Anthropological Point Of View Research Articles

FIQH SUNDA

The scholars have different theories concerning Islam coming to Nusantara. They believed that the first community to accept Islam was the residents of the coastal areas of Sumatera, Java, Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara, and Papua. Afterward, Islam was disseminated to rural areas throughout the Nusantara including fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), one of the fundamental teachings of Islam. This reception was surely through a long process and resistance from the indigenous residents of the Nusantara who already had local religions and beliefs practiced continuously by hereditary generations. Badui in Banten and Kampung Naga, West Java were indigenous residents of the island. This article seeks to discuss the negotiating process of fiqh among Badui and Kampung Naga’s communities from historical and anthropological viewpoints. This article argues that the negotiating of fiqh by the community of Badui is limited to particular cases such as marriage and inheritance. While the community of Kampung Naga receives the majority of fiqh. The negotiating of fiqh in both communities was influenced strongly by their interaction with outside communities and also state power.

Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Oral Cavity and Surrounding Areas: Types and Biomedical Applications.

Adult mesenchymal stem cells are those obtained from the conformation of dental structures (DMSC), such as deciduous and permanent teeth and other surrounding tissues. Background: The self-renewal and differentiation capacities of these adult stem cells allow for great clinical potential. Because DMSC are cells of ectomesenchymal origin, they reveal a high capacity for complete regeneration of dental pulp, periodontal tissue, and other biomedical applications; their differentiation into other types of cells promotes repair in muscle tissue, cardiac, pancreatic, nervous, bone, cartilage, skin, and corneal tissues, among others, with a high predictability of success. Therefore, stem and progenitor cells, with their exosomes of dental origin and surrounding areas in the oral cavity due to their plasticity, are considered a fundamental pillar in medicine and regenerative dentistry. Tissue engineering (MSCs, scaffolds, and bioactive molecules) sustains and induces its multipotent and immunomodulatory effects. It is of vital importance to guarantee the safety and efficacy of the procedures designed for patients, and for this purpose, more clinical trials are needed to increase the efficacy of several pathologies. Conclusion: From a bioethical and transcendental anthropological point of view, the human person as a unique being facilitates better clinical and personalized therapy, given the higher prevalence of dental and chronic systemic diseases.

The ancient roots of dentistry in the Mediterranean civilizations: between Etruscan and Greek traditions up to the time of imperial Rome.

Etruscans, people living in Etruria (Umbria and Tuscany, Italy), were the first to make dentures and false teeth, from 700 BCE onwards. The aim of this study was to investigate, through archaeological and anthropological records, the Etruscans ability in dental practice to understand better Greek's influence on their medical knowledge and, subsequently, the transmission of their medical expertise to Romans. We extensively searched literature to find out references in previous studies on Etruscan medical and dental practice by using keywords such as "Etruscan medicine" and "Etruscan dentistry." We selected various historical papers, from the ancient age texts of 5th century to 2020, which best focused on the review's purpose. Etruscan civilization was influenced by Greek's culture throughout Italian colonies and later "merge" into Greek-Roman culture. Their medical practice based on a mixture of mythology, religion, and technical abilities, especially regarding metalworking. Archaeological remains show a great competence in creating dental prosthesis and in treatment of oral diseases. The results of this paper provide an evident contribution to the knowledge of Etruscan culture, still largely unknown by an anthropological point of view, and their strong relationship with the Greeks colonies, in a profitable cultural exchange.

Distressed Adolescent in Subima Misra’s Select Stories: An Anthropological Study of Indian Childhood

Critically speaking, Indian societies tend to ignore unusual behavior or psychosexual crisis in a child or teenager. This paper attempts to tap some of those uncomfortable nerves of Indian childhood and debate some of their challenges through the lens of Indian family structure. Contextualizing some of the crucial stories of Subimal Misra, a prominent and powerful voice of Modern Bangla literature, this paper, again, sympathetically but scientifically negotiates different relations of Indian household and their effect on the psychosexual growth of a child or teenager. It attempts to ask, though not limited to, these following sets of questions: How does the presence of a mother and her behavior affect the child? What are the psychological dilemmas that push a teenager to unidentified rage and revengeful attitude? How does society influence the formulation of a veneer into a teenager? It is curious to note that the stories under consideration here, like Will You Preserve Your Chastity, Aparna (1987), or Here’s How We Wring a Quarter of Lime (1989), are ‘about’ children but not ‘for’ children. With the help of an anthropological point of view, this paper problematizes family relations, imposition of social choices, and their gaps.

An anthropological point of view: exploring the Chinese and Japanese issues of translation about teaching resources

The aim of this study is to advance understading of teachers’ and researchers’ work, in particular its cultural specificities, from a resource perspective by exploring the issues and challenges faced during the translation of a theoretical framework, the Documentational Approach to Didactics (DAD), from Western (English and French) to East Asian languages (Chinese and Japanese). A basic assumption is that the challenges encountered while translating are driven by the cultural and linguistic differences that exist between the West and East. Adopting the perspective of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), we frame the translation work as a transposition process of research praxeology (a model of the researchers’ practices and knowledge) from a Western to an Eastern institution. We investigate this process to identify cultural elements at different levels (school, society, civilization, etc.) using the ATD framework. After translating a DAD article into Chinese and Japanese separately, we then worked collaboratively to identify similar or diverse translation issues and investigated their origins. Consequently, the results revealed a considerable difference between the West and East, and ample similarities between China and Japan, especially in terms of the researchers’ work and its relationship with the teachers’ work.

MARGINALIZATION OF THE MEAL MAKERS: ETHNOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS OF SALT FARMERS AND WORKERS OFTHE LITTLE RANN OF KUTCHH IN INDIA

India has witnessed inequalities despite making sustained developmental progress. The economically, socially, and ecologically marginalized communities are the worst affected by this skewed development. The Salt workers living inside the protected area of Wild Ass Sanctuary in Little Rann of Kutch (LRK) in India (Agariyas) experience such multi-dimensional marginality. Despite being the user of the common pool resource for decades, this community remains deprived of basic facilities and a range of public services during their stay inside the Rann. While their livelihood issues are well-documented, this research explored the complexities of their social, spatial, ecological, and political marginalization. An ethnographic study involving non-participant observations, in-depth interviews, and informal discussions with a range of different stakeholders was carried out during several short visits and a long stay. Data was collected in the form of field diaries, photos and videos, and audio recordings. For analysis, field notes and interview transcripts were read several times with a reflective mind. Situational and social arena maps were used for understanding the complexities of the lives of these populations. Despite the age-old association with the Rann, Agariyas became illegal residents of the LRK since it became a Wild Ass Sanctuary. While the ecological effects of climate change have affected the salt production cycles, increasing input prices, stagnant and decreasing output prices, increased occupational risk, and limited entrepreneur ability have resulted in grim economic prospects in an oligopolistic market. Carrying a historical stigma of belonging to the De-notified tribes, most Agariyas have poor social networks and remain politically invisible. They continue to remain excluded from most welfare entitlements of the public system. Agariyas face multiple and intersecting vulnerabilities that need policy attention. Ecological conservation to include economic, sociological, and anthropological viewpoints to appreciate the LRK as commons for the Agariyas who face unique challenges of sustaining and surviving.

Demitologi Bultmann Ditinjau Dari Sudut Pandang Teologis Antropologis dan Peran Pendidikan Agama Kristen

Demythologization is a method that was born by Bultmann with the aim of making it easier for humans to understand God. Discussing supernatural events and the story of Jesus' life which are considered myths results in damage to the foundation of Christian faith in terms of the inerrancy of the Bible and the figure of Jesus as the Savior who redeems human sins. Bultmann uses an anthropological point of view in his demythological process. When man speaks of God, man speaks of himself. And when humans talk about themselves, if they are not based on the word of God, then humans align with the existence of God which is spoken of as humans. Through qualitative methods by collecting literature study data, human beings are described from an anthropological point of view from their spiritual and rational dimensions. Likewise, the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) encourages people to understand themselves through learning resources and ways of learning that are based on the Bible which is the word of God.

Da “ciclovista” à “ciclovia da morte”: a vida social de uma infraestrutura urbana

ABSTRACT The paper analyzes the social life of the Bike Path Tim Maia, in the South Zone of Rio de Janeiro. Inaugurated in 2016, the equipment was hailed for offering not only new urban mobility alternatives, but also new framings for the oceanfront landscape. Such combination made the bike path a central element of a broader city project, with the harmonious relationship between humans and nature as one of its main axes. By following the process of ideation, construction, and inauguration of the equipment, as well as its successive collapses, the paper shows how this particular case allows us to reflect on important aspects of urban infrastructures from an anthropological point of view: their multiple timelines, the inextricable relationship between technique and politics, and the different cumulative city projects.

Exploring Feminism on Ghãtu Cultural Site

This paper analyzes Ghãtu cultural site from a feminist approach. Ghãtu cultural site has been studied mostly from the anthropological point of view but it has not been studied from this approach. The study explores feminism on this site to make the readers aware of female identity and gender equality by teaching feminism in EFL classes because society is not free from the grip of male domination. The pedagogical implications are to make the students or the new generation aware of gender discrimination. Most females think that their misfortune victimizes them but this paper attempts to prove that it is not. This paper suggests that misfortune should be changed into good fortune. According to the theory of feminism, the female voice should be addressed. Ghãtu cite is a burning example of extreme male domination. The sati system, immolation, compels queen Yemphawati, to jump into the burning pyre of her husband. The findings of the study show that society has been knowingly or unknowingly dominating and using females yet. This essay protests the conservative thought of a patriarchal society. Still, some males are guided by such a poor mentality and they want to dominate females. The study is about maintaining the balance between male-female so that a win-win game will be there. The trend of othering never results positively. And this paper forwards these questions. Why do males treat females as commodities in Ghãtu? What are the main reasons of the over-domination of females? Are females weaker than males?

Komunikasi Antar Budaya Dalam Perspektif Antropologi Islam

Intercultural communication develops based on two interconnected premises. First, you live in a time when changing technology, travel, economic and political systems, immigration patterns, and population density have resulted in a world in which you regularly interact with people from different cultures. Second, nowadays, people are very sensitive to the fact that the influence of culture on communication is very close and great. Your cultural background and experience help you determine how the world should be for you and how you will interact with it. Anthropological perspective in intercultural communication is looking at intercultural communication from an anthropological point of view, because the communication already contains cultural values. Intercultural communication is part of the marriage between the disciplines of anthropology and communication which later became a separate discipline both in communication science and in anthropology. Anthropology is one of the fields of science that is the root or foundation of the birth of communication science. In subsequent developments, cultural experts realized the importance of communication in the cultural field.
 Keywords: Intercultural communication and in anthropological perspective
 
 
 

Totemism in Religious Theories: A Social Anthropological Perspective

From the point of view of Social Anthropology, the rituals associated with religion and its upright modes of worship convey something to each individual and society. Among the rituals, the totemism propounded by the author explains the origin of religion and explains in detail how its effectiveness is established in society. In particular, this study includes the issues of religious rituals, the origin of Totemic religion, Totemic worship, its characteristics, and the position of Totemic worship in society. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explain the performance, characteristics, and stability of Totemic worship, which is one of religious worship, from a social and anthropological point of view.

К вопросу об аффекте как одном из оснований дигитального дискурса

Introduction. Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of affects found its further development in the works of the Canadian philosopher Brian Massoumi, who was engaged in popularizing the heritage of the French tandem of philosophers in the English- speaking environment. Massumi continues to explore society and man, based on the concepts of rhizome and the dominance of affective flows in forming social and political dimensions of people’s lives, as well as the coherence of the emergence of affect and the digital environment. Massumi argues that the influence of the affective on human behavior is extremely strong; it takes revenge on consciousness, the sensory-emotional sphere and the rationality of the individual. Breaking a single field of consciousness into many streams, Massumi postulates the initial splitting of the human psyche, in which he continues the schizoanalytic line of Deleuze and Guattari, who set this discourse in the latest Western philosophy. The purpose of the article is to answer the question: “Can a person become transparent in the world of numerical relations?” In the answers to this question, two main positions can be identified: a scientific view of a person as an incalculable and observable object and the idea of a person as an expression of unobservable subjectivity, his inner world, trans- gressed by imagination in self–cognition. Methods. The article analyzes Brian Massumi’s work from the view point of singular anthropology, which asserts the unity of consciousness, and also examines the genesis of affect from its description by Spinoza to the complexity theory of post-non- classical scientific discourse, a special place in which belongs to the phenomenon of an observer of complex processes. Scientific novelty of the research. The discovery of new optics, expressed in an appeal to subjectiv- ity and showing the insufficiency of describing a person exclusively with an objectified view of digital reality, constitutes the scientific novelty of this work. Results. On the basis of the thesis that it is impos- sible to identify a person by attributing his essence to a digital structure, there is a special attitude to anthropological reality as a unique event that is not included in the frames of the digital paradigm. Conclusions. Anthropological reality is based on affect, this is its territory, but there is no single definition of affect that would unite the often polar directions of philosophical thought. In this article, the author comes to the conclusion that Massumi’s attempt to fix affect on the EEG and present these results as a fact of finding affect in space reduces the concept of affect to the manifested electro- magnetic signals of the brain. While the affective field includes the non-objectifiable phenomena of dreams, emotions, and the supersensible. On the other hand, complexity theory does not exclude working with the latest phenomena, but still chooses flat ontologies and digital languages for describing anthropological reality as a philosophical guideline, which, in general, develops Massumi’s idea of human readability and transparency. But, unlike the above-mentioned approaches, Rus- sian philosophical thought asserts the reality of a person not in space, but in time, thereby offering to expand the range of optics to the very concept of affect.

Review: On the Importance of Military Geoscience

Review: On the Importance of Military Geoscience

Shelter City

The reality that invades us, unpredictable and until yesterday seemingly improbable, proves that history continues to be written according to the same rules that seemed obsolete. From an anthropological point of view, looking at our lives, the pursuit of resources together with the lack of empathy and education is a generating mixture for conflicts.
 The consequences of the immediate war neighborhood are being felt more and more strongly in the urban environment, through the influx of refugees who need shelter.
 However, some of Romania's cities should soon solve the excess of existing shelter capacity. Initiating a strategy to establish the optimal process for shaping new poles dedicated to the construction of shelters will be able to prevent a possible major imbalance at urban, social, economic level.
 The paper aims to formulate criteria for the integration within a city of optimal locations for temporary shelters for refugees, as well as the necessary stages of preparing the population for acceptance and involvement.
 The originality of the study is due on the one hand to the previously unaddressed topic due to the unique moment we are in - end of the pandemic, beginning of the war, and on the other hand to the identified social peculiarities - people to whom the spaces are addressed: uprooted partial families, consisting only of children and women, traveling with or without pets.
 It is the opportune moment that, in a multidisciplinary architectural-urbanistic vision, the city to explore its panacea capabilities, through an empathic approach.
 KEYWORDS
 war; shelter; city; social architecture; post pandemic city; community.

Society and the State in Russia and the World during the Coronavirus Epidemic

This article is based on a report presented at the Scientific Session of the RAS General Meeting (Moscow, December 15, 2021). The reaction of society to the pandemic in Russia and other countries of the world is analyzed from an anthropological point of view. The features of the behavior and psychological reaction of residents of different regions, professional groups, and ethnocultural communities are considered with account for gender, age, and cultural characteristics (collectivism‒individualism, looseness‒tightness, power distance). Particular attention is paid to phobias and social activity during the pandemic; the growing role of nation-states in overcoming the consequences of the pandemic is discussed. The results presented can be used as an additional source of information for taking effective measures finally to overcome the pandemic and, most importantly, its negative social and political consequences.

Bridging the Invisible Cultural Gap

Bridging the Invisible Cultural Gap

축제의 교육인간학적 의의

The purpose of this study is to reveal the educational anthropological significance of festivals by understanding the human nature inherent in festivals based on the meaning and types and characteristics of festivals. In order to understand festivals according to the purpose of this study, after examining the definition, origin, function, types and characteristics of festivals, the human nature seen through festivals was considered based on the methodological principles of educational anthropology. Also, based on this, the educational anthropological significance of the festival was presented.
 Festivals have a religious ritual function to wish for safty and abundance, a play function that serves as the purpose of the festival itself, and a function to break away from daily routines and social norms to break away from daily routines and social norms. In addition, the festival has a social integration function that shares the spiritual value of society and strengthens the bond between members. Through the functions, types, and characteristics of these festivals, it can be seen that humans are religious beings, fun-seeking beings, deviant beings, and relationship-oriented beings. Based on these considerations, the educational anthropological significance of this thesis is presented as follows. It becomes a place for humans to experience freedom and rest away from daily life, confirms the meaning of their one’s existence in common values, sublimates suppressed emotions in a healthy way, and plays a direct educational role in human life as a festival itself. In this respect, it can be said that it is meaningful from an educational anthropological point of view. Therefore, it can be said that the festival is not an act of consumption and useless, but rather an essential phenomenon of life that allows us to discover the meaning of human existence.

Komunikasi Antar Budaya Dalam Perspektif Antropologi Islam

Intercultural communication develops based on two interconnected premises. First, you live in a time when changing technology, travel, economic and political systems, immigration patterns, and population density have resulted in a world in which you regularly interact with people from different cultures. Second, nowadays, people are very sensitive to the fact that the influence of culture on communication is very close and great. Your cultural background and experience help you determine how the world should be for you and how you will interact with it. Anthropological perspective in intercultural communication is looking at intercultural communication from an anthropological point of view, because the communication already contains cultural values. Intercultural communication is part of the marriage between the disciplines of anthropology and communication which later became a separate discipline both in communication science and in anthropology. Anthropology is one of the fields of science that is the root or foundation of the birth of communication science. In subsequent developments, cultural experts realized the importance of communication in the cultural field.
 Keywords: Intercultural communication and in anthropological perspective
 
 
 

Emotion en tant que sensation et sentiment dans La Peur de Maupassant

The argumentation process is not exclusive to non-fictional texts. On the contrary, it has coexisted with narrative since the early stages of human history. From an anthropological point of view, primitive societies imposed social prohibitions and laws through narrative discourses - such as myths - to avoid a possible crisis within society and to ensure homo sapiens survival. In considering the narrative aspect of the argument, it would be appropriate to assume that literary discourse can constitute a certain argumentative reality. This article seeks to discover and verify the way a character affects its extratextual reader through the argumentation process. In Guy de Maupassant’s La Peur, a group of soldiers discuss the true meaning of the emotion of fear: indeed, they argue about it. The ethos constructed by the storytelling character and his way of expressing his emotions leads us to discover how fear’s literary expression can metamorphose into different states, like sensation and feeling, for the sake of making the storyteller legitimate in his discourse. The methodology of this article is based on narrative, enunciative and discursive analyzes to identify the argumentative reality in Maupassant’s La Peur.

Creative Becomings

This article describes the presence of cultural traits of Basque tradition in the visual arts and Uruguayan literature of the 20th and early 21st centuries. Likewise, the research deconstructs the concept of “cultural legacy” applied in studies regarding multiculturalism in Uruguay. This approach implied a type of degradation at a cultural level, in which successive generations (first, second, third, and fourth) gradually lost their “original culture”. However, the cultural traits of the Basque ethnic group that appear in the visual arts and literature were shaped by the descendants of the first and second generations. The research demonstrates that certain cultural manifestations can re-emerge among the pieces created by the descendants of the second, third or fourth generation, rather than by the generation that arrived in the country for the first time. On the whole, the article analyses the continuum of the cultural legacy of Basque immigration in Uruguay from an anthropological point of view. As a result, the work presents a non-linear approach to the cultural contribution of Basque immigrants in this country.