Anthocyanin Glycosides Research Articles

Identification of bHLH transcription factors and screening of anthocyanin-related genes in Lagerstroemia indica.

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family is one of the three major transcription factor families that play important transcriptional regulatory roles in plant growth and development. One of the most crucial elements in defining Lagerstroemia indica's decorative qualities is flower color. However, the function of the bHLH transcription factor family in L. indica anthocyanin glycoside synthesis has not been clarified. Using the transcriptome data of flower color, 79 LibHLH genes were found in this study. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the LibHLH genes can be divided into 16 subfamilies, and most of the genes in the same subfamily have similar conserved motifs. The total anthocyanin glycoside content of L. indica 'Zihua Guifei' petals was determined during three developmental stages of the petals' growth. The results showed that the total anthocyanin glycoside content grew gradually with growth and development, and that it accumulated most during the full bloom stage. By using gene expression analysis, protein interaction network analysis, and bioinformatics, it was possible to determine which member of the III f family, LibHLH29, is important for the synthesis of anthocyanin glycosides in L. indica. Its expression was confirmed by qRT-PCR, and the results were essentially compatible with the transcriptome data. It was more prominent in the light-colored bloom stage the color-transition stage of L. indica 'Zihua Guifei'. It can be further investigated as a major candidate gene for regulating anthocyanin glycoside synthesis in L. indica, thus laying the foundation for an in-depth study of the interactions among transcription factors.

Comparative Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses of the Regulatory Mechanism of Light Intensity in the Synthesis of Endogenous Hormones and Anthocyanins in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.

To explore the regulatory mechanism of endogenous hormones in the synthesis of anthocyanins in Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl (A. roxburghii) under different light intensities, this study used metabolomics and transcriptomics techniques to identify the key genes and transcription factors involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. We also analyzed the changes in and correlations between plant endogenous hormones and anthocyanin metabolites under different light intensities. The results indicate that light intensity significantly affects the levels of anthocyanin glycosides and endogenous hormones in leaves. A total of 38 anthocyanin-related differential metabolites were identified. Under 75% light transmittance (T3 treatment), the leaves exhibited the highest anthocyanin content and differentially expressed genes such as chalcone synthase (CHS), flavonol synthase (FLS), and flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase (F3'H) exhibited the highest expression levels. Additionally, 13 transcription factors were found to have regulatory relationships with 7 enzyme genes, with 11 possessing cis-elements responsive to plant hormones. The expression of six genes and two transcription factors was validated using qRT-PCR, with the results agreeing with those obtained using RNA sequencing. This study revealed that by modulating endogenous hormones and transcription factors, light intensity plays a pivotal role in regulating anthocyanin glycoside synthesis in A. roxburghii leaves. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying light-induced changes in leaf coloration and contribute to our knowledge of plant secondary metabolite regulation caused by environmental factors.

HPLC-ESI/MS-MS metabolic profiling of white pitaya fruit and cytotoxic potential against cervical cancer: Comparative studies, synergistic effects, and molecular mechanistic approaches

Natural approach became a high demand for the prevention and treatment of such diseases for their proven safety and efficacy. This study is aimed to perform comparative phytochemical analysis of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) peel, pulp and seed extracts via determination of total flavonoid content, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity, coupled with HPLC-ESI/MS-MS analysis. Further, we evaluated the synergistic cytotoxic potential with Cisplatin against cervical cancer cells with investigation of underlying mechanism. The highest content of phenolics and antioxidants were found in both seed and peel extracts. The HPLC-ESI/MS-MS revealed identification of flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanin glycosides, lignans, stilbenes, and coumarins. The cytotoxicity effects were evaluated by MTT assay against prostate, breast and cervical (HeLa) and Vero cell lines. The seed and peel extracts showed remarkable cytotoxic effect against all tested cell lines. Moreover, the selectivity index confirmed high selectivity of pitaya extracts to cancer cells and safety on normal cells. The combined therapy with Cisplatin effectively enhanced its efficacy and optimized the treatment outcomes, through the apoptotic ability of pitaya extracts in HeLa cells, as evaluated by flow cytometry. Besides, RT-PCR and western blotting analysis showed downregulation of Bcl-2 and overexpression of P53, BAX among HeLa cells treated with pitaya extracts, which eventually activated apoptosis process. Thus, pitaya extract could be used as adjuvant therapy with cisplatin for treatment of cervical cancer. Furthermore, in-vivo extensive studies on the seed and peel extracts, and their compounds are recommended to gain more clarification about the required dose, and side effects.

In Silico and In Vivo Evaluation of the Maqui Berry (Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz) on Biochemical Parameters and Oxidative Stress Markers in a Metabolic Syndrome Model.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a complex disease that includes metabolic and physiological alterations in various organs such as the heart, pancreas, liver, and brain. Reports indicate that blackberry consumption, such as maqui berry, has a beneficial effect on chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes. In the present study, in vivo and in silico studies have been performed to evaluate the molecular mechanisms implied to improve the metabolic parameters of MetS. Fourteen-day administration of maqui berry reduces weight gain, blood fasting glucose, total blood cholesterol, triacylglycerides, insulin resistance, and blood pressure impairment in the diet-induced MetS model in male and female rats. In addition, in the serum of male and female rats, the administration of maqui berry (MB) improved the concentration of MDA, the activity of SOD, and the formation of carbonyls in the group subjected to the diet-induced MetS model. In silico studies revealed that delphinidin and its glycosylated derivatives could be ligands of some metabolic targets such as α-glucosidase, PPAR-α, and PPAR-γ, which are related to MetS parameters. The experimental results obtained in the study suggest that even at low systemic concentrations, anthocyanin glycosides and aglycones could simultaneously act on different targets related to MetS. Therefore, these molecules could be used as coadjuvants in pharmacological interventions or as templates for designing new multitarget molecules to manage patients with MetS.

A chromosome-scale genome sequence of Aeonium(Aeonium arboreum 'Velour') provides novel insights into the evolution of anthocyanin synthesis

Anthocyanin glycoside is a water-soluble flavonoid compound that colors plants and aids in stress resistance. The mechanism driving the evolution of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway in plants remains unclear. Aeonium plants are highly regarded as model organisms for studying adaptive evolution. These plants can be categorized into various types, each distinguished by the content and distribution of anthocyanins in their leaves. The categories include red leaves, green leaves, black leaves, yellow leaves, and a classification known as the 'spot brocade series. In this study, we successfully assembled and annotated the genome of cultivar 'Aeonium arboreum 'Velour'' at chromosomal level. The genome size is 1,334.85 Mb containing 18 chromosomes in a single set, with a contig N50 of 23.47 Mb and a Scaffold N50 of 25.07 Mb. Through homology prediction, de novo prediction, and transcriptome prediction, we identified 166,228 coding genes, 161,656 of which were successfully annotated in the database. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that Aeonium arboreum 'Velour' underwent an independent genome-wide replication event after differentiating from Sedum album, Kalanchoe laxiflora, and Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi. It also shared a genome-wide replication event with Sedum album and Kalanchoe laxiflora. Aeonium arboreum 'Velour' exhibits a higher number of multi-copy gene families compared to other species. A total of 5,129 gene families unique to Aeonium arboreum 'Velour' were identified, primarily enriched in various metabolic pathways, including monoterpenoid biosynthesis, sesquiterpene and triterpene biosynthesis, cyanamide acid metabolism, flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, fatty acid degradation, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid, ether lipid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, and isoflavone biosynthesis according to the KEGG pathway analysis. Aeonium arboreum 'Velour' and Sedum album diversion dates back to approximately 43.11 million years ago during the Paleogene period, marked by the expansion of 2,807 gene families. In contrast, the divergence from Kalanchoe laxiflora and Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi began around 57.28 million years ago, with 219 gene families expanding. GO analysis highlighted that most of the expansion or contraction gene families were predominantly enriched in flower organs, leaf organ development, anthocyanin metabolism regulation, and light energy absorption and utilization. Remarkably, anthocyanin metabolism regulation is enriched to 80 expanded genes, including 36 bHLH transcription factors, possibly functioning as photosensitive pigment interaction factors (PIFs). We speculate that flavonoids play a pivotal role in the adaptation of Aeonium arboreum 'Velour' to environmental stress. Moreover, the evolution of the anthocyanin synthesis pathway is potentially driven by the plant's capability to absorb and utilize light energy, especially in high CO2 and high-temperature settings characteristic of the early Paleogene.

Varietal Authenticity Assessment of QTMJ Tea Using Non-Targeted Metabolomics and Multi-Elemental Analysis with Chemometrics.

In this paper, a combination of non-targeted metabolomics and multi-element analysis was used to investigate the impact of five different cultivars on the sensory quality of QTMJ tea and identify candidate markers for varietal authenticity assessment. With chemometric analysis, a total of 54 differential metabolites were screened, with the abundances significantly varied in the tea cultivars. By contrast, the QTMJ tea from the Yaoshan Xiulv (XL) monovariety presents a much better sensory quality as result of the relatively more abundant anthocyanin glycosides and the lower levels of 2'-o-methyladenosine, denudatine, kynurenic acid and L-pipecolic acid. In addition, multi-elemental analysis found 14 significantly differential elements among the cultivars (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05). The differences and correlations of metabolites and elemental signatures of QTMJ tea between five cultivars were discussed using a Pearson correlation analysis. Element characteristics can be used as the best discriminant index for different cultivars of QTMJT, with a predictive accuracy of 100%.

Qualitative and quantitative study of flavonoids in Notoginseng Radix et Rhizoma based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC-DAD

The flavonoids in Panax notoginseng were qualitatively analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and the content of three main flavonoids in P. notoginseng of different specifications and grades collected from different habitats was determined by HPLC-DAD. Flavonoids and anthocyanins were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS in the positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Twelve flavonoid glycosides and one anthocyanin glycoside in P. notoginseng were identified, but no flavonoid aglycones were detected. Among them, 12 compounds were identified in the underground part of P. notoginseng for the first time and eight compounds were first reported in this plant. Moreover, six and four compounds were identified in the Panax genus and the Araliaceae family for the first time, respectively. A method for simultaneous determination of three flavonoids in P. notoginseng was established by HPLC-DAD. The content of flavonoids in 721 P. notoginseng samples of 124 specifications and grades collected from 20 different habitats was simultaneously determined. Among three flavonoids determined, the content of quercetin-3-O-(2″-β-D-xylosyl)-β-D-galactoside was the highest with the average content in the tested samples of 161.0 μg·g~(-1). The content of compounds quercetin-3-O-hexosyl-hexoside and kaempferol-3-O-pentosyl-hexoside was relatively low, with the average content of 18.5 μg·g~(-1)(calculated as quercetin-3-O-sophoroside) and 49.4 μg·g~(-1)(calculated as kaempferol-3-O-sangbu diglycoside). There were significant differences in flavonoids content of samples from different production area. The content of flavonoids in spring P. notoginseng was significantly lower than that in winter P. notoginseng when the other influencing factors such as production areas, germplasm resources, and cultivation conditions were fixed. As for P. notoginseng of different specifications, the flavonoid content in the part connecting the taproot and the aboveground stem was significantly higher than that in other parts. The results of large-scale data showed that the flavonoid content gradually increased with the increase in the number of heads. There were significant differences between the flavonoid content in most specifications and grades, especially the 20-head P. notoginseng and countless head P. notoginseng, whose content was significantly lower and significantly higher than that of other specifications and grades, respectively. This study provides a scientific basis for the study of the effective components and quality control of P. notoginseng from the perspective of flavonoids.

A novel R2R3-MYB transcription factor FaMYB5 positively regulates anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in cultivated strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa).

Flavonoids have a major contribution to the fruit quality in cultivated strawberries and are regulated by MYB, bHLH and WD40 transcriptional factors. We reported here the identification of the FaMYB5, an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, which positively regulated the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins through the trans-activation of the F3'H and LAR. The strawberry FaEGL3 and FaLWD1/FaLWD1-like interact with the R2R3-FaMYB5 to form an MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex (MBW), enhancing the regulatory efficiency. The R2R3-FaMYB5 was constitutively expressed in various tissues and in fruits of different developmental stages, which was strikingly contrasting to the fruit-specific expression patterns of FaMYB10. Meanwhile, R2R3-FaMYB5 failed to promote a stable accumulation of anthocyanin glycosides in the mature fruits of the myb10 mutant, mainly due to the suppressed expression of TT19. The R2R3-FaMYB5 was regulated by an antisense long noncoding RNA lncRNA-myb5. Additionally, the R2R3-FaMYB5 protein could interact with FaBT2 and was degraded through the ubiquitin/26 S proteasome pathway. Transcriptome and metabolome data showed that R2R3-FaMYB5 enhanced the gene expression and the metabolite accumulation involved in the flavonoid, phenylpropanoid and lignin biosynthesis pathways. Collectively, we conclude that the FaMYB5 is an R2R3-MYB activator involved in the composition of MBW, which positively regulates the biosynthesis of anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin. These findings provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms that regulate flavonoids in strawberry fruits.

Interactions between zein and anthocyanins at different pH: Structural characterization, binding mechanism and stability

Zein-anthocyanin nanoparticles (ZACNPs) at different pH values were successfully developed to stabilize anthocyanins based on the self-assembly properties of zein. The structural characterization by the Fourier infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular docking analysis showed that the interactions between anthocyanins and zein were driven by the hydrogen bonds formed between the hydroxyl and carbonyl oxygen groups on anthocyanin glycoside groups and the amino acid residues (glutamine and serine), as well as the hydrophobic interactions from the A or B ring of anthocyanins and the amino acid residues of zein. The binding energy of zein to two anthocyanin monomers cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and delphinidin 3-O-glucoside was 8.2 and 7.4 kcal/mol. Further property examinations of ZACNPs showed that the thermal stability of anthocyanins at a ratio of zein:ACN = 1:0.3 was improved by 56.64 % (90 °C, 2 h), and the storage stability increased by up to 31.11 % at pH 2. In addition, the antioxidant activity of ZACNPs (zein:ACN = 1:0.3) was significantly enhanced, and the DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activities, FRAP and ORAC value reached 87.73 %, 87.89 %, 435.5 μg/mL, 90.58 μmol/mL at pH 4, respectively. These results suggested that combining zein to anthocyanins is a feasible method to stabilize anthocyanins.

Determination of the polyphenolic content of berry juices using focusing-modulated comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection.

In this work, a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography system, comprised of a ZIC-HILIC and C18 columns in the first and second dimensions, respectively, was tuned and employed for attaining high resolution profiles of the polyphenolic pattern in seven commercial berry juices. The developed HILIC × RP-LC method was validated in terms of linearity range, correlation coefficients, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision (intra- and inter-day), and recovery. A total of 104 polyphenolic compounds belonging to different chemical classes (hydroxybenzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives, flavone glycosides, flavonols, flavonol glycosides, dihydroflavonols, and anthocyanin glycosides) have been characterized and quantified in the juices investigated. Despite the constituents being similar, a notable quantitative variation among the analyzed berry species was observed. Elderberry contained the highest amount of polyphenols (918 ± 1.10mg 100mL-1), followed by chokeberry (516 ± 0.08mg 100mL-1). On the other hand, raspberry contained the lowest amount (104 ± 1.21mg 100mL-1). Further, total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were determined spectrophotometrically, yielding consistent results. The free-radical scavenging activity (DPPH test) and reducing power of the juices, expressed as IC50 (μL mL-1) and mg ASE mL-1, varied from 2.79 ± 0.03 (honeyberry) to 31.66 ± 0.02 (blueberry) and from 1.71 ± 0.01 (blueberry) to 8.89 ± 0.12 (chokeberry), respectively. Such a ZIC-HILIC × C18 platform based on focusing modulation, never employed so far for berry juices, showed a remarkable separation capability with high values of corrected peak capacity (up to 1372) and orthogonality (Ao up to 0.80), thus providing a great applicability to be advantageously employed for other complex food samples.

Determination of TLC fingerprint biomarker of Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam leaves extracted with ethanol and its potential as antihyperglycemic agent

Antihyperglycemic activity of Ipomoea batatas (L.) leaves has been studied for years. As many naturally found varieties of such plant species have been used as herbal medicines, there is a need to establish a fingerprint biomarker standardization method. Our research combined TLC fingerprints and chemometric analysis to determine biomarkers in leaf ethanol extract of Ipomoea batatas (L.) (EIBL). We predicted the main constituents of anthocyanin glycosides and their acylated derivates in the leaf ethanol extract of such plants using ESI-MS. The EIBL that contained identified biomarkers has succeeded in providing an antihyperglycemic effect in experimental using STZ-induced rats. This study also found a linear correlation between doses of flavonoid derivates as antioxidant agents with their antihyperglycemic activities. Therefore, this biomarker information can be used as a model to predict the dose-responses of the antihyperglycemic activities produced by other leaf ethanol extracts of I. batatas.

Irradiation Effect on the Structural Properties of &lt;i&gt;Ipomoea batatas &lt;/i&gt;L as a Function of Temperature and Time

Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L) contains high anthocyanin and peonidin glycosides which are useful as powerful natural antioxidants. Microwaves is an electric oven that use for heats and cooks food by exposing electromagnetic radiation produce thermal energy which was influenced to the composition and structural properties of food. In this study, the effect of microwave irradiation on the structural and bonding characteristic of Ipomoea batatas L have been analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR), respectively. The composition and the crystallite size was decreases with increasing the temperature and the time of irradiation. The intensity of functional group FTIR spectra shows for 20 minutes irradiation indicated the time for breaking bond of hydroxyl group due to evaporation and re-arrangement of atomic bonding for &gt;20 minutes irradiation. The result in this study as a guided for general public the time maximum irradiation by microwave in the processing Ipomoea batatas L without change the properties

IR ion spectroscopy in a combined approach with MS/MS and IM-MS to discriminate epimeric anthocyanin glycosides (cyanidin 3-O-glucoside and -galactoside)

Anthocyanins are widespread in plants and flowers, being responsible for their different colouring. Two representative members of this family have been selected, cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside and 3-O-β-galactopyranoside, and probed by mass spectrometry based methods, testing their performance in discriminating between the two epimers. The native anthocyanins, delivered into the gas phase by electrospray ionization, display a comparable drift time in ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and a common fragment, corresponding to loss of the sugar moiety, in their collision induced dissociation (CID) pattern. However, the IR multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectra in the fingerprint range show a feature particularly evident in the case of the glucoside. This signature is used to identify the presence of cyanidin 3-O-β-glucopyranoside in a natural extract of pomegranate. In an effort to increase any differentiation between the two epimers, aluminum complexes were prepared and sampled for elemental composition by FT-ICR-MS. CID experiments now display an extensive fragmentation pattern, showing few product ions peculiar to each species. More noteworthy is the IRMPD behavior in the OH stretching range showing significant differences in the spectra of the two epimers. DFT calculations allow to interpret the observed distinct bands due to a varied network of hydrogen bonding and relative conformer stability.

Distinguishing Six Edible Berries Based on Metabolic Pathway and Bioactivity Correlations by Non-targeted Metabolite Profiling.

Berries have been used as valuable sources of polyphenols for human health; however, injudicious uses of berries are widespread without regard to the specific metabolite constituent of each berry. We classified 6 different edible berries (honeyberry, blueberry, mandarin melonberry, mulberry, chokeberry, and Korean black raspberry) based on their metabolite distributions in biosynthetic pathways by non-targeted metabolite profiling and bioactive correlation analysis. Principal component analysis revealed a distinct clustering pattern of metabolites for each berry. Metabolic pathway analysis revealed different biosynthetic routes of secondary metabolites in each berry. Mandarin melonberry contains a relatively higher proportion of genistein, genistein glycoside, and genistein-derived isoflavonoids and prenylflavonoids than the other berries. Various anthocyanin glycosides, synthesized from dihydroquercetin and cyanidin, were more abundant in chokeberry and honeyberry, whereas high levels of flavonoid-and anthocyanins-rutinoside forms were observed in Korean black raspberry. The levels of anthocyanins derived from dihydromyricetin were high in blueberry. The highest anti-oxidant activity was observed in chokeberry and Korean black raspberry, which is positively related to the proportional concentration of flavonoids, phenolics, and anthocyanins. The lowest sugar contents were observed in Korean black raspberry, highest acidity in honeyberry, and lowest acidity in mandarin melonberry, which were specific characteristics among the berries. Taken together, biosynthetic pathway and physicochemical characteristics analyses revealed that the different synthesized routes of flavonoids and anthocyanins and associated bio-activities may be distinct features in each berry and explain their phenotypic diversity at the molecular level.

Дослідження антоціанів лушпиння цибулі ріпчастої

Introduction. The studying of the chemical composition and biological activity of plant wastes is an actual problem. The Onion – Allium cepa L., the family Alliaceae belong to the plants that form both primary and secondary wastes. Primary wastes of onion – peels, are formed immediately after harvesting. Secondary are formed during processing of food industry.The aim of the study – to learn the qualitative composition and quantitative content of anthocyanins of Onion’s peels of the “Red Baron” and “Mars” varieties.Research Methods. The presence of this group of compounds in the onion peels of both varieties was confirmed by qualitative reactions with alkali and lead acetate and thin-layer chromatography. The modified spectrophotometric method according to State Pharmacopoeia of Ukraine 2 edition monograph “Blueberry fresh fruits” was used for quantitative determination of anthocyanins.Results and Discussion. Malvidin-3-O-glycoside, malvidin-3.5-diglycoside, delphinidin-3-O-glycoside, cyanidin3-O-glycoside, cyanidine-3.5-diglycoside were identified in onion’s peels both varieties. The content of anthocyaninsin Onion`s peels of the “Red Baron” and “Mars” varieties was determined by spectrophotometric method.Conclusions. 5 anthocyanin glycosides were identified in Onion’s peels “Red Baron” and “Mars” varieties using thin layer chromatography. Optimal conditions to maximize the extraction of anthocyans from the Onion peels were selected. The quantitative content of anthocyanins in the Onion peels of the “Red Baron” and “Mars” varieties was determined.

Production and characterization of a β-glucosidase from Issatchenkia terricola and its use for hydrolysis of aromatic precursors in Cabernet Sauvignon wine

New enzymes isolated from the biodiversity of native wine ecosystems could contribute to increase the varietal character of regional wines. This study reports on the production and characterization of Issatchenkia terricola, beta-glucosidase and its potential to release red-wine aromatic compounds. The enzyme, a monomer of 48 kDa with an isoelectric point of 3.5 is tolerant to glucose and ethanol, properties compatible with enological use. Although fed-batch is usually the most suitable system for enzyme production in submerged culture, in this case the yield was practically the same as in batch culture. Enzyme productivity was increased 2-fold in synthetic medium with glucose with respect to the YPG and 3–8-fold with respect to other media assayed. After enzymatic treatment, GC-MS analysis of the released aglycones demonstrated significant increases in the concentration of phenols (83%) and norisoprenoids (65%). According to the judges of the sensory panel, the treatment resulted in a wine with dried fruits and raisins notes, as compared to the control, which was found more sweet and fruity. This, together with the lack of activity on anthocyanin glycosides, highlights the potential of this enzyme in enology, since its high selectivity allowed the development of aroma without compromising wine color.

Bioactive compounds and antimicrobial activity of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) berries and leaves extract obtained by different soil management system

Polyphenols compounds have been found in berries and leaves of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) are known as agents acting preventively and therapeutically on the human organism. The effect of three soil management system (bare fallow, sawdust mulch and black plastic mulch) on the content of total anthocyanins, anthocyanin glycoside (delphinidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3-rutinoside), flavonols (quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol), flavan-3-ols (catechin and epicatechin) and antimicrobial activity of seven black currant cultivars (‘Ben Lomond’, ‘Ben Sarek’, ‘Titania’, ‘Čačanska Crna’, ‘Tisel’, ‘Tiben’ and ‘Tsema’) was investigated.Total anthocyanins content was determined using the single pH and pH differential method. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed for the identification of the most abundant metabolites presented in berries and leaves extracts. Microbial properties of extracts were examined using eight selected indicator strains. Soil management systems and cultivars showed highly significant differences in the tested parameters. Berries showed a higher content in anthocyanins, flavonols and flavan-3-ols than leaves. Quercetin was the most abundant flavonol in berries and leaves, and epicatechin the most abundant flavan-3-ol. Comparative research on black currant cultivars and soil management systems suggests an important relationship between cultivars and soil management systems. Soil management systems had an effect on the contents anthocyanins and anthocyanin glycoside in extract leaves, but not in extract berries of black currant cultivars. On the other hand, soil management systems have a significant positive effect on the synthesis and accumulation of flavonols and flavan-3-ols in both berries and leaves. Furthermore, all extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity. These results suggest that berries and leaves of black currant cultivars which growing on different soil management systems may be used as a source of beneficial compounds in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Effect of Torulaspora delbrueckii Yeast on the Anthocyanin and Flavanol Concentrations of Cabernet franc and Pinotage Wines

Pinotage and Cabernet franc grape must were inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Torulaspora delbrueckii yeasts. Differences in colour were observed between Pinotage (S. cerevisiae) and Pinotage (T. delbrueckii) wines, whereas differences in berry and herbaceous character were observed between Cabernet franc (S. cerevisiae) and Cabernet franc (T. delbrueckii) wines. Mouthfeel properties between treatments for both wines were not significantly different. Overall quality was slightly higher in wines inoculated with T. delbrueckii compared to wines inoculated with S. cerevisiae. Anthocyanins and flavanols measured in Pinotage wines made with T. delbrueckii were higher compared to Pinotage must inoculated with S. cerevisiae. Cabernet franc wines made with S. cerevisiae were higher in anthocyanin glycoside and flavanol concentrations compared to Cabernet franc wines made with T. delbrueckii. Insignificant differences in acetylated and coumarylated anthocyanins were evident between Cabernet franc (S. cerevisiae) and Cabernet franc (T. delbrueckii) wines. Principal component analysis showed that epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, procyanidin B2, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-(6-acetyl) glucoside, petunidin 3-(6-acetyl) glucoside, malvidin 3-(6-acetyl) glucoside and malvidin 3-O-glucoside concentrations were highest in Pinotage wines inoculated with T. delbrueckii. Cabernet franc wines inoculated with S. cerevisiae yeasts were highest in malvidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, petunidin 3-(6-p-coumaroyl) glucoside, petunidin 3-O-glucoside, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin gallate concentrations. Total anthocyanins were highest in Pinotage (S. cerevisiae) wines and Cabernet franc (T. delbrueckii) wines. Flavanols were highest in Pinotage (T. delbrueckii) and Cabernet franc (S. cerevisiae) wines. It is evident from the results that yeast species has an impact on the flavonoid concentrations within a grape variety.

ХИМИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗУЧЕНИЕ СОСТАВА АНТОЦИАНОВ ТРАВЫ OCIMUM BASILICUM L.

Abstract. Sweet basil − Ocimum basilicum L. contains a wide spectrum of biologically active compounds: essential oils, phenolic compounds, including flavonoids and anthocyanins. The violet variety is a rich source of acylated and glycosylated anthocyanins and can be of interest as a unique source of stable red pigments for the food industry. The HPLC method has determined the chemical composition of O. basilicum L.anthocyanins: it contains 12 anthocyanin glycosides, and these compounds are in the form of depsides with hydroxy-cinnamic acids, as evidenced by their characteristic UV profiles. The aglycone of anthocyanin glycosides is cyanidin, which was confirmed by the acid hydrolysis. And 11 anthocyanin glycosides are represented as depsides with p-coumaric acid. One anthocyan glycoside is in the form of a depside with caffeic acid. The quantification of anthocyanins was determined by the pH-differential spectrophotometry. It was found that the fresh O. basilicum L. raw material total content of anthocyanins was – 0,48 ± 0,054%.

A gene-derived SNP-based high resolution linkage map of carrot including the location of QTL conditioning root and leaf anthocyanin pigmentation.

BackgroundPurple carrots accumulate large quantities of anthocyanins in their roots and leaves. These flavonoid pigments possess antioxidant activity and are implicated in providing health benefits. Informative, saturated linkage maps associated with well characterized populations segregating for anthocyanin pigmentation have not been developed. To investigate the genetic architecture conditioning anthocyanin pigmentation we scored root color visually, quantified root anthocyanin pigments by high performance liquid chromatography in segregating F2, F3 and F4 generations of a mapping population, mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) onto a dense gene-derived single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based linkage map, and performed comparative trait mapping with two unrelated populations.ResultsRoot pigmentation, scored visually as presence or absence of purple coloration, segregated in a pattern consistent with a two gene model in an F2, and progeny testing of F3-F4 families confirmed the proposed genetic model. Purple petiole pigmentation was conditioned by a single dominant gene that co-segregates with one of the genes conditioning root pigmentation. Root total pigment estimate (RTPE) was scored as the percentage of the root with purple color.All five anthocyanin glycosides previously reported in carrot, as well as RTPE, varied quantitatively in the F2 population. For the purpose of QTL analysis, a high resolution gene-derived SNP-based linkage map of carrot was constructed with 894 markers covering 635.1 cM with a 1.3 cM map resolution. A total of 15 significant QTL for all anthocyanin pigments and for RTPE mapped to six chromosomes. Eight QTL with the largest phenotypic effects mapped to two regions of chromosome 3 with co-localized QTL for several anthocyanin glycosides and for RTPE. A single dominant gene conditioning anthocyanin acylation was identified and mapped.Comparative mapping with two other carrot populations segregating for purple color indicated that carrot anthocyanin pigmentation is controlled by at least three genes, in contrast to monogenic control reported previously.ConclusionsThis study generated the first high resolution gene-derived SNP-based linkage map in the Apiaceae. Two regions of chromosome 3 with co-localized QTL for all anthocyanin pigments and for RTPE, largely condition anthocyanin accumulation in carrot roots and leaves. Loci controlling root and petiole anthocyanin pigmentation differ across diverse carrot genetic backgrounds.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1118) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.