Anthocyanin Pigments Research Articles

Genome assembly and chemogenomic profiling of National Flower of Singapore Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim ‘Agnes’ reveals metabolic pathways regulating floral traits

Singapore’s National Flower, Papilionanthe (Ple.) Miss Joaquim ‘Agnes’ (PMJ) is highly prized as a horticultural flower from the Orchidaceae family. A combination of short-read sequencing, single-molecule long-read sequencing and chromatin contact mapping was used to assemble the PMJ genome, spanning 2.5 Gb and 19 pseudo-chromosomal scaffolds. Genomic resources and chemical profiling provided insights towards identifying, understanding and elucidating various classes of secondary metabolite compounds synthesized by the flower. For example, presence of the anthocyanin pigments detected by chemical profiling coincides with the expression of ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHASE (ANS), an enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the former. Similarly, the presence of vandaterosides (a unique class of glycosylated organic acids with the potential to slow skin aging) discovered using chemical profiling revealed the involvement of glycosyltransferase family enzymes candidates in vandateroside biosynthesis. Interestingly, despite the unnoticeable scent of the flower, genes involved in the biosynthesis of volatile compounds and chemical profiling revealed the combination of oxygenated hydrocarbons, including traces of linalool, beta-ionone and vanillin, forming the scent profile of PMJ. In summary, by combining genomics and biochemistry, the findings expands the known biodiversity repertoire of the Orchidaceae family and insights into the genome and secondary metabolite processes of PMJ.

Anthocyanins of Asian bird cherries ( Prunus nepalensis L.): An untapped source for natural food colorants

Interest in the processing and application of natural anthocyanin pigments is intensifying. In this work, we developed a protocol for obtaining anthocyanins from wild Asian bird berries (Prunus nepalensis L.) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and response surface methodology. The chemical profile, antioxidant activity, and co-pigmentation of the anthocyanin extract were also investigated. The results showed that the maximum anthocyanin yield was achieved under optimal conditions of 60°C, 300 W ultrasonic power, and 30 min ultrasonic time. Using UHPLC-ESI-MS2 analysis, two major anthocyanins and 19 other phenolics were identified in the anthocyanin extract, which displayed significant antioxidant potential in vitro. In addition, the color stability of the anthocyanin extract was thermodynamically improved by phenolic acids and organic acids where oxalic acid was the most effective co-pigment. These results revealed that Asian bird berries anthocyanins could be effectively recovered by UAE, and further stabilized by co-pigments. Novelty impact statement The chemical instability of anthocyanins poses a significant challenge for their preparation and implementation as food colorants. In this study, the anthocyanins obtained from P. nepalensis L. fruits were modulated, for the first time, with the help of co-pigments such as oxalic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, gallic acid, tannic acid, and pyrogallic acid. These results could open up the possibility of large-scale applications of anthocyanins sourced from many uncultivated plants.

Transcriptome analysis reveals chrysanthemum flower discoloration under high-temperature stress.

Temperature is an important environmental factor affecting plant anthocyanin synthesis. High temperatures are associated with decreased anthocyanin pigmentation in chrysanthemum. To reveal the effects of high temperature on anthocyanin biosynthesis in chrysanthemum, ray florets of the heat-sensitive cultivar “Nannong Ziyunying” (ZYY) were subjected to RNA sequencing. A total of 18,286 unigenes were differentially expressed between the control and treatment groups. Functional annotation and enrichment analyses of these unigenes revealed that the heat shock response and flavonoid pathways were significantly enriched, suggesting that the expression of these genes in response to high temperature is associated with the fading of chrysanthemum flower color. In addition, genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and heat shock response were differentially expressed under high-temperature stress. Finally, to further investigate the molecular mechanism of discoloration under high-temperature stress and facilitate the use of marker-assisted breeding for developing novel heat-tolerant cultivars, these results were used to mine candidate genes by analyzing changes in their transcription levels in chrysanthemum.

Construction of a High-Density Recombination Bin-Based Genetic Map Facilitates High-Resolution Mapping of a Major QTL Underlying Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Eggplant.

High-density genetic maps can significantly improve the resolution of QTL mapping. We constructed a high-density recombination bin-based genetic map of eggplant based on 200 F2 plants from an interspecific cross (Solanum melongena × S. incanum) using the whole genome resequencing strategy. The map was 2022.8 cM long, covering near 99% of the eggplant genome. The map contained 3776 bins, with 3644 (96.5%) being effective (position non-redundant) ones, giving a nominal average distance of 0.54 cM and an effective average distance of 0.56 cM between adjacent bins, respectively. Using this map and 172 F2:3 lines, a major QTL with pleiotropic effects on two anthocyanin pigmentation-related traits, leaf vein color (LVC) and fruit pericarp color (FPC), was steadily detected in a bin interval of 2.28 cM (or 1.68 Mb) on chromosome E10 in two cropping seasons, explaining ~65% and 55% of the phenotypic variation in LVC and FPC, respectively. Genome-wide association analysis in this population validated the QTL and demonstrated the correctness of mapping two bins of chromosome E02 onto E10. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that a WDR protein gene inside the bin interval with reliable effective variation between the two parents could be a possible candidate gene of the QTL.

Formulasi Sediaan Pewarna Pipi dalam Bentuk Padat dengan Menggunakan Ekstrak Buah Buni (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng)

Buni fruit (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) is a plant that contains anthocyanin pigments that can give a red color. The purpose of this study was to make cheek dye preparations in solid form using buni fruit extract (Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng) as a dye. The extract was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol containing 2% citric acid. The cheek coloring formula that was made was using buni fruit dye with a concentration of 10; 12.5; 15 and 17.5%. The tests carried out include: physical quality inspection (homogeneity, polish test, crack test), irritation test, and stability test. Formula with a concentration of 10% produces a pale cream color; preparation with a concentration of 12.5% ​​produces a cream color, a concentration of 15% produces a weak pink color and a concentration of 17.5% produces a dark pink color. The results of the physical quality examination of the preparation showed that the preparation had a homogeneous color, good polish at a concentration of 17.5% because it produced a clear pink color during polishing and did not crack when dropped from a height of 25 cm. Preparations are not irritating. From the observation of the shape, it was found that all the cheek coloring preparations made did not change shape from the initial form of printing for 90 days at room temperature storage. From the results of color observations, all preparations made remained stable during storage at room temperature for 50 days, on day 55 the color of the preparation began to fade, this was due to unstable anthocyanins. The odor of the preparation remained stable in storage for 90 days of observation at room temperature. These results indicate that buni fruit extract can be used as a colorant in cheek coloring preparations.

PeMYB4L interacts with PeMYC4 to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in Phalaenopsis orchid

Phalaenopsis spp., one genus of Orchidaceae, have become very popular worldwide for their fascinating flowers with various colors and pigmentation patterns. Several R2R3-MYB transcription factors have been reported to function in anthocyanin accumulation in Phalaenopsis spp. However, its molecular mechanism underlying the detailed regulatory pathway remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified a novel subgroup 2 R2R3-MYB transcription factor PeMYB4L, the expression profile of which was concomitant with red color formation in Phalaenopsis spp. flowers. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) and transient overexpression assay verified that PeMYB4L promotes anthocyanin accumulation in flower tissues. In addition, PeMYB4L could directly regulates the expression of Phalaenopsis spp. chalcone synthase gene (PeCHS) through MYBST1 (GGATA) binding site. It’s interesting that the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein PeMYC4 shows opposite expression pattern from PeMYB4L in anthocyanin accumulation. Furthermore, PeMYC4 was verified to form MYB-bHLH complex with PeMYB4L, and attenuated the expression of PeCHS and weakened anthocyanin production, indicating a novel regulatory model of MYB-bHLH complex. Our findings uncover the detailed regulatory pathway of MYB-bHLH, and might provide a new insight into the complicated anthocyanin pigmentation in Phalaenopsis spp.

Integrated transcriptional and metabolomics signature pattern of pigmented wheat to insight the seed pigmentation and other associated features

Anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants is complex, especially in a polyploid monocot wheat plant. Using whole-genome sequencing, transcriptomics, and LC-MS/MS, we investigated anthocyanin pigmentation patterns in (black, blue, and purple) colored wheat seeds. According to differential gene expression profiling, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, and WD40 regulatory genes control purple pericarp coloration, 4DL-MYC, 2AS-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 control blue aleurone coloration, and 4DL-MYC, 7DL-MYB, WD40 controls black aleurone color. We hypothesized that at least one MYC and MYB isoform is sufficient to regulate the anthocyanin synthesis in pericarp or aleurone. Transcriptomics and metabolomics revealed that the purple pericarp trait is associated with acylated anthocyanins compared to blue aleurone. Based upon the reduced expressions of the genes belonging to the 4D, SSR molecular marker mapping, variant calling using genome sequencing, and IGV browser gene structure visualization, it was inferred that the advanced black and blue wheat lines were substitution lines (4E{4D}), with very small recombinations. Pericarp anthocyanin pigmentation is controlled by a mutation in chromosome 2AS of purple wheat, and environmental variations influence pigmented pericarp trait. The expression patterns of anthocyanin structural and other genes varied in different colored wheat, corroborating differences in agronomical metrics. Ovate seed shape trait in black and blue wheat dragged with 4E chromosome.

The vase life and quality of cut Gerbera jamesonii cv. 'Rosalin' flowers are affected by natural essential oils (in normal and nano forms) and nano-silver particles

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii, Asteraceae), is a perennial important commercial cut-flower crop. A major problem of gerbera cut flowers is short vase life mostly due to neck bending amongst other factors. This study aimed to screen the effects of the essential oils of thyme, clove and caraway in addition to nano-silver particles on vase life and on some parameters of gerbera cv. ‘Rosalin’ cut flowers. A factorial experiment was carried out with essential oils as first factor (in normal form at 25 and 50 mg/L) and Nano-silver as second factor (at 5 and 10 mg/L) in addition of distilled water as control. The measured traits were: vase solution uptake, relative fresh weight, flower vase life, neck bending, enzyme activity of polyphenol oxidase and catalase, anthocyanin pigment and phenols. Results indicated that essential oils have significantly affected vase life and vase solution uptake positively and reduced neck bending. The most effective treatments were caraway and clove oils in normal form at 50 mg/L and 25 mg/L, respectively. Similarly, a significant increase was observed on catalase. Whereas, nano-silver particles had an insignificant effect on neck bending. Still, a significant effect was detected on vase life and solution uptake.

Ab initio investigation of substituent effects on the excited electronic states of flavylium cation analogues of anthocyanin pigments

Anthocyanins are particularly noteworthy natural plant pigments that are responsible for the red, purple and blue color of many fruits, vegetables and flowers. Dietary anthocyanins have potential health benefits, but their color loss due to pH-dependent chemistry limits widespread application as coloring agents in food and consumer products. The ability to predict the color of synthetic analogues of natural pigments is crucial to the rational development of new bioinspired dyes and pigments with tailored colors and properties with lower potential for environmental and health concerns than those of conventional synthetic pigments. In this work, we employ the ab initio second-order algebraic diagrammatic construction, ADC(2), level of theory to calculate the absorption spectra of 26 synthetic flavylium cation analogues of anthocyanins. In general, the theoretical absorption spectra compare favorably with the corresponding experimental absorption spectra in an aqueous solution. The excitation energies, the charge transfer character, and the oscillator strengths of the electronic transitions provide insight into the effects of the type and position of the substituents on the excited singlet and triplet states of these compounds. The results show that the theoretical framework employed constitutes a reliable tool for obtaining a deeper understanding of the properties of bioinspired synthetic analogues of anthocyanin pigments.

Rosinidin Protects against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity via Subsiding Proinflammatory and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Rats.

Background: Rosinidin is a flavonoid anthocyanin pigmentation found in shrub flowers such as Catharanthus roseus and Primula rosea. The molecular docking studies predicted that rosinidin has adequate structural competency, making it a viable medicinal candidate for the treatment of a wide range of disorders. The current study intends to assess rosinidin nephroprotective efficacy against nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin in rats. Materials and Methods: Oral acute toxicity tests of rosinidin were conducted to assess potential toxicity in animals, and it was shown to be safe. The nephroprotective effect of rosinidin 10, and 20 mg/kg were tested in rats for 25 days with concurrent administration of cisplatin. Several biochemical parameters were measured to support enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidative stress such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH). Likewise, changes in several non-protein-nitrogenous components and blood chemistry parameters were made to support the theory linked with the pathogenesis of chemical-induced nephrotoxicity. Results: Cisplatin caused significant changes in biochemical, enzymatic, and blood chemistry, which rosinidin efficiently controlled. Conclusions: The present investigation linked rosinidin with nephroprotective efficacy in experimental models.

The Effect of Solvent on The Extraction of Anthocyanin Pigment from Buni (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng)

The Effect of Solvent on The Extraction of Anthocyanin Pigment from Buni (Antidesma bunius (L) Spreng)

Uncovering Hierarchical Regulation among MYB-bHLH-WD40 Proteins and Manipulating Anthocyanin Pigmentation in Rice.

Anthocyanins accumulate in various organs of rice, and the regulatory genes involved in pigmentation of specific organs, such as pericarp, hull, leaf, apiculus, and stigma have been elucidated. However, the corresponding gene for rice culm pigmentation has not been clarified. The well-known MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex plays vital role in regulating the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway in plants. However, the core members of MBW and the hierarchical regulation between these members are not fully elucidated in rice. Here, by map-based cloning, we identified the culm-specific pigmentation gene S1 whose alleles are also known for hull/pericarp pigmentation. We also clarified that one WD40 protein encoding gene, WA1, is indispensable for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice. In the cascading regulation among MBW members, S1 (bHLH) acts as the master gene by activating the expression of C1 (MYB), and then C1 activates the expression of WA1 (WD40), which is unique in plant species. This enables MBW members to be coordinated in a common way to efficiently regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis genes. Based on these studies, we explored the minimal gene set required for anthocyanin biosynthesis in rice. These findings will help us design new rice varieties with anthocyanin accumulation in specific organs as needed.

Review jurnal Efektifitas ekstraksi antosianin dengan berbagai macam pelarut

Anthocyanins are phenolic compounds and provide the natural color found in fruit. Fruits contain a distinctive color because they contain anthocyanin compounds. Anthocyanins have a special property of changing color at a certain pH which can specifically absorb light from the ultraviolet (UV) to the violet absorption region, but is stronger in the visible spectrum. This study describes the content of several samples of fruits that contain anthocyanin compounds as natural indicators. The purpose of this study was to determine the analysis of anthocyanin analysis of fruit using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. This research is a literature study (Library Research). Literature research was conducted by looking for previous articles containing research related to anthocyanins from several fruit samples using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method with various solvents used. The results showed that anthocyanins can be obtained by extraction. The anthocyanin extraction process is influenced by a number of factors such as the extraction method, the ratio of the size of the extraction tool, the condition of the material, the length of the extraction time, the type of acid, the concentration of acid/pH, the ratio of the material and the solvent, and the type of solvent. The more solvent used, the higher the extract yield. The higher the material:solvent ratio, the higher the yield due to the higher material:solvent ratio. The solvent has an effect on the total anthocyanin in the fruit studied in this literature review. Furthermore, this study showed that the best way to extract anthocyanin pigments from natural ingredients was by immersion, while the solvent that could optimally extract anthocyanin pigments was ethanol-HCl. The results of this review show that it is the most effective solvent that can be used to attract anthocyanins.

Heterologous Expression of Three Transcription Factors Differently Regulated Astragalosides Metabolic Biosynthesis in Astragalus membranaceus Hairy Roots.

Astragalus membranaceus has been used as a highly popular Chinese herbal medicine for centuries. Triterpenoids, namely astragalosides I, II, III, and IV, represent the main active compounds in this plant species. Transcription factors have a powerful effect on metabolite biosynthesis in plants. We investigated the effect of the Arabidopsis MYB12, production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1), and maize leaf color (LC) transcription factors in regulating the synthesis of astragaloside metabolites in A. membranaceus. Overexpression of these transcription factors in hairy roots differentially up-regulated these active compounds. Specifically, the overexpression of LC resulted in the accumulation of astragalosides I–IV. The content of astragalosides I and IV were, in particular, more highly accumulated. Overexpression of MYB12 increased the accumulation of astragaloside I in transgenic hairy roots, followed by astragaloside IV, and overexpression of PAP1 resulted in the increased synthesis of astragalosides I and IV. In addition, we found that overexpression of PAP1 together with LC increased astragaloside III levels. At the transcriptional level, several key genes of the mevalonate biosynthetic pathway, especially HMGR1, HMGR2, and HMGR3, were up-regulated differentially in response to these transcription factors, resulting in astragaloside synthesis in the hairy roots of A. membranaceus. Overall, our results indicated that heterologous expression of Arabidopsis MYB12, PAP1, and maize LC differentially affected triterpenoids biosynthesis, leading to the increased biosynthesis of active compounds in A. membranaceus.

PHR1 positively regulates phosphate starvation-induced anthocyanin accumulation through direct upregulation of genes F3'H and LDOX in Arabidopsis.

Phosphate deficiency promotes anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis through direct binding of PHR1 to the P1BS motifs on the promoters of F3'H and LDOX and thereby upregulating their expression. Phosphorus is one of the essential elements for plants, and plants mainly absorb inorganic phosphate (Pi) from soil. But Pi deficiency is a common factor limiting plant growth and development. Anthocyanin accumulation in green tissues (such as leaves) is one of the characteristics of many plants in response to Pi starvation. However, little is known about the mechanism by which Pi starvation induces anthocyanin accumulation. Here, we found that the mutation of the gene PHOSPHATE STARVATION RESPONSE1 (PHR1), which encodes a key factor involved in Pi starvation signaling in Arabidopsis, significantly attenuates anthocyanin accumulation under Pi-limiting conditions. Moreover, the expression of several Pi deficiency-upregulated genes that are involved in anthocyanin biosyntheses, such as flavanone 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX), and production of anthocyanin pigment 1 (PAP1), was significantly lower in the phr1-1 mutant than in the wild type (WT). Both yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative PCR (ChIP-qPCR) showed that PHR1 can interact with the promoters of F3'H and LDOX, but not DFR and PAP1. By electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), it was further confirmed that the PHR1-binding sequence (P1BS) motifs located on the F3'H and LDOX promoters are required for the PHR1 bindings. Also, in Arabidopsis protoplasts, PHR1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of the F3'H and LDOX promoters, but these effects were markedly impaired when the P1BS motifs were mutated. Taken together, these results indicate that PHR1 positively regulates Pi starvation-induced anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis, at least in part, by directly binding the P1BS motifs located on the promoters to upregulate the transcription of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes F3'H and LDOX.

A newlycharacterized allele of ZmR1 increases anthocyanin content in whole maize plant and the regulation mechanism of different ZmR1 alleles.

The novel ZmR1CQ01 allele for maize anthocyanin synthesis was identified, and the biological function and regulatory molecular mechanisms of three ZmR1 alleles were unveiled. Anthocyanins in maize are valuable to human health. The R1 gene family is one of the important regulatory genes for the tissue-specific distribution of anthocyanins. R1 gene allelic variations are abundant and its biological function and regulatory molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. By exploiting genetic mapping and transgenic verification, we found that anthocyanin pigmentation in maize leaf midrib was controlled by ZmR1 on chromosome 10. Allelism test of maize zmr1 EMS mutants confirmed that anthocyanin pigmentation in leaf sheath was also controlled by ZmR1. ZmR1CQ01 was a novel ZmR1 allelic variation obtained from purple maize. Its overexpression caused the whole maize plant to turn purple. ZmR1B73 allele confers anthocyanin accumulation in near ground leaf sheath rather than in leaf midribs. The mRNA expression level of ZmR1B73 was low in leaf midribs, resulting in no anthocyanin accumulation. ZmR1B73 overexpression promoted anthocyanin accumulation in leaf midribs. Loss of exon 5 resulted in ZmR1ZN3 allele function destruction and no anthocyanin accumulation in leaf midrib and leaf sheath. DNA affinity purification sequencing revealed 1010 genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01, including the bz2 in anthocyanin synthesis pathway. RNA-seq analysis showed 55 genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01 changed the expression level significantly, and the expression of genes encoding key enzymes in flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways were significantly up-regulated. ZmR1 functional molecular marker was developed. These results revealed the effects of transcriptional regulation and sequence variation on ZmR1 function and identified the genes targeted by ZmR1CQ01 at the genome-wide level.

Characterization of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] genotypes using DUS descriptors

A total of 70 soybean genotypes from the Ramaiah gene bank including five checks were evaluated for 14 qualitative and four quantitative traits based on DUS guidelines given by PPV& FR. Sixty-five genotypes and five check varieties were subjected to cluster analysis and were grouped into four major clusters with an average similarity of 77%. Cluster I consisted of 41 genotypes, cluster II had 15 genotypes, cluster III had nine genotypes and cluster IV had five genotypes. The study revealed an association between anthocyanin pigmentation in hypocotyl and flower colour. MACS 1254 was identified as the only genotype with a yellow green seed coat among 70 genotypes. According to the DUS, two genotypes viz., JS 76-1194 and JS (SH) 91-93 showed a lanceolate leaf shape. The distinct genotypes identified in the present study could be used in the breeding programme for the improvement of soybean. Keywords: Soybean, Characterization, DUS, Qualitative traits, Cluster.

Roselle Calyx Extract as an Antioxidant Supplement on Tris-Base Extender for Goat Semen

In this study, we used extract from Roselle (Hisbiscus sabdariffa L.) Calyx to determine its ability as an antioxidant supplement to improve motility, progressive score and abnormality of goat’s sperms. Pooled semen from four male goats with average of live body weight 34.4 ± 0.6 kg and body condition score 2.5 ± 0.1 were aliquot into two groups: Control group; 0 mg/ml and Treatment groups; (Treatment 1:13 mg/ml, Treatment 2: 20 mg/ml, Treatment 3: 33 mg/ml, Treatment 4: 43 mg/ml of Roselle’s extract. All the semen parameter was observed at 0 hour, 0.5 hour, 1.0 hour, 1.5 hours after semen collection. The supplementation of extender with 13 mg/ml, 20 mg/ml, 33 mg/ml, 43 mg/ml of extract from Roselle Calyx does not affect sperm motility, progressive score and morphology of goat (p>0.05). However, all sperm, regardless with supplementation and without supplementation of Roselle extract were maintained in good quality (60%) up to 1.5 hours. It is quite difficult to conclude that there are no effect of Roselle extract on sperm quality due to arise possibility of factors that may contribute to inefficiency effect of Roselle extract on sperm parameter. There were high possibility that the causes are due to inefficiencies of extraction method and/or degradation of anthocyanin pigment during extraction and storage process. Unsuitable extraction method could results in low yield and unstable of anthocyanin pigment. Moreover, temperature, pH and light causes the pigment to become unstable during processing and storage leading to degradation. Thus we suggest anthocyanin content monitoring in extract Roselle Calyx are required for future study.

Ekstraksi Zat Warna dari Limbah Kulit Kakao sebagai Alternatif Pewarna Batik guna Meningkatkan Produktivitas Masyarakat Agribisnis Desa Banjar Sengon, Kecamatan Patrang

Cocoa is commonly found in plantation areas, especially in Patrang sub-district. The Community Service Program, Faculty of Engineering with partners, namely the people of Banjar Sengon Village, aims to overcome partner problems, the increasing cocoa husk waste. Utilization of leather waste is still very limited, where people use cocoa husk waste only as animal feed and compost. Cocoa pods contain cellulose 36.23%, hemicellulose 1.14% and lignin 20 -27.95%. In addition, the presence of anthocyanin pigments in cocoa peel is a potential use of cocoa peel extract as a dye for the batik industry. The implementation method of extraction process is by: (1) socializing about the management and processing of cocoa peel waste, (2) Extracting natural dyes from cocoa peel, (3) socializing the use of natural dyes for batik cloth, (4) activities using natural dyes for batik cloth, and (5) marketing of natural dyes from cocoa peel. The result of this community service program is an increase in the usability of cocoa peel waste which is marked by the people of Banjar Sengon Village being able to process cocoa peel waste into natural batik dyes independently and continuously.

Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of Anthocyanin Accumulation Mechanisms Reveal Metabolite Variations and Key Candidate Genes Involved in the Pigmentation of Prunus tomentosa Thunb. Cherry Fruit.

Prunus tomentosa Thunb. has excellent nutritional, economic, and ornamental values with different fruit color. The red coloration of fruit is determined by anthocyanin pigmentation, which is an attractive trait for consumers. However, the mechanisms underlying fruit color formation in the P. tomentosa cherry are not well understood. In this research, the pigmentation patterns in red-color P. tomentosa (RP) fruit and white-color P. tomentosa (WP) were evaluated. Anthocyanin content in matured RP fruit was significantly abundant compared with WP fruit. Metabolomic profiling revealed that pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside were the predominant anthocyanin compounds in the RP fruit, while, WP fruit had less anthocyanin compositions and lower level. Then, integrative analyses of transcriptome and metabolome identified 285 significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) closely related to anthocyanin differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs). Among them, nine genes were involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport and degradation pathway, including four biosynthesis genes (PtPAL1, PtDFR, PtANS, and PtUFGT), two transport genes (PtGST11, PtABC10), and three degradation genes (PtPOD1, PtPOD16, PtPOD73). Transcriptome data and real-time PCR showed that the transcript levels of biosynthesis and transport genes were significantly higher in RP than in WP, especially PtANS, PtUFGT, and PtGST11, suggesting they may play key roles in red-colored fruit formation. Meanwhile, the degradation-related genes PtPOD1/16/73 took on exactly opposite trend, suggesting their potential effects on anthocyanin degradation. These results provide novel insights into color patterns formation mechanisms of cherries fruit, and the candidate key genes identified in anthocyanin biosynthesis, transport and degradation may provide a valuable resource for cherry breeding research in future.