Anthocephalus Cadamba Research Articles

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN CUKA BAMBU AMPEL HIJAU (Bambusa vulgaris Schard var. vitata) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser

The utilization of bamboo into different variations product is a proof of the bamboo have meet a variety needs of the people. One of its uses is in to bamboo vinegar as liquid organic fertilizer. Hence, the potential bamboo vinegar need to be analyze of the effect on the growth of plants forestry. This study aims to analyze the bamboo vinegar are sourced from part of the body bamboo (root, stem, and leaves) and its dilution concentration, on the growth of Neolamarckia cadamba. The experimental design used Completely Randomized Factorial Design with two factors, namely bamboo vinegar sourced from the roots, stems, and leaves and its dilution concentration. Furthermore, the data was processed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Different concentrations of bamboo vinegar were able to increase the diameter and number of leaves on Neolamarckia cadamba, but increase in the height only some treatments. The treatment of leaf-sourced bamboo vinegar with concentration of 5% (C7) significantly increased the height of Neolamarkia cadamba. Generally, bamboo vinegar sourced from roots, stems, and leaves with a concentration of 2 - 5% are still good for plant growth.

Effects of Forestry Waste Neolamarckia cadamba Leaf Meal as an Additive on Fermentation Quality, Antioxidant Activity, and Bacterial Community of High-Moisture Stylo Silage

N. cadamba leaves, a byproduct of wood production, are always discarded in the field. N. cadamba leaves have strong antibacterial property, which might be recycled to inhibit undesirable bacteria and enhance the fermentation quality of silage. Ensiling, a traditional conservation method for animal feed, is commonly used all over the world. It is known that high-moisture forages, especially legumes, are difficult to ensile directly as much ammonia-N and butyric acid produced by undesirable bacteria will reduce the feeding value. To investigate the effects of N. cadamba leaf meal on the fermentation quality of stylo silage, 5% and 10% N. cadamba leaf meal were mixed with stylo for 30 days of ensiling in two independent experiments. Results showed that the silage pH and butyric acid content of stylo silage were decreased (p < 0.01) by 10% N. cadamba leaf meal. In experiment 2, contents of nonprotein-N and ammonia-N were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), while the true protein content was significantly increased (p < 0.05). The same results on the changing tendency were also obtained in experiment 1. In addition, N. cadamba leaf meal addition also decreased the bacterial diversity. The relative abundance of Clostridium and Lelliottia decreased, whereas that of Lactobacillus increased when N. cadamba leaf meal was added. It is worth noting that the addition of N. cadamba leaf meal also improved the antioxidant activity of stylo silage. The aforementioned results suggested that mixing N. cadamba leaf meal to high moisture forages could be an effective strategy to enhance silage fermentation quality, and it is also a feasible way to recycle N. cadamba leaves.

Anti-Cancer Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Neolamarckia Cadamba (Roxb.) Stem Bark using Molecular Docking Studies

Molecular docking studies are efficient tools to study the biopharmaceutical and pharmacokinetic parameters of drug compounds. The present study aimed to determinethe anti-cancer activity of Neolamarckia Cadamba (Roxb.) stem bark extract and to perform molecular docking on selected phytocompounds. The dried bark extracted successively by Soxhlet apparatus using n-Hexane, Dichloromethane and 80%Ethanol which was confirmed by visualization of spots on TLC using UV chamber. The extracted compounds subjected to Insilico study such as molecular docking using AUTODOCK 4.2.6 on the active sites of VEGFR2, HER2(erbB2) and EGFR Proteins. The docking results reveal among all the 3 phytoconstituents that are extracted from the Neolamarckia Cadamba bark 4-hydroxy-beta- ionone has maximum binding affinity at the active sites of HER2, VGERF2 and EGFR. The target proteins show good anti-cancer activity in response towards 4-hydroxy-betaionone. Keywords- Neolamarckia Cadamba, Molecular docking, Cancer, GC-MS, In-silico analysis

Aboveground biomass and carbon stock assessment in the Eastern Himalaya foothills along the Indo-Bhutan border

ABSTRACT Aboveground biomass (AGB) and the distribution of carbon stock was assessed in a swath of territory along the Indo-Bhutan border. This tract between Brahmaputra river’s floodplain and foothills of Eastern Himalayas, is a part of the Indo-Bhutan biodiversity hotspot. Using Landsat satellite data, the analysis assessed spatio-temporal landuse/landcover changes during 1989 and 2019. AGB and carbon stock were estimated using a forest inventory. Total AGB losses were 21.44 and 7.24 Mt in India and Bhutan respectively. Tree density ranged between 107–350 and 253–853 trees ha−1 in India and Bhutan respectively and tended to decrease with increasing tree diameter. Anthocephalus Chinensis (76 trees ha−1), Aphanamixis Polystachya (64), Syzygium Formosum (62) were the most dominant species in India while Quercus Spp (249 trees ha−1), Abies densa (190), Rhodendron (155) dominated in Bhutan. AGB and carbon losses were more marked in India than Bhutan. Land cover changes were not uniformly spatially distributed throughout the study area and dense forests in India decreased at a rate seven times that of Bhutan’s. Consequently, AGB losses in India were three fold those of Bhutan’s.

Utilizing fine coal waste as a topsoil substitute on mine reclamation

<h3 align="left"> </h3><p>Topsoil in post-mined land generally has a low fertility level. Its availability is not always in sufficient quantities to meet minimal needs for mine reclamation, so substitute materials and ameliorants are needed to increase its quantity and quality. Fine coal and fly ash-bottom ash (FABA) are wastes expected to reduce the demand for topsoil and, at the same time, may improve topsoil quality. This study aimed to examine the application of fine coal as a topsoil substitution and its effect on changes in the chemical properties of topsoil and the growth of <em>jabon</em><em>v </em>(<em>Anthocephalus chinensis</em>). The study was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design model with two factors. The first factor was fine coal with four levels of 0, 10, 20, and 50% from the topsoil (w/w), and the second factor was FABA with three levels of 0, 500, 1000 g/15 kg of growing media. The <em>jabon</em><em> </em>plant was grown for 24 weeks. The results showed that up to 50% fine coal could be used as a topsoil substitution. The interaction of fine coal and FABA increase pH, organic C, total N, cation exchange capacity, available P, base saturation, exchangeable cations, and micronutrients, and reduce the amount of exchangeable Al in the soil. FABA with a dose of 1000 g/15 kg of growing media and 50% fine coal was the best treatment to increase the growth of the <em>jabon </em>plant.</p>

(+)-Neocadambine A and (-)-nauclederine Isolated from the Bark of Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) as Natural Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) Inhibitors

The phytochemical study on the dichloromethane extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser has afforded two indole alkaloids, (+)-neocadambine A (1) and (-)-nauclederine (2). Their structures were confirmed by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparing with the reported data. (+)-Neocadambine A (1) and (-)-nauclederine (2) exhibited potent inhibition activity of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with IC50 values of 1.2 and 0.95 mM, respectively, while the latter was almost two times more potent than the standard, aminoguanidine (1.8 mM). This is the first report on the compounds isolated from this plant with AGEs inhibition activity. In addition, (-)-nauclederine (2) was isolated for the first time in the genus of Neolamarckia. Complete 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR of compound 2 were also reported.

Identification of spatial data and ecology of Javan hawk-eagle's nest (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the Kondang Merak Coastal, South Malang, East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Iskandar RRD, Elfidasari D, Prawiradilaga DM. 2022. Identification of spatial data and ecology of Javan hawk-eagle's nest (Nisaetus bartelsi) in the Kondang Merak Coastal, South Malang, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 3419-3428. Ecological identification of the Javan hawk-eagle's habitat (Nisaetus bartelsi) is necessary to understand the support of its life, such as the spatial data in connection with its home range, nest location, and the use of nest trees. The species must choose a location that suits its needs. According to several studies, The Javan hawk-eagle's presence was only in highland forests. The new report of The Javan hawk-eagle occurrence in Merak Kondang coastal confirmed The Javan hawk-eagle's presence in lowland forest. The objective of this study was to identify the landscape characteristics that become the habitat preferences of The Javan hawk-eagle in Merak Kondang coastal, South Malang, East Java. Analysis used in this study included habitat suitability maps, plant vegetation, spatial analysis of tree canopy, and tree nest architecture analysis. The home range of the Javan hawk-eagle in the Kondang Merak coastal, South Malang, East Java, covered an area of 149.94 Ha. Most of the home range overlapped between Javan hawk-eagle individuals, including siblings and between an individual Javan hawk-eagle with other species of eagle. The Javan hawk-eagle used Spondias pinnata as nest trees with the architectural model Scarrone. It used 3 different tree species for perching, namely Pterocymbium javanicum, Anthocephalus cadamba, and Alstonia angustiloba. In the tree phase, the dominant vegetation type was Spondias pinnata (IVI) 43,16%, the pole phase that dominates was Mallotus paniculatus (IVI) 62.31%, the dominant vegetation of the stake phase was Garcinia forbesii, and the seedling phase was Arenga obtusifolia (IVI) 71.42%. The highest diversity index (H') was in the tree phase (H’=2,34), which was in the moderately abundant category and was at an elevation of 8% (flat).

Study of Ethnomedicinal Plants Used by the Local People Of Raipura Upazila of Narsingdi District

An ethnomedicinal investigation was conducted from July 2019 to June 2020 in Raipura Upazila, Narshingdi district. The main aim of this study was to record, integrate and document all the scattered distributions of traditional healthcare knowledge of medicinal plants. Data collection of ethnomedicinal plants were performed through key informant interviews, field interviews, checklist interviews, Plant interviews, semi - structured interviews and group discussion. A total of 87 medicinal species with 114 formularies to treat 69 ailments have been recorded. These species belong to 49 families. Most frequently used plant species are trees (43%) followed by herbs (31%), shrubs (21%) and climbers (5%). Oral consumption is the main mode of treatment in the study area followed by external application. The reported ailments were classified into 15 disease categories. Maximum plant species were reported to treat diarrhoea and dysentery. The highest Factor informant consensus (Fic) value was found in respiratory category (fever, cold, cough, pneumonia).The most cited species for this category are Ocimum sanctum L., Nigella sativa L. and Jasticia adhatoda L. Cardiovascular disease showed second highest Fic value. The most cited plant species for this category are Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex D.C.) Wight & Arn., Tamarindus indica L. and Allium sativum L. In this survey, 8 species scored 100% Fl values for different disease categories. These are Aerva sanguinolenta (L.) Blume, Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser, Tamarindus indica L., Momordica charantia L., Cocos nucifera L., Ocimum sanctum L., Leucus aspera (Willd.) Link. and Jasticia adhatoda L. Therefore, such plant species could be further analyzed for bioactive constituents that can lead to discovery of new and potential drugs. The study also revealed that the medicinal plants and traditional knowledge in Raipura Upazila are in threatened condition due to different disturbances and some suggestions have been recommended for conservation. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 29(1): 137-156, 2022 (June)

Firstever Breeding Record of Painted Stork along with Greater Adjutant Stork in the Flood Plains of Kosi River in Bhagalpur, Bihar, India

Painted stork (Mycteria leucocephela) is a large resident wetland bird of stork family- Ciconidae and has been categorized as near threatened. A new nesting colony of wild Painted stork, breeding along with Lesser (Leptoptilos javanicus) and Greater Adjutant stork (Leptoptilos dubius) have been observed on the same nesting tree (Kadamb- Anthocephalus cadamba) at Bagritola village of Kadwa panchayat located on the flood plains of the Kosi river in district of Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. In October, 2015, a single nest and three Painted storks were observed (of which one bird was seen incubating) on a Kadamb tree in the village Bagritola. This breeding site was studied from October, 2015 to March, 2020 to observe the detailed nesting and breeding behaviors. From October, 2015 onwards a significant increase in the number of nests of Painted storks was recorded at the same breeding site and the storks adopted 2-5 separate but closely situated kadamb trees for nesting. In the month of September, 2017, two adjacent Kadamb trees were adopted by the Lesser and Greater Adjutant storks for nesting and they built two nests (one on each) Kadamb tree. In October, 2017, Painted storks also started to build their nest on the same trees which were already occupied by the Adjutant storks. From 2018 onwards, no nests of Lesser adjutant stork were observed and the Painted storks were found to breed along with Greater adjutant storks only, till the end of the study period i.e. March, 2020. Similar to the other two stork species, both the male and female Painted storks were sharing the process of nest building, incubation, nursing and guarding the chicks by rotation. Fragments of old branches of nearby trees as well as from abandoned nests were used for building the nests which were cushioned with the leaves. The Painted storks were successfully breeding along with the Greater adjutant storks on the same nesting trees peacefully without any obvious disturbances. The breeding season of Painted storks was observed to continue between October to March and their incubation period was estimated to range between 27-30 days. The breeding season of Lesser adjutant stork was observed to continue between mid-August to Feb whereas of Greater adjutant stork was observed between September to March with slight variation of 6-10 days in Bihar, India.

Fast-Growing Magnetic Wood Synthesis by an In-Situ Method.

Jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) is a fast-growing wood with low quality due to its low density and strength. The quality can be increased by modifying the wood through impregnation with various chemical compounds. In this study, jabon was impregnated with a solution of Fe and immersed in a strong base (NaOH) or a weak base (NH4OH) to form magnetite (Fe3O4) in-situ. This study analysed the use of NaOH and NH4OH in synthesising magnetic jabon wood and evaluated the wood’s characteristics. The impregnation process began with a vacuum of −0.5 bar for 0.5 h and then a pressure of 1 bar for 2 h. The samples subsequently underwent assessment of their dimensional stability, density, and characteristics. The results showed that impregnation with Fe solution followed by NaOH or NH4OH significantly affected the density and dimensional stability of the wood. The polymer weight gain was higher with NaOH, while the anti-swelling efficiency was higher with NH4OH. The density and bulking effect were increased, but the water uptake was decreased. Fourier transform infrared analysis showed the successful synthesis of magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed that magnetite covered the vessel fibre cell walls, and vibrating sample magnetometry analysis showed significant magnetic properties of the wood.

Optimization of vacuum drying and determination of functional properties of Kadam ( Neolamarckia cadamba ) fruit powder

In the present study, the vacuum drying of the Kadam fruit was performed, and the functional properties of the Kadam fruit powder were estimated. The drying conditions were optimized using the Response Surface Methodology for minimum color change and maximum vitamin C retention. The functional properties of the Kadam fruit powder dried at the optimized conditions (bed thickness 3.67 mm, drying temperature 65°C, drying pressure 160 mmHg, and blanching temperature 100°C) were observed as; tapping density 4.23 ml/g, oil retention capacity 5.7 ml/g, water retention capacity 16 ml/g, water-solubility 0.5%, emulsion activity 0.5%, and emulsion stability 0.85%. The optimum dried fruit powder had vitamin C content (508 mg/100 g), color change (6.32), and effective moisture diffusivity (2.16 × 10−7 m2/min). This study showed that the vacuum drying of the Kadam pulp minimized the thermal degradation of the color and vitamin C. Practical applications Kadam fruit is a good source of minerals and bioactive compounds but is highly under-utilized due to its taste and lack of awareness in the population. Preparation of fruit powder can add value to under-utilized Kadam fruit. Kadam fruit powder can be used in many food products as functional ingredients. Also, incorporating Kadam powder in food formulations can increase calcium content and dietary fiber. The vacuum drying method helped minimize the thermal degradation of the color and Vitamin C of the Kadam fruit powder.

Diversity and Ecological Status of Major Lac Host Species in the Village Commons of the Periphery of Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha

An ecological study was carried out in village commons of fringe forests (i.e. 05 Km) in the tropical deciduous forests of the periphery of Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary of Odisha during 2018-19. This paper has endeavoured to assess the diversity and distribution pattern of trees vis-à-vis major lac host species in the outer peripheral region of Kuldiha Wildlife Sanctuary in the Garadihi Gram Panchayat of Nilgiri Block, Balasore, Odisha. An attempt was made to present floral diversity in the study site and estimated diversity index using Simpson's Diversity Index were determined to draw a comparative inference. Stratified random samplings were laid in the field. A total of 44 tree species consisting of 31 genera and 17 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most dominant family with 13 species. a major lac host Butea monosperma, species, recorded the highest tree density (120.00 individual's ha ) and the lowest tree density (10 individual's ha ) was observed for -1 -1Neolamarckia cadamba Ficus religiosa Shorea robusta and . had the highest basal area ha of 164.56. The Importance Value Index (IVI) of -1 trees was the highest for (20.74) followed by which was also a major lac host species (16.15) andShorea robusta Schleichera oleosa Holarrhena antidysenterica Neolamarckia cadamba (15.07 while the lowest was for (1.82). Species evenness for trees was (0.951). ) Abundance/ Frequency ratio (A/F) for trees of 44 species exhibited mostly random distribution patterns for 26 species, 13 species contagiously and 5 species were regularly distributed.

Isolation and structural determination of ursane-type triterpene from <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> dried leaves

This article documents the first time isolation of Carissic acid from <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> (Roxb.) Bosser (Family: Rubiaceae) leaves. This bioactive triterpenic acid was isolated with a yield of 3.26% by ultrasonic waves. One-dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques such as proton NMR (<sup>1</sup>H NMR), carbon-13 NMR (<sup>13</sup>C NMR), distortionless enhancement by polarisation transfer (DEPT), and two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic methods such as heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) were used to identify the structure. About 63.0 mg of pure carissic acid was isolated from 1.931 grams of acetone extract using sonomaceration as an extraction technique.

Wound healing and antioxidant potential of Neolamarckia cadamba in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

BackgroundDiabetic wounds are one of the most common disorders associated with a sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes also has the additional effect of delaying the healing of wounds. Neolamarckia cadamba (Rubiaceae) is a plant that is well-known for its wide range of pharmacological properties. MethodsThe efficacy of the ethanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba (70%) in the forms of oral (200, 400 mg/Kg/day), and topical (5% and 10% w/w/day) administration was determined on first day of wound induction (day 1) and continued until the end day of the wound induction period (day 16). The wound healing process in diabetic wounds was studied by assessing the wound contraction, serum glucose levels, biochemical and enzymatic antioxidant status in both control and treatment groups. Excision wound model histology was done to confirm activity. ResultIn the ethanolic extract of Neolamarckia cadamba numerous phytocomponents were found by doing a phytochemical analysis (alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, glycosides, tannins). The total phenolic and flavonoid content was determined to be 118.53 ± 1.36 mg/g and 106.51 ± 1.26 mg/g, respectively. In this investigation, Neolamarckia cadamba caused significant wound contraction of both forms i.e., oral (28.70%, 36.80% at doses 200, 400 mg/Kg/day) and topical (23.08%, 31.21% at doses 5%, 10% w/w/day) showed treated groups compared to the diabetic control. Additionally, oral treatment of Neolamarckia cadamba extract decreased serum glucose levels in diabetic wound rats on the 4th, 8th, 12th and 16th days, as compared to the diabetic wound control group. Moreover, biochemical and enzymatic status significantly decreased hexosamine, NO, and MDA, while increasing collagen, total protein, DNA, SOD, and CAT levels in the body. Histopathological investigations also demonstrated a dose-dependent improvement in wound healing in oral and topical treated groups by re-epithelialization, collagenation, and vascularization of damaged skin samples. ConclusionThe current study's findings indicate that the Neolamarckia cadamba may have potential for use in the formulation of diabetic wound healing medicines.

A Review on Potential of Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms in Silviculture of Neolamarckia cadamba to Industrial Timber Production Areas (ITPAs) in Malaysia

Abstract Sarawak had around 62% forest area coverage in 2018, contributed 40% of forest area in Malaysia. Two million hectares of licensed forest area was designated as Industrial Timber Production Areas (ITPAs) to sustain industrial timber production. Neolamarckia cadamba was one of the tropical indigenous timber species selected for the development of ITPAs. The selection is based on its local environment adaptation, pest and disease resistance, fast growing properties, soil maintenance contributions, its wood quality suitable for plywood industry. Tropical soils are infamous for poor plant available nutrients profile, contributed by high precipitation rate in tropical climate and acidic soil orders. Plant growth promoting microorganisms in wild environment would be a feasible solution for N. cadamba planting activities. Such studies on N. cadamba were limited whilst drafting this review paper. Nonetheless, potential strains, i.e Nitrogen fixing microorganisms, phosphate solubilising microorganisms and potassium solubilising microorganisms, were discussed. They could potentially provide three major plant available nutrients. For industrial production, their processing with solid, liquid or solid-liquid integrated carrier materials would provide long shelf-life, better survivability in the field and easy handling in different application strategies. Keywords: Biofertilisers, Neolamarckia cadamba, plant growth promoting microorganisms, Malaysia, tropical soils

To Evaluate In Vitro Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of Various Indian Medicinal Plants

Medicinal herbs are active in curing various disorders by their distinct characteristics. In this research, antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChEI) inhibitory activity of Achyranthes aspera, Psidium guajava, Anthocephalus cadamba, Carissa carandas, Caesalpinia bonduc, Indian medicinal plants have been evaluated by collecting and extracting selected plants parts by using different solvents followed by assessment of AChEI inhibitory activity by autographic assay (TLC method) and microplate assay (Ellman method). Further assessment of antioxidant activity of selected plants by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydryzyl method was done. In autographic assay, C. bonduc had more AChE inhibitory potential than other selected plants. In microplate assay method, C. bonduc has shown lowest IC50 value among all other extracts, suggesting its highest enzymatic inhibitory potential and C. carandas has been shown highest IC50 value, suggesting a lower enzymatic inhibitory potential. The Rf value of C. bonduc, A. aspera, P. guajava, A. cadamba, and C. carandas was found to be 0.71, 0.5, 0.3, 0.45 and 0.2, respectively. From the results, leaves of P. guajava showed good antioxidant potential and C. bonduc seeds showed maximum cholinesterase inhibitory activity.

DECAY RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF TWO FAST-GROWING TREE SPECIES NEOLAMARKCIA CADAMBA AND OCHROMA PYRAMIDALE

"In the present study, the decay resistance and the changes in the amounts of chemical components of wood as a consequence of decay by Fomitopsis palustris and Trametes versicolor were investigated for two tropical fast-growing tree species – Neolamarckia cadamba and Ochroma pyramidale. Decay tests were conducted according to Japanese Industrial Standards K1571: 2010. The amounts of the extractives, holocellulose and lignin were determined for wood specimens after 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. Neolamarckia cadamba wood underwent higher mass loss when decayed by F. palustris, compared to T. versicolor, while O. pyramidale showed the opposite results. All of the main chemical components of the wood started to degrade on the 30th day of incubation, indicating that N. cadamba and O. pyramidale wood is vulnerable to attacks by both types of fungi. In addition, during the decay period, the patterns of degradation that the chemical components of wood exhibited differed from one species to another."

Physico-Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Composite Reinforced with Kelempayan, Oil Palm Trunk and Bamboo as Fillers

Thermoplastic composite panel can be used for a variety of applications. The wide distribution, renewability and recyclability of lignocelluloses can expand the market for low-cost thermoplastic composites. Lignocellulosic materials from fast growing and plantation species such as lesser-known timber, bamboo and palm tree are promising materials for particulate filler for the production of thermoplastic composite panel due to its accessibility, great substrate behaviour and high yield resources. This study was to determine the physico-mechanical properties of thermoplastic composite panel reinforced with particulate fillers from kelempayan (Neolamarckia cadamba), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and betong bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper). This study focused on the effect of particle size and three percent additive to dimensional stability and strength properties of a panel. The polypropylene plastic has been blended with the particulate fillers in a dispersion mixture at the temperature of 180 °C. Then, it was hot pressed for five to nine minutes and the mold was cold pressed for three minutes before the panel was conditioned for testing performance. Statistical analysis has proven that different particle sizes and the supplementary of three percent additive significantly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite panel.

Evaluation of Anti-arthritic Activity of Leaves Extracts of Neolamarckia cadamba

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a major auto immune disorder of body and affects the various joints which may lead to physical disability. The leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba (family rubiaceae) have long been used traditionally to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Though, it has not been pharmacologically assessed for rheumatoid arthritis. The current study explores its anti-arthritic mechanism and phytochemical analysis of ethanolic and aqueous extract of leaves of Neolamarckia cadamba. Methods: Anti-arthritic potential was evaluated through Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis rats model at 200 mg/kg/p.o doses of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves using Diclofenac sodium as a standard drug. Apart from this we have evaluated parameters like paw edema, body weight, loco motor activity, hematological observations, and radiography etc. Results: The results revealed various arthritic protective mechanisms. Similarly plant exhibited dose dependent anti-arthritic effect with maximum activity observed at 200 mg/kg/ b.w/ p.o.. The results of Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA) model depicted better protection against paw edema and body weight alterations. Also Neolamarckia cadamba leaves extracts remarkably altered locomotion of rats, and positive results were seen in hematological parameters and radiography. Additionally plant exhibited remarkable anti-oxidant activity. Moreover phytochemical analysis revealed polyphenols, anti oxidants and flavanoids. Conclusion: By deeply analyzing the obtained results and data our research work supports the traditional use of Neolamarckia cadamba leaves as a potential anti arthritic agent that may be proposed for rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Growth attributes and wood properties of lesser-grown agroforestry tree species in the semi-arid zone for quality pulp and paper production

Growth traits, wood properties, fibre dimensions and fibre derived indices of five lesser-grown agroforestry tree species viz., Ailanthus excelsa, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Leucaena leucocephala, Melia dubia and Neolamarckia cadamba were studied to evaluate the suitability of these species for pulp and paper production in the semi-arid zone of Bundelkhand, India. The result showed that there was a significant variation for all the studied traits. The range of all the studied growth and wood traits among five pulpwood trees were recorded for tree height (5.2-5.9 m), GBH (20-24 cm), volume (0.017-0.027 m3), biomass (8.50-15.28 kg), wood basic density (509.6-584.4 kg/m3), fibre length (819.8-1416.0 μm), fibre diameter (14.6-37.9 μm), fibre lumen diameter (7.5-29.8 μm), fibre double cell wall thickness (4.8-9.7 μm), Runkel ratio (0.23-0.94), Rigidity coefficient (0.19-0.49), Flexibility coefficient (51.54-81.44), Slenderness ratio (31.68-62.74) and Luce’s shape factor (0.20-0.58). Kadamb performed better, however all five species were found to be suitable for making good quality pulp and paper on the basis of wood properties and fibre derived indices grown in such hot and dry conditions. Tree height and GBH traits were positively influenced on the wood physical and anatomical properties, therefore these traits can be used as indirect selection for further improvement of the species which shown high potentiality for promising pulpwood tree species under agroforestry. Further, tree improvement research work required to test the suitable harvesting period for high pulp yield and better paper quality to fulfil the fastest growing demand of pulpwood for paper industries in India.