film. He chooses to make a sharp division between the two sides of Jean Rouch (‘Author/Anthropologist’ and ‘Film-Maker’) without ever delving into the historiography of anthropological films at the time, nor the influence Rouch was under from directors such as Luc De Heusch and Alain Resnais. He also neglects to place Rouch’s work within the broader context of filmhistoric developments of the 1950’s. Henley’s paper does not attempt to address these questions and there is the clear choice of interpreting the work only from an anthropological point of view. This paper will address these gaps, offering a few possible explanations which address Rouch’s work as a director, a side that should complete the anthropological data in Henley’s paper. This text will provide a basic layout for understanding the cinematographic choices Rouch made, placing them in a larger framework and making a case for the interpretation of the film on its own terms and not only as an (seemingly) objective account of an anthropological study. Key words: Jean Rouch, Paul Henley, Luc de Heusch, anthropological film, self-reflexivity

EXPLORING SUSTAINABILITY WITH URBAN-RURAL MIGRANTS: AN ETHNOGRAPHIC EXPERIENCE IN POLAND

Globally, the word „migration” is most often associated with long distances and moving from one country to another. In the shadow of this comprehension stands the phenomenon of contemporary internal migration. I present a more rarely analysed type of it—lifestyle migration of people who made the decision to quit living in the big city. From anthropological point of view, the study reveals push factors—the unfavourable matters about the civic area that one used to live in, and also pull factors that attract one to the new area. Placing them in the frame of counterurbanisation, I explore the close relations urban-rural migrants try to establish to both nature and small groups of society. Based on participant observation and interviews held with Polish lifestyle migrants and environmental activists, I point out the potential problems of the migrants in relation to the term “sustainability” which is central for their adjustments.

Migrants and sport: Football as an area for integration of refugees in Croatia

Integration of refugees is an area that has been raising a relatively insufficient research interest, especially in the countries of the Southeast Europe, where the refugees, in the sense of persons who have been seeking for or were granted the international protection after the year 2000, and based on the 1951 Refugee Convention, represent a new migrant community. From the viewpoint of cultural anthropology and based on the qualitative research conducted from spring 2015 to autumn 2017, in this paper I discuss integration of refugees in Croatia through sport. The aim of the paper is to explore, based on the case study of Football Club Zagreb 041, which dimensions of integration participation in sport can have for persons that are seeking for or were granted asylum in Croatia. In doing so, the paper compares the results of other European empirical research with the ones obtained in Croatia, and it also questions theses of some scholars on questionable integrative role of sport, as well as the theses that sport is more an area of creating distinction and status than an area for inclusion and building social bridges between the host society and immigrants.

Thinking of Somewhere Beyond This World in Education: Sketches on “Care for Life” from the Viewpoint of Educational Anthropology

Thinking of Somewhere Beyond This World in Education: Sketches on “Care for Life” from the Viewpoint of Educational Anthropology

PEMBACAAN HADIS DALAM PERSPEKTIF ANTROPOLOGI

The article explains, at least three important problems, related to how to read hadis through the viewpoint of anthropology as a humanical science, why do it must be solved, and then what are the implications of it, in understanding some hadis. It becomes important to be discussed because, however, Muslims' religiosity often touch humanity and social dynamic sides, constantly change
 and evolve. Its aim is clear, to ensure that hadis as second Muslims' life guide after the Qur'an shalih. Ii kulli zaman wa makan. Then, by using descriptive-analysis research method and focusing on the study of hadis that explain some procedures of prayer, this can be concluded that, if we read through anthropological approach, the hadis are historical temporal valued. This means that it requires understanding and embodiment that must be adapted to the conditions of human in everytime. For example, the shape of mosque since the Prophet to present time has undergone many changes. So the forms or procedures of worship associated with that adjust for these changes, such as role of shaf in prayer, sutrah use, doing prayer on the vehicle, terrain, boats, up to recommend Muslimah to pray in jama'ah in the mosque, and so on.
 Keywords: Hadis, Anthropology, Mosque, Forms or Procedures of Worship

Performing Out of Limbo: Reflections on Doing Anthropology through Music with Oromo Refugees in Indonesia

This article is an anthropological reflection on an on-campus collaborative music project between (Ethiopian) Oromo refugees and local Indonesian university teaching staff, students and professional musicians. It follows the way the project evolved from what was initially seen as a simple academic research opportunity and technical assistance for refugees to record their songs into a mutually transformative experience for those involved. It reflects on the process and the way art—as a collaborative practice and non-programmatic form of human engagement—provided new possibilities for the refugees living in transit in Indonesia to explore their talents and possible career opportunities for the future. From an anthropological point of view, the process challenged the various institutionalized binary modes of self-representation, such as ‘host’ and ‘migrant’, ‘researcher’ and ‘informant’, or ‘academic’ and ‘non-academic’, and opened up new possibilities for negotiating and framing relationships between the participants involved. Keywords: refugees, asylum seekers, self-representation, public anthropology, art, Indonesia, Oromo

メタボリックシンドローム言説の社会的危険性[第2報] : 批判的医療人類学による社会反応の分析(生活習慣病の心身医学-生活習慣病のターゲット,肥満介入の光と影,2011年,第52回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(横浜))

メタボリックシンドローム言説の社会的危険性[第2報] : 批判的医療人類学による社会反応の分析(生活習慣病の心身医学-生活習慣病のターゲット,肥満介入の光と影,2011年,第52回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(横浜))

メタボリックシンドローム言説の社会的危険性[第1報] : 批判的医療人類学の観点からみた診断基準をめぐる医学的課題(生活習慣病の心身医学-生活習慣病のターゲット,肥満介入の光と影,2011年,第52回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(横浜))

メタボリックシンドローム言説の社会的危険性[第1報] : 批判的医療人類学の観点からみた診断基準をめぐる医学的課題(生活習慣病の心身医学-生活習慣病のターゲット,肥満介入の光と影,2011年,第52回日本心身医学会総会ならびに学術講演会(横浜))

El espacio turístico, entre el enclave y el derrame: estudio en dos barrios de Buenos Aires

Este trabajo problematiza la idea de “espacio turístico” al proponer entenderlo no como un dato cartográfico sino -partiendo de una mirada antropológica- como producto de las prácticas que se realizan en él. Para ello tomamos dos barrios de la ciudad de Buenos Aires como estudios de caso: La Boca y Palermo, diferentes en su historia, paisaje y composición demográfica, pero igualados por su interés turístico. La metodología desarrollada incluyó estrategias etnográficas, análisis de prensa y referentes virtuales. A partir del trabajo de campo se observó cómo los discursos y prácticas sobre estos barrios modelan espacios turísticos diferentes, tanto en términos de la propuesta como del uso y sentidos otorgados por parte de los turistas.

社会科における文化人類学的観点の導入 : 新しい社会認識教育論確立のために(第二部)

社会科における文化人類学的観点の導入 : 新しい社会認識教育論確立のために(第二部)

Restauración e imaginario urbano: algunas observaciones antropológico-arquitectónicas en torno a la idea de patrimonio

This article proposes some observations that stem from an anthropological point of view with an architectural way of thinking and doing, as they emerge when intervening in/restoring a building of historical value: the Ehrenfeld house, at present the Universidad Austral de Chile’s (UACh) Conservatory of Music, located in the city of Valdivia. Considering that buildings experience heterogeneous materials, actions and actors, a series of processes, both architectural and social, are highlighted that reveal other echoes in urban space and lead us to broaden our perspective beyond the given building and its immediate heritage context. Thus, a number of material appropriations are discerned that open new spaces of interpretation concerning notions of heritage and urban typologies.

Somos una banda: Los médicos como grupo antropológico

In this paper we try to explain, using an anthropological point of view, how the medical community behaves like a tribe like those who inhabit the Amazon forests or the African Savanna. The Family as fundamental unit of a band of hunter-gatherers also defines the Primary Care Centre and the professionals who work there, as an egalitarian group in which every member works for the good of the tribe. The leaders of the tribe, also called “Health Centre Managers”, are also comparable to the “big men” of Polynesia or the aborigines, who leads hunting parties. Even the clashes between physicians about the responsibilities as regards patients have been described throughout history in the anthropological literature, and they repeat the patterns of the segmental groups. We finish by concluding that this vision of warring tribes has to be overcome in order to advance towards the improvement of our community's health.

REFLECTIONS OF MOVEMENT AND HEALTH IN THE CURRENT SPORTS CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

The article presents a theoretical scientific study of movement, sports movement, health and spiritual health. It informs about the basic aspects of the purpose of the human movement and it drafts the range of the term spiritual health. The study is teleological heading to detection how the cultural anthropology interprets the human movement and health by the current needs of a man and by his current comprehending, and at the same time, to the presentation of the detections of cultural anthropology of sport in the area of the human sport movement. It applies methodological instruments of the qualitative research, which include logically consistent contemplation, selective teleological compilation and non-participant observation via electronic medium. From the cultural anthropological point of view, it defines the basic aspects of health: Personal aspect – express the health care as an indicator of cultural behaviour pattern of an individual. Social aspect – health is reflected as an irreplaceable social value, which is used by every individual of a given society. In a global aspect, the health is reflected as an universal value and the health care gains literally a global form, e.g. in a fight against the possible forms of a certain world pandemia. In the end, the study formulates an assignment which confronts the cultural anthropology of sport with the research of a nonreligious spirituality, which together with some other factors in a great measure configurator the quality of an existent human life.

Central Marginality: Minorities, Images, and Victimhood in Central-Eastern Europe

The article discusses from an anthropological point of view the reasons why minorities tend to find themselves at the center of tensions in Central-Eastern Europe. It presents an idea that the answer to the question lays in the “human side” of the regional politics. In human experiential terms, the political “character” of the region and the image of ethnic minorities as political phenomena are both grounded in memory of suffering and victimization. Because of the historical and experiential circumstances, it became a basis for identity formation, perpetuating the regional tensions. However, such victimized identity can be hijacked and abused both by the actors themselves and the external forces.