Hominoid Research Articles

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AUSTRALOPITHECINÆ

IN 1924, the immature skull of a large ape-like primate was discovered in some lime workings at Taungs in the valley of the Harts River, South Africa. It was briefly described by Prof. R. A. Dart, who regarded it as representing an extinct race of apes intermediate between living anthropoid apes and man. To this extinct race he gave the name Australopithecus africanus. There followed a mild controversy on the interpretation of this fossil, but many anatomists quite properly preferred to wait before committing themselves to definite statements until a full and systematic report on the original remains should appear. Twelve years later, Dr. Robert Broom, who had decided to search for more remains of Australopithecus, paid a visit to a cave at Sterkfontein, near Krugersdorf. Here he found portions of skulls and jaws of a fossil primate similar to Australopithecus but (in his opinion) sufficiently distinct in some oi its characters to be referred to a separate genus. He called it Plesianthropus transvaalensis. Then, in 1938, the remains of what were taken to represent still another type, called by Broom Paranthropus robustus, were brought to light at Kromdraai, two miles east of Sterkfontein. Thus there are now available for consideration three series of extinct ape-like primates from South Africa, which are believed to be representatives of one sub-family, the Australopithecinse. Excellent casts of the skull of Australopithecus have been available in Britain for many years now, and during the course of his excavations since 1936 Dr. Broom has been extremely generous in distributing casts of most of the valuable material which he has collected. Thus anatomists in Britain have for some time had this sort of evidence before them. Now there has appeared the long-awaited report on the Australopithecinse by Dr. Broom and Dr. Schepers1. In this monograph, which is abundantly illustrated and incorporates numerous comparative studies, Broom deals in considerable detail with the osteological material, while Schepers discusses the endocranial casts. Apart from the obvious fact that access to the original material is really necessary to complete the evidence on which to base a considered opinion, it is now possible, at least in general terms, to assess independently the significance of these remarkable fossils.

ISOLATED (FIEDLER'S) MYOCARDITIS: REPORT OF CASE FIRST MANIFESTED BY ARTERIAL EMBOLI IN EXTREMITIES AND TERMINALLY BY MURAL THROMBI IN THREE OF THE HEART CHAMBERS

Case Reports1 November 1945ISOLATED (FIEDLER'S) MYOCARDITIS: REPORT OF CASE FIRST MANIFESTED BY ARTERIAL EMBOLI IN EXTREMITIES AND TERMINALLY BY MURAL THROMBI IN THREE OF THE HEART CHAMBERSROGER W. ROBINSON, FRANK B. QUEENROGER W. ROBINSONSearch for more papers by this author, FRANK B. QUEENSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-23-5-860 SectionsAboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail ExcerptAcute isolated myocarditis was first described in 1900 by Fiedler.1It is a rare disease and one in which inflammation of the myocardium is apparently the only important acute lesion in the body. Engelhardt and Bruno,2in a recent review of the literature, collected nine cases from the American and 46 additional cases from the world literature. Various infections have been suspected as causing this disease such as acute upper respiratory infections, influenza, pneumonia, measles, virus infections, syphilis; also toxins have been suggested as etiologic agents circulating in the blood stream from diphtheria or streptococcus infections. Likewise implicated are vitamin...Bibliography1. FIEDLER A: Über akute interstitielle Myokarditis, Centralbl. f. inn. Med., 1900, cci, 212. Google Scholar2. ENGELHARDTBRUNO HTFE: Fiedler's myocarditis, New England Jr. Med., 1943, cclxxxviii, 222-224. CrossrefGoogle Scholar3. HELWIGSCHMIDT FCEC: A filter-passing agent producing interstitial myocarditis in anthropoid apes and small animals, Science, 1945, cii, 31-33. CrossrefGoogle Scholar This content is PDF only. To continue reading please click on the PDF icon. Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: *Received for publication October 16, 1944. PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byIdiopathic Myocardial Failure in the Last Trimester of Pregnancy and the Puerperium 1 November 1945Volume 23, Issue 5Page: 860-868KeywordsBacteremiaDiphtheriaInfectious diseasesMyocarditisRiversStreptococcal infectionsStreptococcusSyphilisToxinsUpper respiratory tract infections ePublished: 1 December 2008 Issue Published: 1 November 1945 PDF downloadLoading ...

Variation of the diastemata in the dentition of the anthropoid apes and its significance for the origin of man

Variation of the diastemata in the dentition of the anthropoid apes and its significance for the origin of man

Three New Cases of an Accessory Nipple in Anthropoid Apes

Journal Article Three New Cases of an Accessory Nipple in Anthropoid Apes Get access Harold J. Coolidge, Jr. Harold J. Coolidge, Jr. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Mammalogy, Volume 24, Issue 3, 17 August 1943, Pages 353–356, https://doi.org/10.2307/1374835 Published: 17 August 1943

Evolution of the Human Blood Group Factors

Previous articleNext article No AccessSymposium: Immunology as a Tool in Biological ResearchEvolution of the Human Blood Group FactorsAlexander S. WienerAlexander S. Wiener Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The American Naturalist Volume 77, Number 770May - Jun., 1943 Published for The American Society of Naturalists Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/281119 Views: 4Total views on this site Citations: 6Citations are reported from Crossref PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Yoel E. Stuart Divergent Uses of “Parallel Evolution” during the History of The American Naturalist, The American Naturalist 193, no.11 (Nov 2018): 11–19.https://doi.org/10.1086/700718Sônia Guinsburg Saldanha, P.H. Saldanha Blood group typing among Brazilian brown-howlers (Alouatta fusca), Journal of Human Evolution 5, no.22 (Mar 1976): 155–159.https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2484(76)90018-XAlexander S. Wiener, Eve B. Gordon The blood groups of chimpanzees A-B-O groups and M-N types, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 18, no.44 (Dec 1960): 301–311.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330180408Alexander S. Wiener, James A. Gavan, Eve B. Gordon Blood group factors in anthropoid apes and monkeys. II. Further studies on the Rh-Hr factors, American Journal of Physical Anthropology 11, no.11 (Mar 1953): 39–46.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330110113Alexander S. Wiener The Rh System in the Chimpanzee, Science 104, no.27112711 (Dec 1946): 578–579.https://doi.org/10.1126/science.104.2711.578.b Sewall Wright General Considerations, The American Naturalist 79, no.783783 (Sep 2015): 289–303.https://doi.org/10.1086/281266

WEIGHTS OF BRAINS AND ORGANS OF 132 NEW AND OLD WORLD MONKEYS1

THE MATERIAL here presented has been derived from the autopsy records of 132 monkeys of various New and Old World species, and has been compiled to-gether with similar material on 246 Macaca mulatta and 70 anthropoid apes published in conjunction with the present paper. The literature concerning such data has been discussed in the paper on Macaca mulatta. There, also, in the larger series of complete autopsies, evaluation of the statistical data has been made.All autopsyprocedure and compilation of figures has been done in the same way in all three groups,—the grouping into anthropoids, Macaca mulatta and “other monkeys” was made largely for convenience. In all papers the animals are those used in the Laboratory of Physiology, Yale School ofMedicine, during the past 10 years.

FINDINGS AT AUTOPSIES OF SEVENTY ANTHROPOID APES1

THE MATERIAL OFFERED in this paper has been obtained at the autopsies of 70 II anthropoid apes during the last ten years.2 There are many gaps in the data, -1L due to the fact that during the first 8 years the dead animals were often merely byproducts of physiological experiments. However, during this earlier period there were consistent careful observations on the central nervous system and, also in many instances, valid organ weights. During the last 2 years systematic autopsies and rec-ords have been made by the authors. Since the findings at autopsy of anthropoids appear rarely in the literature and since these animals are probably typical of those obtained by laboratories elsewhere, the weight of organs and the pathological findings are here reported.

FINDINGS IN 216 ROUTINE AUTOPSIES OF MACACA MULATTA1

DURING recent years the increasing use of non-human primates for experimental purposes has brought to light a vast amount of material on various phases of their life in health and disease. We have now learned through experience that these animals in captivity may be maintained in an excellent state of health and nu-trition. Breeding has become possible. Data concerning theirnormal age span, weight, and developmental relationships become essential. For this reason, two years ago, routine consecutive autopsies upon all primate forms dying in the Laboratory of Physiology of the Yale School of Medicine were un-dertaken by the authors, and the material from this study, together with data previ-ously collected in the same Laboratory are here published in a series of three papers dealing with the findings at autopsy of (a) the present group of 216 Macaca mulatta (Macacus rhesus of the older terminology) (b) 70 anthropoid apes (1), (c) 132 monkeys of miscellaneous species (2).

APPENDIX VERMIFORMIS DUPLEX

The appendix is such a common surgical specimen that one hardly anticipates the possibility of its duplication. However, although it is a very rare anomaly, the so-called double appendix does occur, and it offers a number of interesting points for consideration. The first question which naturally arises is: What is an appendix, and what are the criteria by which one may identify the organ and separate it from other types of protrusions from the cecum? Cave, in an extensive summary of the knowledge of the comparative anatomy of this region, concluded, contrary to common belief, that a true vermiform appendix identical to that met with in man is found only in gibbons and anthropoid apes, although, peculiarly enough, monotremes and some marsupials possess a strikingly similar structure. Aside from its gross form and position, histologically the appendix is identified and distinguished from the cecum by the amount and arrangement of

New data on the serology of the anthropoid apes

American Journal of Physical AnthropologyVolume 27, Issue 2 p. 209-221 Article New data on the serology of the anthropoid apes† P. B. Candela, P. B. Candela Brooklyn, New YorkSearch for more papers by this author P. B. Candela, P. B. Candela Brooklyn, New YorkSearch for more papers by this author First published: September 1940 https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330270224Citations: 3 † Based on a paper read at the eleventh annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists, New York, May 2–4, 1940. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume27, Issue2September 1940Pages 209-221 RelatedInformation

The Geology of South Africa

SOUTH AFRICA, paradise of geologists, continues touring forth its treasures. For many generations it has supplied the world with gold, diamonds, platinum and corundum, while in recent years the development of its resources in other essential minerals, such as tin and tungsten, has become increasingly important. In the realm of palaeontology, it has furnished, from the rocks of the Karroo System, a wealth of well-preserved material for evolutionary studies in early reptiles, amphibians and fishes. Archaeologists, too, have looked upon this region as a happy hunting ground, for within the last few decades it has yielded skeletal remains of early man and anthropoid apes, as well as a large series of primitive stone implements. The Geology of South Africa By Dr. Alex. L. du Toit. Second edition, revised and enlarged. Pp. xii + 527 + 41 plates. (Edinburgh and London: Oliver and Boyd, 1939.) 28s. net.

The Phylogeny of Man

PROF. W. E. LE GROS CLARK, discussing recent additions to evidence bearing on the phylogeny of man (Biol. Reviews, 15, 2, 1940), begins by passing in review the fossil man-like apes, commencing with the Eocene Tarsioids and the Anthropoidea, of which the earliest representative is Parapithecus from the Oligocene of Egypt. It has now become evident that at the beginning of the Miocene the main groups of the anthropoid apes which exist to-day were already undergoing separately their evolutionary definition. It is probable that the human line of descent became first differentiated at this period and that the initial appearance of the Hominidae is to be sought in the palaeontological records of this period.

PALAEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE BEARING ON HUMAN EVOLUTION

SummaryPalaeontological evidence bearing on the evolutionary origin of the Hominidae is provided by dryopithecine fossils of Miocene and Pliocene date. These fossils consist almost entirely of jaws and teeth. They indicate that, while the dentition of Dyropithecus was essentially simian in its general characters, in certain features, notably the cusp‐pattern and proportions of the molars, it showed some significant approach to a human type of dentition. In certain allied genera, this approach is still further emphasized by the conformation of the dental arcade. The fact that in some species of these fossil apes the characteristic specializations of modem anthropoid apes were already evident in incipient form suggests that the divergence of the evolutionary line leading to the Hominidae from that which culminated in the modem genera of anthropoid apes must probably be referred to the beginning of Miocene times.More recent fossil apes from South Africa, even though they themselves may not bear any ancestral relation to man, emphasize the evolutionary potentialities of the Dryopithecinae for development in the direction of the Hominidae. However, a considerable gap still exists between the dryopithecine apes and the earliest known representatives of the Hominidae, a gap which can only be filled by further palaeon‐tological discoveries, with particular reference to the skull and limb characters of the former.The accession of new palaeontological material of the Pithecanthropus group (including those fossils which have been referred to the genus Sinanthropus) has served to emphasize its hominid status. It is important to note that, despite many primitive features of the skull, brain and dentition, the limb bones of the Pithecanthropus group are closely comparable with those of modem man. It becomes clear that if the modem characters of the human limbs had already been acquired so early as the beginning of Pleistocene times, the point of divergence of the Hominidae from the Simiidae must have been correspondingly more remote.The Pithecanthropus group almost certainly provided the basis for the develop‐nent of later types of man. Of these, one is represented by the rather specialized Neanderthal type of later Mousterian date. That this is to be regarded as an aberrant line is indicated by the fact that fossil human remains of early Mousterian and pre‐Mousterian date were less distinctively “Neanderthaloid”, and more akin in their anatomical features to Homo sapiens. There seems little doubt that these fossils represent, as a group, the direct ancestors of modem man.

The Sensory Cortex of the Chimpanzee.

The location, extent and subdivision of the sensory cortex is not known exactly in any species higher than the macaque. By local cortical strychninization and clinical observation of the animal the location, extent and subdivision of the macaque's sensory cortex was mapped in 1924. By local cortical strychninization and recording of the electrical activity of the leg, arm and face sensory thalamic nuclei, which had been diagnosed physiologically, the original findings were confirmed. Finally, by local strychninization of the cortex this time combined with recording of the typical and typically distributed changes in the electrical activity of the cortex itself (strychnine-spikes) the functional organization of the macaque's sensory cortex was delineated in detail., This functional organization is so characteristic that it should be recognizable in higher species, such as the chimpanzee, even if details there should prove to be different. The methods initially used in the macaque would be dangerous with an animal as strong as an anthropoid ape. The sensory thalamic nuclei have not as yet been diagnosed physiologically in the anthropoid and to do it would be equally dangerous. We have, therefore, employed the third procedure, that of local cortical strychninization combined with the recording of the electrical activity of the cortex itself; this can be done in the fully anesthetized animal. When this combination of methods is utilized to study the functional organization of the chimpanzee's cortex it discloses a large region the functional organization of which is comparable to that of the sensory cortex of the macaque. The obvious inference is that the region so disclosed is sensory.

Taste-testing the Anthropoid Apes

AT the recent International Congress of Genetics at Edinburgh, in the course of discussions on the possibility that the blood-group frequencies found in man were determined by a balance of selective influences, it occurred to one of the authors that evidence on the parallel possibility for taste-testing could be obtained by testing the anthropoid apes.

Blood Groups and Paternity

A FURTHER refinement in the use of blood groups as a test of paternity was indicated by Dr. V. Friedenreich of Copenhagen at the seventh International Congress of Genetics which was held in Edinburgh immediately before the outbreak of war. Dr. Friedenreich, as reported in the Lancet of September 16, described the division of the A group into three varieties; A1 is dominant to A2 and A3, and Atto A2 A3 is very rare. The distinction between A1 and A2 is already employed medicoIegally on the Continent, thereby increasing the proportion of cases in which false accusations of paternity can be disproved. Reference to the important work of Dahr indicated a still further possibility of discrimination in that persons of constitution AA may soon be distinguished from those of constitution AO, a point of very considerable evidential value in the legal sense. From the anthropological point of view, the occurrence and distribution of groups A and B in both anthropoid apes and man constitutes a problem—so much so, indeed, that Dr. G. Montandon, of Paris, goes so far as to deny on this ground that it has any evidential value whatsoever as a criterion of race in man. Prof. Ruggles Gates, however, in a communication to the Congress at Edinburgh, argued that while gene A probably arose in the common ancestors of anthropoid apes and man, gene B in all probability arose much later by parallel mutation in both stocks.

THE MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE EXCRETION BY THE KIDNEY IN DIABETIC DOGS

Kidney function has long been explained by two rival concepts, the secretion theory and the filtration-reabsorption theory, both being based upon inferences and indirect arguments rather than upon direct observations. Since the splendid work of Richards and his collaborators (1), the study of renal function is no longer a matter of theoretical discussion but one of exact measurements and analysis. As a result of these investigations and those of Rehberg (2), Marshall (3), and Homer Smith (4), it has been shown that the formation of the urine results from glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and from some secretory activities. The relative importance of these processes depends on the particular species of animals under consideration. In amphibians, the behavior of the glucose in the kidney is known in the minutest details. Direct observations and analysis of fluids collected from different levels of the nephrons in the frog and Necturus have shown that the concentration of glucose is the same in the glomerular fluid as in the plasma, and that glucose is reabsorbed by the proximal portion of the tubules. When a full dose of phlorizin is injected into a frog, the tubular cells fail to reabsorb the glucose and the latter is thus found in the bladder urine. Aglomerular fishes do not excrete glucose when the plasma glucose is raised to a very high level, nor after administration of phlorizin. These observations can be interpreted as follows: the glucose is not secreted, but reaches the nephron only by the process of glomerular filtration and is reabsorbed by the tubules. The action of phlorizin consists in blocking the tubular reabsorption of glucose. If these observations may be fully applied to mammals, all of the filtered glucose should appear in the bladder urine when reabsorption is wholly blocked by phlorizin. In order to verify this assumption, it is necessary to determine the volume of the glomerular filtrate accurately. In 1926, Rehberg (2) suggested that the creatinine clearance may be used to measure the volume of the glomerular filtrate. According to Smith, Rehberg's inference is not correct for man, the anthropoid apes, and the birds, but is correct for the dog. So, for the dog, we can calculate the amount of filtered glucose by multiplying the creatinine clearance (filtration) by the concentration of the glucose in the arterial plasma, as it may be assumed that the concentration of glucose in the glomerular filtrate is the same as that in the arterial plasma. It is now easy to determine whether after the administration of phlorizin the total amount of filtered glucose is excreted. Poulsson (5) has proven the soundness of that concept experimentally. When a large dose of phlorizin is injected into a dog, the concentration index of glucose may equal the concentration index of creatinine. This means that if the kidney excretes in one minute the creatinine present in 60 cc. of plasma, it excretes during the same period the glucose present in 60 cc. of plasma. These findings have been confirmed by Jolliffe, Shannon, and Smith (6), by White and Monaghan (7) and by Govaerts and Cambier (8). Therefore, one is led to infer that in the dog as well as in the frog glucose enters the nephron only by glomerular filtration. If, under normal conditions, no glucose is found in the bladder urine, it is because this substance is completely reabsorbed by the tubules. When the concentration of glucose is raised in the plasma, it increases to the same extent in the glomerular filtrate. Thus, the amount of glucose presented to the reabsorbing cells reaches such a height that the reabsorption ceases to be complete. Fisher and Shannon (quoted by Smith (4) page 112) have studied the excretion of glucose by the kidney of a normal dog. The glucose in the arterial plasma was maintained at a very high level by the constant intravenous infusion of a glucose-saline solution. The quantity of glucose reabsorbed by the tubules remained

Further Remains of a Sterkfontein Ape

THE discovery at Sterkfontein by Dr. Robert Broom of new fossil anthropoid apes has created such widespread interest that it is desirable to report immediately on all new evidence that may come to hand.

Anthropoid ape materials in American collections

Anthropoid ape materials in American collections

DISEASES OF THE VENTRICLE OF MORGAGNI: WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PYOCELE OF A CONGENITAL AIR SAC OF THE VENTRICLE

To the average laryngologist the ventricle of the larynx is merely a slit between the true and false vocal cords, as it was to Galen in 300 A. D. It was Morgagni, in 1741, who described it more fully and after whom it is named. John Hilton 1 in 1837 gave a most accurate and detailed description of a series of fine dissections which he made of this space. It was he who drew attention to the anterior upward projection of the horizontal slit of Morgagni to form the anterior vertical blind pouch, known as the sacculus ventriculi laryngis (fig. 1). Irwin Moore 2 said: This sacculus lies between the ventricular band and the inner surface of the thyroid cartilage. It extends directly upwards from the anterior part of the ventricle and represents the air-sacs which in anthropoid apes are connected with the ventricle. The sacculus varies greatly in size and shape;