Anteroposterior Diameter Research Articles

REDUCING RESPIRATORY VARIATIONS IN INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA USING PEEP AND TRENDELENBURG POSITION

Introduction: The respiratory cycle influences the size of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV). We evaluated the changes in RIJV size during the respiratory cycle in patients on positive pressure ventilation. Additionally, we investigated the impact of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) and the Trendelenburg position on these respiratory fluctuations. Methods: The study involved 24 patients who underwent general endotracheal anesthesia. Images of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV) were captured in the supine position (baseline, S0) and during three randomized maneuvers: applying a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cmH2O (S10), positioning the patient in a 10° Trendelenburg tilt (T0), and combining the Trendelenburg tilt with PEEP (T10). The aim was to measure the cross-sectional area (CSA), anteroposterior diameter, and transverse diameter of the RIJV at both its smallest and largest observed sizes during each maneuver. Results: The study found that all maneuvers significantly reduced the fluctuation in the size of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV) (p = 0.0004). Specifically, compared to the supine position (S0), the maneuvers resulted in the following decreases in the cross-sectional area (CSA) from the smallest to the largest observed sizes: • S0: Decrease by 28.3% • S10: Decrease by 8.5% • T0: Decrease by 8.0% T10: Decrease by 4.4% Additionally, compared to S0, the combination of a 10° Trendelenburg tilt position with a positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cmH2O significantly increased the CSA: • In the largest observed areas by 83.8% • In the smallest observed areas by 169.4% These findings suggest that the Trendelenburg tilt combined with PEEP was particularly effective in increasing the CSA of the RIJV, both at its largest and smallest observed sizes, compared to other maneuvers and the baseline supine position. Conclusions: A 10° Trendelenburg tilt position combined with a PEEP of 10 cmH2O not only increases the size of the RIJV but also reduces fluctuation by the respiratory cycle.

Analysis of outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty in children from a tertiary pediatric center in South India.

This study aims to analyze the outcomes of robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RALP) in children with pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) over a 10-year period at a tertiary care center in South India. This study provides a detailed analysis of prospectively acquired data from 2013 to 2023 of all children who underwent RALP at our institution. Pre- and post-operative renal ultrasound and isotope renography were used to assess outcomes. Detailed information on patient demographics, procedural duration, post-operative pain relief, operation steps, and post-surgical follow-up protocols has been provided. The analysis included all patients who completed a 1-year follow-up. Between 2013 and 2023, 201 children underwent RALP. Of these, 185 children completed at least 1 year of follow-up and were included in the analysis. The mean age of the cohort was 4.9 years (1 month to 17 years), with males comprising the majority (77.3%). Twenty-five children (13.5%) were younger than 1 year of age. Left-sided PUJO was found to be more common. The mean console time was 76.5 min (40-180 min), and the average hospital stay was 2.8 days (2-5). After surgery, the mean reduction in antero-posterior diameter of the renal pelvis was more than 50% of its pre-operative value and statistically significant (3.3 ± 0.3 to 1.9 ± 0.9 cm). At the end of 1 year, the overall reduction in renal size was also significant (9.7 ± 2.3 cm pre-operative to 8.9 ± 1.8 cm post-operative). The pre-operative Society of Fetal Urology (SFU) grade of hydronephrosis was compared to the post-operative SFU grade, and the improvement (resolution/downgrading) was found to be statistically significant. The median split renal function in this series was 39% pre-operative and 43% post-operative, and the overall functional improvement after RALP was significant. A successful outcome was observed in 181 children (97.8%). Four children experienced persistent severe hydronephrosis and underwent redo stenting and/or redo pyeloplasty (2.1% failure rate). Post-operative complications, according to the Clavien-Dindo classification, were classified as type 1 in three children and type 3b in two children. There were no conversions to open surgery in the series. RALP emerges as the minimally invasive procedure of choice for children with PUJO at our institution. It is safe, delivering consistently excellent results and minimal complications. Our outcomes are comparable to those of previously published series. We trust that our experience will serve as a roadmap for those centers (especially in South Asia) embarking on a pediatric robotic program.

Could radiological parameters help to predict the failure of ureteral access sheath placement

To identify the radiological parameters which may help to predict the success of ureteral access sheath (UAS) placement during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS).The study included 49 patients in whom failure ureteral access sheath placement in RIRS and 49 control group patients who were successfully placement between January 2023 and December 2023. The age, gender, body mass index (BMI), non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), and kidney ureter bladder (KUB) radiographs were compared between the two groups. Measurements of the anteroposterior (ap) diameter of the pelvic inlet, anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet, interspinous distance diameter were taken from non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT), while pelvic anteroposterior diameter and pelvic lateral diameter were measured from kidney ureter bladder (KUB) radiography. There were no significant differences between the groups in age, gender, body mass index, ap pelvic inlet diameter, ap pelvic outlet, and interspinous distance diameter. However, a statistically significant difference was found between the pelvic ap diameter and pelvic lateral diameter values measured on the KUB radiography. The values for pelvic ap diameter and pelvic lateral diameter measured in the KUB radiographs can be used to predict the likelihood of UAS passage during RIRC procedures. However, further studies with larger patient groups are needed to establish a cut-off value.

Preoperative Prediction of Shock Impedance for Subcutaneous Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Using Chest Computed Tomography.

High shock impedance is associated with conversion failure among patients with subcutaneous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (S-ICD). Currently, there is no preoperative assessment method for predicting high shock impedance. This study examined the efficacy of chest computed tomography (CT) as a preoperative evaluation tool to assess the shock impedance of S-ICDs.Methods and Results: The amount of adipose tissue adjacent to the device and anteroposterior diameter at the basal heart region were measured preoperatively using chest CT. We examined the correlation between these measurements and shock impedance at the conversion test. We enrolled 43 patients with S-ICDs (mean [±SD] age 54±15 years; body mass index 23±4 kg/m2; PRAETORIAN score 30-270 points; amount of adipose tissue 1,250±716 cm3), who underwent intraoperative conversion tests by inducing ventricular fibrillation, which was terminated with a 65-J shock. A sufficient concordance correlation coefficient was observed between the shock impedance and the amount of adipose tissue (r=0.616, P<0.01) and anteroposterior diameter (r=0.645, P<0.01). In multiple regression analysis, the amount of adipose tissue (β=0.439, P=0.009) and anteroposterior diameter (β=0.344, P=0.038) were identified as independent predictive factors of shock impedance. The preoperative CT-measured amount of adipose tissue and basal heart anteroposterior diameter are independent predictors of shock impedance. These parameters may be more accurate in identifying higher shock impedance in patients with S-ICDs.

Effects of applying high-pass filtering in pelvimetry with Martius images.

The aim of this study is to investigate whether the results of pelvimetry using original radiographic Martius images and the same images with high-pass filtering applied ("edge images") would be consistent. A total of 30 primagravidas were included in this study. Three obstetricians independently measured the anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the pelvic inlet in the original and the edge images, recording the x- and y-coordinates of the four endpoints. A Wilcoxon signed rank sum test was performed on the coordinate data to evaluate differences between the original and edge images. In the analysis of all coordinate data, statistically significant differences were found in both x- and y-coordinates of the sacral promontory point (SPP). In the y-coordinate of the SPP, a statistically significant difference was found in 9 of 30 pairs of images, and in all 9 the anteroposterior diameter was shorter in the edge images compared to the original images due to the more caudal placement of the SPP. The coordinates of the SPP on original radiographs and their edge images were not consistent in pelvimetry using Martius images. Our results suggest that improved image contrast will allow obstetricians to better assess pelvic narrowing and cephalopelvic disproportion and even reduce radiographic dose, thereby reducing risks for pregnant women and their fetuses.

Iterative intelligent algorithm-based on CT three-dimensional reconstruction in endoscopic thyroidectomy and perioperative comprehensive nursing

This research was aimed to explore the application of computed tomography (CT) 3D reconstruction technology based on iterative intelligent algorithm in endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) and perioperative comprehensive nursing. A total of 140 patients with thyroid mass receiving ET were randomly divided into controls (conventional ultrasound combined with perioperative routine nursing) and experimental group (CT 3D reconstruction based on iterative intelligent algorithm combined with perioperative comprehensive nursing), 70 cases in each group. The iterative intelligent algorithm used in this article is an image processing algorithm based on deep learning. Its goal is to generate more accurate and clear 3D reconstructed images by learning and optimizing the original CT images for multiple iterations. The detailed process of the algorithm is as follows: Data preprocessing, Feature extraction and representation, Iterative optimization, 3D reconstruction image generation. Finally, after multiple iterations of optimization, the algorithm will generate high-quality 3D reconstruction images, which can clearly show the anatomical structure of the thyroid mass and the surrounding tissue of the lesion. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, this article recorded the maximum vertical diameter, maximum left and right diameter, and maximum anteroposterior diameter of thyroid masses measured by the two imaging methods and solid specimens. In addition, the postoperative pain of patients was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS), and the incidence of complications and nursing satisfaction were counted.

X-ray Pelvimetry Has No Impact on the Outcomes of Trial of Labor after Cesarean Delivery: A Retrospective Single-center Study.

Few studies have examined the relationship between pelvic size and the success or failure of trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC). Here we aimed to determine whether pelvic size and morphological data obtained from radiography contribute to the first successful TOLAC. This retrospective single-center observational study enrolled pregnant women who underwent TOLAC between 2010 and 2021. The results of X-ray pelvimetry data, including obstetric conjugate (OC), transverse diameter of the pelvic inlet (TD), anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet (APD), shape of the pelvic inlet, and other obstetrical clinical data, were compared between the success and failure groups. Seventy-five patients in successful group after excluding 35 patients with previous successful TOLAC, and 21 patients in failure group were eligible. The failure group had a higher rate of previous cesarean sections due to failed labor trials (p = 0.042) and heavier newborns (p = 0.014). OC, TD, and APD on X-ray pelvimetry did not differ significantly between the two groups nor did the shape of the pelvic inlet affect the success rate for TOLAC. The generalized linear model identified a history of failed trials of labor as a significant predictor of failed TOLAC (odds ratio, 0.26; 95% confidence interval 0.071-0.923; p = 0.037), whereas no pelvimetric parameters were found. Pelvic size and morphological findings have no discernible impact on the outcomes of TOLAC. The universal application of X-ray pelvimetry in all women attempting TOLAC may not have significant clinical relevance.

MRI-Derived Dural Sac and Lumbar Vertebrae 3D Volumetry Has Potential for Detection of Marfan Syndrome

Purpose: To assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of MRI-derived 3D volumetry of lower lumbar vertebrae and dural sac segments using shape-based machine learning for the detection of Marfan syndrome (MFS) compared with dural sac diameter ratios (the current clinical standard). Materials and methods: The final study sample was 144 patients being evaluated for MFS from 01/2012 to 12/2016, of whom 81 were non-MFS patients (46 [67%] female, 36 ± 16 years) and 63 were MFS patients (36 [57%] female, 35 ± 11 years) according to the 2010 Revised Ghent Nosology. All patients underwent 1.5T MRI with isotropic 1 × 1 × 1 mm3 3D T2-weighted acquisition of the lumbosacral spine. Segmentation and quantification of vertebral bodies L3-L5 and dural sac segments L3-S1 were performed using a shape-based machine learning algorithm. For comparison with the current clinical standard, anteroposterior diameters of vertebral bodies and dural sac were measured. Ratios between dural sac volume/diameter at the respective level and vertebral body volume/diameter were calculated. Results: Three-dimensional volumetry revealed larger dural sac volumes (p &lt; 0.001) and volume ratios (p &lt; 0.001) at L3-S1 levels in MFS patients compared with non-MFS patients. For the detection of MFS, 3D volumetry achieved higher AUCs at L3-S1 levels (0.743, 0.752, 0.808, and 0.824) compared with dural sac diameter ratios (0.673, 0.707, 0.791, and 0.848); a significant difference was observed only for L3 (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: MRI-derived 3D volumetry of the lumbosacral dural sac and vertebral bodies is a feasible method for quantifying dural ectasia using shape-based machine learning. Non-inferior diagnostic accuracy was observed compared with dural sac diameter ratio (the current clinical standard for MFS detection).

Morphological characteristics of cerebellum, pons and thalamus in Reccurent isolated sleep paralysis - A pilot study.

Recurrent isolated sleep paralysis (RISP) is a rapid eye movement sleep (REM) parasomnia, characterized by the loss of voluntary movements upon sleep onset and/or awakening with preserved consciousness. Evidence suggests microstructural changes of sleep in RISP, although the mechanism of this difference has not been clarified yet. Our research aims to identify potential morphological changes in the brain that can reflect these regulations. We recruited 10 participants with RISP (8 women; mean age 24.7 years; SD 2.4) and 10 healthy control subjects (w/o RISP; 3 women; mean age 26.3 years; SD 3.7). They underwent video-polysomnography (vPSG) and sleep macrostructure was analyzed. After that participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. We focused on 2-dimensional measurements of cerebellum, pons and thalamus. Statistical analysis was done in SPSS program. After analysis for normality we performed Mann-Whitney U test to compare our data. We did not find any statistically significant difference in sleep macrostructure between patients with and w/o RISP. No evidence of other sleep disturbances was found. 2-dimensional MRI measurements revealed statistically significant increase in cerebellar vermis height (p = 0.044) and antero-posterior diameter of midbrain-pons junction (p = 0.018) in RISP compared to w/o RISP. Our results suggest increase in size of cerebellum and midbrain-pons junction in RISP. This enlargement could be a sign of an over-compensatory mechanism to otherwise dysfunctional regulatory pathways. Further research should be done to measure these differences in time and with closer respect to the frequency of RISP episodes.

Posterolateral approaches to the thoracic spine for calcific disc herniation: is wider exposure always better?

To compare the costotransversectomy (CTV) and transpedicular (TP) approaches versus the transfacet (TF) approach for the surgical treatment of calcific thoracic spine herniations (cTDH), in terms of surgical and clinical outcomes. Surgical approaches for cTDH are debated. Anterior approaches are recommended, while posterolateral approaches are preferred for non-calcific, paramedian, and lateral hernias. Currently, there is limited evidence about the superiority of a more invasive surgical approach, such as CTV or TP, over TF, a relatively less invasive approach, in terms of neurological outcome, pain, and surgical complications, for the treatment of cTDH. A retrospective, observational, monocentric study was conducted on patients who underwent posterolateral thoracic approaches for symptomatic cTDH, between 2010 and 2023, at our institute. Three groups were drafted, based on the surgical approach used: TF, TP, and CTV. All procedures were assisted by intraoperative CT scan, spinal neuronavigation, and intraoperative neuromonitoring. Analyzed factors include duration of surgery, amount of bone removal, intraoperative blood loss, CSF leak, need of instrumentation for iatrogenic instability, degree of disc herniation removal, myelopathy recovery. Afterwards, a statistical analysis was performed to investigate the bony resection of the superior posterior edge of the vertebral soma. The primary outcome was the partial or total herniation removal. This study consecutively enrolled 65 patients who underwent posterolateral thoracic surgery for cTDH. The TF approach taking the least, and the CTV the longest time (p < 0.01). No statistical difference was observed between the three mentioned approaches, in terms of intraoperative blood loss, dural leakage, post-resection instrumentation, total herniation removal, or myelopathy recovery. An additional somatic bony resection was successful in achieving total herniation removal (p < 0.01), and the extent of bony resection was directly proportional to the extent of hernia removal (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were highlighted between the TP, TF, and CTV regarding the extent of cTDH removal, the postoperative complications, and the neurological improvement. The described somatic bone resection achieved significant total herniation removal and was directly proportional to the preop against postop anteroposterior diameter difference.

Radiographic Morphometric Analysis of the Distal Radius in the Tamil Nadu Population: A Retrospective Study.

Background and objectives Morphometric parameters such as radial inclination, palmar tilt, radial height, and ulnar variance exhibit considerable variations influenced by geographical, ethnic, racial, and individual factors. These parameters are pivotal in the context of distal radius fractures, distal radius plate design, and kinesiology. Understanding these variations is crucial for surgical precision and predicting complications. Methods This observational, retrospective study, conducted in a single hospital, aimed to determine the morphometric values of the distal end radius, specifically in the South Indian population. We analyzed 300 plain radiographs, encompassing 53.7% males and 46.3% females, with ages ranging from 17 to 89 years (mean age: 41.05 ± 15.8). Radial inclination, radial height, palmar tilt, and ulnar variance were measured on posteroanterior views, while palmar tilt was assessed on lateral wrist X-rays. Results In our study, significant gender-based and side-specific differences were observed. The mean length of the styloid process, palmar tilt, ulnar variance, anteroposterior diameter of the radius, transverse diameter of the radius, oblique width of the radius, and carpal height of the radius exhibited notable variations between males and females. Similarly, significant differences were noted between the right and left sides concerning ulnar variance and teardrop angle. Among males, a significant difference was observed only in the teardrop angle between the right and left sides (59.11 ± 7.25 vs. 62.01 ± 7.97). Conclusion The findings underscore the importance of recognizing local morphometric variations in the South Indian population. This knowledge not only enhances the ability to restore normal alignment post-distal radius fractures but also provides fundamental values for future research endeavors within the local demographic. The study acts as a foundational resource for advancing our understanding of the normal anatomy and variations in the distal radius, facilitating improved clinical outcomes and tailored surgical interventions.

FORAMEN MAGNUM – A STUDY ON ITS MORPHOMETRY AMONG THE SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION

Objective: Foramen magnum is an oval opening present in the median region of the posterior cranial fossa of the occipital bone. The lower end of the medulla, meninges, spinal arteries, and spinal roots of accessory nerve pass through the foramen. Morphometry of the foramen magnum is studied for better learning of the structure, but this study helps in planning a safe surgery and exploration in the head-and-neck region. Various surgical approaches of the foramen provide access to the foramina on the base of the skull and prevent broad retraction of the neurovascular structures passing through them, so the morphometric study plays an important role in transcondylar approach. Methods: Fifty dry human skulls available in the Department of Anatomy, Amala Medical College and Hospital, and also at Jubilee Medical College and Hospital, Thrissur were studied for this research work, and results were statistically analyzed. Results: The most common shape of the foramen magnum was oval, the mean of anteroposterior diameter was greater than the mean of transverse diameter, p-value of the diameters was found to be significant, p-value of the mean of foramen magnum index was significant. Conclusion: This study will help the surgeons to effectively plan a surgery at the head and neck site

Morphometric evaluation of the left atrioventricular valve complex and its clinical relations.

In this study, it was aimed to evaluate morphometrically and morphologically the left fibrous ring, mitral leaflets, tendinous cords, and papillary muscles, which are the components of the left atrioventricular valve complex (LAVC), and to reveal their clinical relationships. A total of 120 human hearts were examined at the Forensic Medicine Institute. Cases aged 30 years and older, less than 24 hours after their death, were included in the study. Heart length, width, height/width ratio, anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters of the annulus, annular area, length and width of leaflets, number and attachment sites of tendinous cords, number, shape, length, the width of papillary muscles, and distances to various points were recorded to determine their spatial configurations. As well as the measurement data of LAVC components in cases with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD), the relationships of these data with the demographic characteristics of the cases are also explained. In the diagnostic performance test (ROC analysis), it was determined that body mass index (> 26.7), heart weight (> 414 g), heart height/width ratio (≤ 1.24), mitral valve width (> 99.96 mm), left ventricular wall thickness (> 15.08 mm), annular area (> 619.37 mm²) and mediolateral diameter of the annulus (> 30.71 mm) are important diagnostic criteria in determining CVD if they are outside the specified reference values. This study provides anatomical information about LAVC, as well as recommendations for diagnosis and surgical treatment planning. We therefore believe that our findings will be useful to clinicians.

Computed-tomography assessment of the lumbar spine body/canal index and review of the literature

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) involves narrowing of the lumbar spinal space due to various factors. Torg-Pavlov Index measures predict LSS. The objective was to define the mean characteristics of the lumbar spine body/canal index in a Hispanic population stratified by age and sex. A retrospective, observational, transverse, and descriptive study was performed. Imaging studies included consecutive bone window full abdominal CT scans, in adult patients (≥18 years), without evidence of bone disease, musculoskeletal pathology, or traumatic event and a fully visible lumbar spine (L1-L5). The anteroposterior diameter (APD) and midsagittal diameter (MSD) of each vertebral level were measured using the Carestream image reformatting program at each lumbar vertebral level from L1 to L5 of the CT scan. A total of 400 CTs of subjects with a mean age of 47.7±14.8 (range 18-80 years) were evaluated, of which 59.3% (n 237/400) were women. The presence of a ≤0.5 body/canal index was 31.6% (n 126). The MSD/APD lumbar index did not differ significantly between age groups in any of the vertebrae. However, there was a tendency to decrease with age. An mean index higher than 0.5 was the mean found in the patients evaluated where there was no previous data of spinal cord involvement. This study provides an accurate description of the normal morphometric parameters of the lumbar body/canal ratio in a Mexican population to assess clinical scenarios of lumbar spinal stenosis. Few studies evaluate the use of cut-off points to define an LSS.

Investigating the Morphology of the Nasolacrimal Canal in Cone Beam Computed Tomography Images and Its Relationship with Age and Gender.

Nasal and paranasal anatomical structures are closely related to the nasolacrimal canal (NLC). As a result of this anatomical relationship, several studies have reported that nasal and paranasal sinus pathologies often play a major role in the etiology of nasolacrimal duct obstruction. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, length and angle of the bony NLC with nasal floor on the right and left by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and to explore the influence of gender and age on the above-mentioned parameters. The current study was conducted by examining the archive of primary CBCT images of patients who were referred for medical imaging to a private maxillofacial radiology clinic in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2020. In axial images, anteroposterior diameter and transverse diameter of the canal in the level of infraorbital were measured. In sagittal images, the length of the NLC was evaluated from the most proximal to the most distal part. Also, to examine the canal pathway, the angle between the canal and the floor of the nasal cavity was measured. Finally, all patient data, including age, gender and canal dimensions, diameter and path, was collected in the information form and referred to the statistics consultant for analysis. In the present study we included information of primary CBCT images of 126 patients who had been referred to a private maxillofacial radiology in Ahvaz, Iran, in 2020. Participants' average age was 28.22±8.13 years for women and 31.54±8.12 years for men, and a small age difference between sexes was seen. The average angle of the right canal with nasal floor was 108.29±7.96º for men and 113.70±7.57º for women, with a significant statistical difference by gender being observed. The mean values of the right channel length were 10.47±2.56 mm for women and 12.54±2.40 mm for men, and the difference between them was statistically significant. The mean values of the left canal length were 109.30±8.67 mm for women and 114.52±9.01 mm for men, and the difference between them was also statistically significant. This study provides useful information on the morphometric properties of the bony nasal canal. Careful anatomical knowledge about the morphology of the bony nasal canal may help physicians to plan the treatment options. As the present study raises some concerns related to the age and gender differences in nasopalatine canal morphology that may affect patients' diagnosis and treatment, dentists are recommended to use CBCT images as well as additional techniques with this regard.

Variations in pelvic floor thickness in relation to bony dimensions in South African women: using computed tomography scans

Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs) are a common reason for urogynaecological consultation around the world, especially in elderly women. These disorders have been associated with disruption to the structural integrity of the pelvic floor. This study explored whether there are variations in pelvic floor muscle (PFM) thickness in relation to parity, population group and age. Additionally, the study explored whether there were any correlations between PFM thickness and the bony pelvic parameters measured. This was a quantitative retrospective analysis of computerised tomography (CT) scans. A total of 125 CT scans of women belonging to black and white South African population groups were sampled from a tertiary hospital in Pretoria, South Africa. Statistical analyses were performed using Paleontological Statistics (PAST). A thicker pelvic floor was noted in black compared to white women. Pelvic floor thickness decreased with parity and age in both population groups. The intertuberous diameter, as well as the surface areas of the urogenital triangle and the perineum, were statistically significantly larger in white than in black women. Correlations between PFM thickness and bony dimensions were statistically significant for anteroposterior (AP) pelvic outlet diameter, where a greater AP outlet was associated with thinner PFMs in black women. Bony correlations with parity showed that the interspinous diameter in black women increased significantly with parity. The variations in bony pelvic dimensions and pelvic floor muscle thicknesses noted between population groups, in addition to the co-factors of parity and aging, will contribute to a better understanding of the anatomical reasons for incontinence.

Effect of Narrow Chest on Minimally Invasive Mitral Valve Surgery via Right Minithoracotomy.

The effect of a narrow chest on minimally invasive mitral valve surgery (MIMVS) is unclear.Methods and Results: We enrolled 206 MIMVS patients and measured anteroposterior diameter (APD) between the sternum and vertebra, transverse thoracic diameter (TD), right and left APD of the hemithorax (RD and LD, respectively), and the Haller index (HI; TD/APD ratio) on computed tomography. Preoperative characteristics and operative outcomes were compared between patients with a narrow chest (Group N; HI >2.5; n=53) and those with a normal chest (control [C]; HI ≤2.5; n=153), and the correlations of these measurements with operation time were evaluated in 133 patients undergoing an isolated mitral procedure. Groups N and C differed significantly in APD (89.4 vs. 114.3 mm, respectively; P<0.001), TD (251.5 vs. 240.3 mm, respectively; P=0.002), RD (152.5 vs. 172.5 mm, respectively; P<0.001), LD (155.0 vs. 172.4 mm, respectively; P<0.001), and HI (2.84 vs. 2.12, respectively; P<0.001). Procedural characteristics were comparable, except for a longer aortic cross-clamp time (ACCT) in Group N (118.7 vs. 105.8 min; P=0.047). Rates of surgical death, re-exploration, cerebral infarction, and prolonged ventilation were comparable between the 2 groups. TD was significantly correlated with ACCT (R2=0.037, P=0.028) in patients undergoing an isolated mitral procedure. Early MIMVS outcomes in patients with narrow chests are satisfactory. TD prolongs ACCT during MIMVS.

Differential renal length index: useful measure in management of isolated unilateral hydronephrosis?

To explore the usefulness of the 'differential renal length index' (iDRL) before and after pyeloplasty, as the anteroposterior diameter is commonly used to quantify hydronephrosis but inaccuracies arise due to interobserver variability, hydration status and pure intra-renal dilatation. Prospectively collected data, from two centres, of all children undergoing pyeloplasty for isolated unilateral pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) (2015-2021) were analysed. Subgroup analysis was undertaken: Group A - differential renal function (DRF) ≥40%, Group B - subnormal DRF (20-39%), and Group C - symptomatic. Children with structural anomalies of upper and lower urinary tract, bilateral involvement, and subnormal DRF (<20%) were excluded. All the children had a pre- and postoperative ultrasound scan and Tc99m mercapto-acetyltriglycine (MAG3) renograms. The iDRL was calculated as follows: iDRL = ([a - b]/b) × 100, where 'a' is the length of hydronephrotic kidney (cm) and 'b' is the length of contralateral normal kidney (cm). The mean difference and standard error of mean (SEM) between the pre- and postoperative iDRL was evaluated using the paired Student's t-test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. A total of 119 children with 1-year follow-up were included. For the entire cohort, the mean (SEM) preoperative iDRL was 27.7 (1.4) and postoperatively was 12.5 (1.1), with a mean (range) DRF improvement of 54% (44-66%) (P < 0.001). In Group A (n = 97), the mean (SEM) preoperative iDRL was 26.6 (1.5) and postoperatively was 13.1 (1.2), with a mean (range) DRF improvement of 50% (38-63%) (P < 0.001). In Group B (n = 22), the mean (SEM) preoperative iDRL was 32.6 (3.5) and postoperatively was 10.0 (2.8), with a mean (range) DRF improvement of 69% (49-89%) (P < 0.001). In Group C (n = 28), the mean (SEM) preoperative iDRL was 19.9 (2.3) and postoperatively was 7.7 (1.9), with a mean (range) DRF improvement of 61% (38-85%) (P < 0.001). Our study identifies the iDRL as a useful measure of improvement following successful pyeloplasty. In the subgroup with DRF of >39% minimum improvement was >37%. Similar minimum DRF improvement was also noted (>37%) in hypo-functioning kidneys and symptomatic PUJO.

The Radiological Characteristics of Degenerative Cervical Kyphosis with Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy.

In this study, we aim to describe the radiological characteristics of degenerative cervical kyphosis (DCK) with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) and discuss the relationship between DCK and the pathogenesis of spinal cord dysfunction. In total, 90 patients with CSM hospitalized in our center from September 2017 to August 2022 were retrospectively examined in this study; they were then divided into the kyphosis group and the nonkyphosis group. The patients' demographics, clinical features, and radiological data were obtained, including gender, age, duration of illness, cervical Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score, cervical lordosis (CL), height of intervertebral space, degree of wedging vertebral body, degree of osteophyte formation, degree of disc herniation, degree of spinal cord compression, and anteroposterior diameter of the spinal cord. In the kyphosis group, kyphotic segments, apex of kyphosis, and segmental kyphosis angle were recorded. Radiological characteristics between the two groups were also compared. Correlation analysis was performed for different spinal cord compression types. As per our findings, the patients in the kyphosis group showed more remarkable wedging of the vertebral body, more severe anterior compression of the spinal cord, and a higher degree of disc herniation, while the posterior compression of the spinal cord was relatively mild when compared with the nonkyphosis group. CL was related to the type of spinal cord compression, as cervical kyphosis is an independent risk factor for anterior spinal cord compression. DCK might play a vital role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord dysfunction. In patients with DCK, it was determined that the anterior column is less supported, and more severe anterior spinal cord compression is present. The anterior approach is supposed to be preferred for CSM patients with DCK.

MRI parameters predict central lumbar spinal stenosis combined with redundant nerve roots: a prospective MRI study.

To observe changes in the cauda equina nerve on lumbar MRI in patients with central lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). 878 patients diagnosed with LSS by clinical and MRI were divided into the redundant group (204 patients) and the nonredundant group (674 patients) according to the presence or absence of redundant nerve roots (RNRs). The anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal (APDS) and the presence of multiple level stenosis, disc herniation, thickening of ligamentum flavum (LF) and increased epidural fat were assessed on MRI. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to explore the predictors of LSS combined with RNRs. Patients with LSS combined with RNRs had thicker epidural fat, smaller APDS and more combined multifaceted stenosis. Female patients and older LSS patients were more likely to develop RNRs; there was no difference between two groups in terms of disc herniation (p > 0. 05). Age, APDS, multiple level stenosis, and increased epidural fat were significantly correlated with the formation of LSS combined with RNRs (p < 0.05). A smaller APDS and the presence of multiple level stenosis, thickening of LF, and increased epidural fat may be manifestations of anatomical differences in patients with LSS combined with RNRs. Age, APDS, multiple level stenosis, and increased epidural fat play important roles. The lumbar spine was measured and its anatomy was observed using multiple methods, and cauda equina changes were assessed to identify the best anatomical predictors and provide new therapeutic strategies for the management of LSS combined with RNRs.