Mandibular Anterior Teeth Research Articles

The Association between Skeletal Protrusion and Labiolingual Inclination of Teeth with Anterior Alveolar Bone Thickness by Computed Beam Computed Tomography Images

Introduction: Evaluation of alveolar bone thickness is crucial for proper implant placement and support and aesthetics of soft tissue around implant restorations. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between skeletal protrusion of jaw and labiolingual inclination of teeth with maxillary and mandibular anterior alveolar bone thickness using computed beam computed tomography (CBCT).
 Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, cone beam computed tomography images were obtained from 100 patients referred to the radiology department of Tabriz Dental School from 2013-2015 before implant insertion. Maxillary and mandibular protrusion was determined by measuring SNA (Sella-nasion-A point) and SNB (Sella-nasion-B point) angles and labiolingual inclination of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth was determined by measuring U1-NA (Upper 1-Nasion A point) and L1-NB (Lower1-Nasion B point) angles. Then, thickness of buccal bone was measured at three levels: 3 mm below the CEJ (A), the middle part of the root (B) and the apex (C). Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient and p value < 0.05 will be considered statistically significant.
 Results: Mean thickness of bone was higher at level C than other two levels and lower at level A than others. There is no statistically significant relation between mean maxillary bone thickness and SNA (p value > 0.05) except for B region on canine (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.305 and p value < 0.05). There is no statistically significant relation between the mean maxillary bone thickness and U1-NA. There is no statistically significant relation between mean mandibular bone thickness and SNB and L1-NB. (p value > 0.05).
 Conclusion: There was no statistically significant relation between maxillary and mandibular protrusion and labiolingual inclination of upper and lower anterior teeth with alveolar bone thickness.

Gingival recession in mandibular anterior teeth in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with elastics and Twin Force appliance

This study aimed to compare the early results of gingival recession in patients with Class II malocclusion treated with Class II intermaxillary elastics and the Twin Force appliance. The sample comprised 55 patients with Class II malocclusion treated without extraction and divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 23 patients treated with fixed appliances and Class II elastics, with mean initial age of 15.41 ± 5.65 years and a mean treatment time of 3.11 ± 0.91 years. Group 2 consisted of 32 patients treated with fixed appliances and the Twin Force mandibular protraction appliance, with a mean initial age of 18.45 ± 6.63 years and a mean treatment time of 3.17 ± 1.59 years. Dolphin software measured gingival recession in initial and final intraoral photographs. Initial and final lateral cephalograms were used to measure the position of the mandibular incisors. Intragroup and intergroup comparisons were performed by dependent and independent t tests, respectively. In both groups, there was no significant increase in gingival recession with orthodontic treatment, and there was significant protrusion and buccal inclination of the mandibular incisors. When changes with treatment were compared between the groups, there was no statistically significant difference in gingival recession and mandibular incisor position. There was no significant increase in gingival recession immediately after orthodontic treatment performed with intermaxillary elastics and the Twin Force appliance.

Presentation and management of mandibular anterior tooth wear

Mandibular anterior tooth wear, while sometimes simple to manage, can present a restorative challenge. The evidence on management of worn lower anterior teeth is limited to small case series because the majority of the literature in this field is focused on outcomes in the maxillary arch. This article discusses the presentation and available treatment techniques to manage mandibular anterior tooth wear from a summary of the existing literature and the authors' own experiences. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Mandibular anterior tooth wear can be challenging to manage.

Oral health status in a Lebanese geriatric population.

The sustained growth of older people and the epidemiological shift from communicable to chronic health problems have attracted increased attention to geriatric wellbeing, including oral health. To evaluate the oral health of urban community-dwelling older people and identify their priority oral health needs. We recruited 352 adults aged ≥ 65 years in 2015 from social organizations and primary healthcare centres in Beirut and its suburbs. Older people underwent dental examination including the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) score, gingival health [plaque index (PI) and Periodontal Screening and Recording (PSR)], and dental functional units (FUs). Sociodemographic data were gathered through a structured questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. The participants were stratified into 3 age groups, and according to restoration with partial, complete and no dentures. Statistical analyses included the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and χ2 tests to explore the oral health status by sociodemographics. Missing teeth contributed most to high DMFT score. Mean PI and root caries indices were high. Mean FU scores were low, but higher in women and in complete denture wearers. Lower numbers of remaining mandibular anterior and maxillary posterior teeth, higher DMFT scores, but better periodontal status (lower PSR scores) were found in the older age groups. The more educated participants exhibited the healthier scores. We observed poor oral health, particularly missing teeth and low FUs, in older people, warranting interventions to integrate oral health within the scope of geriatric general health.

The Relationship Of The Anterior Dental Malocclusion With The Incidence Of Gingivitis In Students Of Medical Faculty in Surabaya

Introduction: Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums, which is the initial stage of gum and periodontal tissue disease, characterized by red gingival tissue, bleeding easily, bad breath (halitosis), and the presence of debris on the teeth and cervical area. Misaligned tooth is said to be one of the predisposing factors for gingivitis. Purpose: To determine the relationship between the arrangement of the anterior mandibular teeth with the incidence of gingivitis in students of the Faculty of Medicine, Wijaya Kusuma University, Surabaya. Methods: This study used a purposive sampling method with a total population of 125 subjects. From this population, 56 people were taken who experienced anterior crowding with gingivitis. The degree of malocclusion, i.e. anterior crowding, was examined clinically and was associated with gingivitis. The data obtained were analyzed by Chi-square test. Results: There is a significant relationship between the anterior mandibular malocclusion and the incidence of gingivitis (p< 0,05). Conclusion: Anterior tooth arrangement affects the incidence of gingivitis among medical faculty students in Surabaya.

Survival of nonsurgically splinted mandibular anterior teeth during supportive maintenance care in periodontitis patients

Background/purposeSplinting mobile teeth is a choice to improve the patient's oral comfort. The purpose of this study was to assess the survival and stability of mobile anterior mandibular teeth after splinting in patients with periodontitis undergoing supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Materials and methodsPatients with splinted mobile anterior mandibular teeth were assessed retrospectively. Periodontal statuses were recorded at baseline and follow-up visits. Tooth and splint survival as well as splint repairs were recorded. Multilevel Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate patient- and tooth-related factors that might have influenced the survival rates of splints. ResultsSixty-one patients, collectively having 161 splints, were followed for an average of 5.44 years. On average, probing depth (PD) of splinted teeth decreased from 4.31 mm to 2.93 mm and clinical attachment loss (CAL) decreased from 5.02 mm to 4.58 mm. Alveolar bone was stable in the follow-up period. None of the splinted teeth were extracted, The overall survival rate of the splints was 65.2%. Splints made of composite resin alone were associated with a higher risk of breakage when compared to splints composed of composite resin with mesh grid strips. ConclusionSplinting showed long-term survival and splinting combined with periodontal supportive treatment is a feasible option to maintain mobile mandibular anterior teeth.

Sex-specific reference values for the crown heights of permanent anterior teeth and canines for assessing tooth wear

Objective We propose sex-specific reference values for the clinical crown height of anterior teeth and canines. Material and methods In this cross-sectional study, 1426 teeth were analysed from 169 undergraduate and postgraduate dental students (83 women and 86 men, median age 22 years). Teeth with worn or totally restored incisal edges, or gingival inflammation were excluded. Age, gender and body height were recorded and the degree of tooth wear was scored according to the quantification module of the Tooth Wear Evaluation System. The clinical crown heights of all anterior teeth and canines were measured from the gingival margin to the incisal edge with a digital calliper. Reference values for tooth groups were obtained at the percentiles 10, and expressed by sex if there was a significant difference between men and women. Results Mean crown heights were bigger in men than in women for each tooth group (p = .028). Clinical crown heights showed sexual dimorphism at the 10th percentiles for all tooth groups except for mandibular anterior teeth. Conclusions For assessing tooth wear, the sex-specific reference values for the clinical crown height of young adults Caucasoids range from 7.5 mm to 9.0 mm in women and from 7.5 mm to 9.5 in men.

Multidisciplinary approach for aesthetic rehabilitation in gummy smile and fluorosis: a case report

Background: Teeth, gingiva and lips are the three interrelated primary components in aesthetic dentistry. These combinations warrant a multidisciplinary approach for planning and predictable treatment outcome. Objective: The aim of this article is to describe the multidisciplinary approach for aesthetic rehabilitation involving gingivectomy and minimally invasive tooth preparation with porcelain laminate veneer (PLV) restorations and resin bonded bridge. Case: A 25-year-old female patient attended with existing space between maxillary anterior teeth post orthodontic treatment and missing mandibular anterior teeth. Intraorally, patient had uneven interdental spacing in between 13 to 23, missing 31 and 32, with merging and irregular opacities suggestive of enamel fluorosis appearance. The zenith lines were asymmetrical with short clinical crowns and disharmonious teeth axes. To optimize the aesthetic outcome and overall smile appearance, gingivectomy was performed after confirmation of biologic width. Eight weeks after healing, PLV restorations were delivered from 13 to 23, and zirconia resin bonded bridge were used to restore missing mandibular lateral incisors. Conclusion: The present case illustrates the sequential and predictable approach for management of gummy smile and fluorosis. An alternative treatment modality such as electrocautery may enhanced the smile and obtain positive outcome.

Clinical longevity and trend analysis of 801 ultrathin ceramic veneers: A clinical cohort study

Statement of problemWhether ultrathin ceramic veneers are a suitable treatment alternative to conventional ceramic veneers is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this prospective clinical cohort study was to evaluate the efficacy and longevity of nonpreparation and minimally invasive ceramic veneers and the influence of existing restorations and ceramic type and to define the relationship between the number of veneers placed on different teeth and in different locations, as well as age and sex correlations. Material and methodsA total of 801 veneers were placed on incisors, canines, and premolars on maxillary and mandibular teeth between January 2011 and August 2019 (ABR number: RNN/92/19/KE). Feldspathic or feldspathic and lithium disilicate veneers were made, etched, silanated, and cemented. The restorations were evaluated 2 weeks after placement and then every 6 months by using the modified United States Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The relationship between participant age and number of veneers was analyzed by using the Spearman rank coefficient test and the Mann-Whitney U test. Changes in the number of participants and veneers in subsequent years were analyzed based on the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The trend between the location of veneers and the sex of the participants was analyzed by using the chi-squared test for trend. Longevity tables and a survival curve for the veneers were prepared based on the Kaplan-Meier method. The relationships between veneer longevity and the type of ceramic used and the presence of restorations were compared by using the Taron-Ware test (α=.05). ResultsThe mean longevity of the intact veneers was 8.45 years. Clinical success was 99.7% after 1 year and 97.9% after 4 years; this value remained constant until the end of the study. Most participants were women (n=122; 84.1%), and the mean age was 41 years; median 40 years. The number of veneers placed on mandibular teeth each year increased over the subsequent years. ConclusionsThe longevity of ultrathin veneers after 9 years of observation was not related to the ceramic used or to the presence of a composite resin restoration. Veneers were more commonly placed in middle-aged women and in mandibular anterior teeth.

Alveolar Bone Thickness around Anterior Teeth in Different Classifications of Malocclusion: A Systematic Review

Considering the alveolar bone thickness (ABT) in orthodontic treatment needs special attention. The movement of teeth depends on the mechanism of bone remodeling and tissue response to orthodontic forces to evaluate ABT of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in various types of malocclusion. Methods: Only prospective original articles reporting ABT in subjects who have not undergone orthodontic treatment were selected. A total of 10 studies met the eligible criteria. Most all studies measured the thickness using CBCT. ABT on the labial side of the lower anterior teeth in the class I malocclusion group was thicker than in class II. The lingual side of the apical region of the mandibular incisors was lower in the class III group than in class I or II. ABT of the maxillary teeth on the labial surface showed no significant difference among the groups, whereas the palatal side of normal occlusion had a wider bone thickness. The inclination of the upper and lower anterior teeth was influenced by differences in the skeletal malocclusion pattern, which affected the thickness of the bone. Fenestration was more common in class II malocclusion. The results showed that ABT around anterior teeth varied according to the different classifications of malocclusion. The inclination of the upper and lower anterior teeth seemed to be influenced by the sagittal discrepancies. The pattern of facial growth also affected the thickness of the bone. Accurate evaluation is very important to prevent iatrogenic risks during orthodontic treatment.

Survival of conventionally bonded mandibular retainers with or without enamel sandblasting in orthodontic patients over a 12-month period. A single-centre, split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this trial was to assess the effect of enamel sandblasting in addition to the acid-etch technique in reducing first-time failures of fixed mandibular retainers placed over a 12-month period. Ethical approval was obtained. Participants were recruited in a single private practice. The primary outcome of this study was any first-time failure of the mandibular fixed retainer assessed at three timepoints over a 12-month period. Three consecutive teeth either on the left or right side (from lower canine-lower central incisor) were randomly allocated to the intervention (sandblasting) and the control (non-sandblasted). Randomization was performed using a centralized randomization service. The patients were randomized in blocks of four and eight with allocation concealment secured by contacting the sequence generator for group assignment. Blinding of either the patient or clinicians was not possible at time of placement of the mandibular retainer. One hundred and ninety-seven participants were randomized to receive enamel sandblasting (intervention) and non-sandblasting (control) in the region of the six anterior mandibular teeth in a split-mouth fashion. Participants were recruited between December 2018 to October 2020. The data for all participants were analysed resulting in 394 observations. Overall, the risk of first-time failure was 11.4%. No difference in first-time failures was observed between the intervention (sandblasting) and control (non-sandblasting) groups [hazard ratio (HR), 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59, 1.88, P = 0.88]. Males had a higher instant probability of first-time failures (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.65-6.14; P < 0.01). Participants with a fair level of co-operation had a lower instant probability of first-time failures (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86; P = 0.02). There were no harms reported to either the participant or their dentition. No difference in the first-time failures of mandibular bonded retainers placed with conventional etch-bond technique with or without enamel sandblasting was observed. The overall risk of first-time failure was 11.4%. This trial was not registered prior to trial commencement.

Double Lateral Sliding Bridge Flap versus Laterally Closed Tunnel for the Treatment of Single Recessions in the Mandibular Anterior Teeth: A Pseudorandomized Clinical Trial.

(1) Background: This study compared the clinical and esthetic results of the double lateral sliding bridge flap (DLSBF) and the laterally closed tunnel (LCT) techniques, with a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG), for the treatment of single Miller class II-III recessions in the mandibular anterior teeth. (2) Methods: This pseudorandomized clinical trial evaluated 14 patients, 7 of whom were part of the DLSBF + SCTG group, with an average follow-up of 58.7 ± 24.0 months, and 7 of whom were in the LCT + SCTG group, with an average follow-up of 16.7 ± 3.3 months. Clinical and esthetic evaluations of the following parameters were performed and the results for the two groups were compared: gingival recession depth, probing depth, keratinized tissue width, gingival thickness, percentage of root coverage and root coverage esthetic score. (3) Results: After the follow-up period, each technique provided evidence of a reduction in recession depth and clinical attachment level, as well as increased keratinized tissue width and gingival thickness, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). The analysis showed that gingival recession depth decreased less in the DLSBF group (4.3 ± 1.2 mm to 0.6 ± 1.1 mm) than it did in the LCT group (4.9 ± 1.1 mm to 0.1 ± 0.4 mm), but no significant difference was found between the two groups. Similarly, a greater reduction in the clinical attachment level parameter was observed in the LCT group, while a greater increase in gingival thickness was observed in the DLSBF group. The presence of scars was the only parameter for which statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two study groups were found. (4) Conclusions: Within the limitations of the study, it indicates that the LCT + SCTG technique may be considered an optimal technique in terms of reducing gingival recession depth, complete root coverage and esthetic results for the treatment of single gingival recessions in the mandibular anterior teeth.

T loop mechanics for effective space closure in bimaxillary dentoalveolar protrusion - A case report

This case report intends to highlight the space closure with continuous T-loop mechanics for bimaxillary protrusion. Loops can be fabricated in a sectional or full arch wire, and closing loops are usually used in loop mechanics for extraction space closure. The major advantage of loop mechanics is the lack of friction between the bracket and arch wire during space closure. A 21-year old adult male patient with bimaxillary protrusion and spacing reported to the clinic. The patient was treated successfully by maximum retraction of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth after extraction of all first premolars. Space closure was achieved using a moment differential between posterior and anterior segments created by a T-loop. A stable result with normal over jet and overbite was achieved with retraction of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth and no loss of anchorage.

Cone-beam computed tomographic evaluation of root canal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth in a Saudi subpopulation, retrospective In-Vivo study

BackgroundThere is variability in the results of dental morphological studies between different ethnic populations. This study aimed to investigate the root canal morphology of mandibular anterior teeth in a Saudi subpopulation in the Riyadh region. MethodsWe examined a total of 1,769 cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of the mandibular anterior teeth, including the central incisors (n = 587), lateral incisors (n = 590), and canines (n = 592). The number and configuration of the root canals were determined. Fisher's exact and Pearson’s chi-square tests were used to assess the differences between sexes and age groups, with a level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. ResultsOverall, Type I canal was the most frequent configuration among the mandibular anterior teeth (76.1%). However, the prevalence of Type III canal configuration in the central and lateral incisors was 36.5% and 31%, respectively. Additionally, the mandibular canines were mainly Type I canals (98.4%). The prevalence of canal configuration was predominantly Type I (95.7%), followed by Type III (2.7%), Type IV (0.4%), and Type V (1.2%). There was a statistically significant difference in the canal configurations between men and women (p = 0.02). Females more often had Type I root canals (60.6%), while Type III was more frequent in males (57.2%). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the age groups in canal configuration. ConclusionThe mandibular anterior teeth of the Saudi subpopulation had mainly one root canal. However, almost one-third of the central and lateral incisors had two canals. CBCT is a useful tool that can be used, if available, to investigate root canal morphology before root canal treatment.

Evaluation of root canal morphology in permanent maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth in Saudi subpopulation using two classification systems: a CBCT study

BackgroundAdequate knowledge of root canal morphology and possible variations is essential to achieve perfect root canal treatment and overcome treatment failure. Appropriate knowledge on root and canal morphology, communication, and documentation amongst dentists will be challenging from a diagnostic and successful treatment point of view.MethodsA total of 3420 samples were included in this study from 285 cone-beam computed tomography images of the Saudi residents, including 171 males and 114 females aged 15 to 68 years from retrospective data dated from January 2018 to April 2021. The images were examined in sagittal, axial and coronal views using a 3D version software 1.0.10.6388. The number of canal and canal morphology was recorded using Vertucci and the new classification system. The SPSS 26 was used to conduct the statistical analysis as descriptive statistics such as mean; standard deviation and frequency were calculated. The Chi-square test analysed the data with the significance level set at 0.05.ResultsA total of 285 subjects participated in the study. Majority of the participants were Saudi nationals (80.7%), followed by Indian (7.4%), Pakistani (4.2%) and other nationalities. According to Vertucci and the new classification system, Type I and 1TN1 were the most common types, followed by Type III and Type IV, and then 1TN1-2-1 and 1TN1-2 in mandibular anteriors. The prevalence of canal variations in mandibular canine was higher in females than in males (P = 0.002). Maxillary laterals and mandibular anteriors showed the significant difference in the prevalence of root canal variation in relation to the ethnicity (P = 0.001) and age of the patients. Younger patients showed more variations than the older patients (P = 0.012, P = 0.023, P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in terms of maxillary laterals, mandibular central, laterals and canines, respectively.ConclusionMandibular permanent anteriors showed a wide range of canal variations and canal complexity. Males and females did not demonstrate a wide range of variation in the root canal morphology except for the canines in relation to the gender of the patients.

Prevalence of nutrient canals in mandibular anterior intra-oral periapical radiographs (IOPARS) in patients with chronic systemic diseases - a cross-sectional study.

Nutrient canals (NCs) are passages containing neurovascular bundles (blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves). Best visualized on mandibular anterior intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPAR), their presence is usually associated with underlying pathological such as diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), advanced periodontitis, calcium deficiency, tuberculosis, and disuse atrophy. This study aimed to (a) evaluate NC prevalence in patients with DM, HTN, and chronic periodontitis and (b) correlate the detection of NCs as an important preliminary screening tool for inherent systemic diseases like DM, HTN, and chronic periodontitis and as an investigative clue in age and gender determination. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 subjects. Patients with complaints of pain in the mandibular anterior teeth, deep dentinal caries, abrasion, and attrition were subjected to IOPAR of the mandibular anterior teeth region to assess NCs. An increased frequency of NCs in DM (84%), HTN (66%), and periodontitis (52%) with a significant p-value was observed. Most NCs were seen beyond the root apex (72.4%). A notable association between the duration of disease and the presence of NCs in the diabetic and hypertensive cohorts (p-value 0.047 & 0.012, respectively) was observed. However, we could not establish any association between the prevalence of nutrient canals with age and gender. Our study suggested that a higher frequency of NCs on mandibular anterior IOPAR may be employed as an ancillary screening and investigative support in underlying systemic disorders.

Vertucci\u2019s root canal configuration of 11,376 mandibular anteriors and its relationship with distolingual roots in mandibular first molars in a Cantonese population: a cone-beam computed tomography study

BackgroundCone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was used to study the root canal system of mandibular anteriors (MAs) in a Cantonese population and to evaluate the correlation between the complicated root canal configurations of mandibular lateral incisors (MLIs) and the presence of distolingual roots (DLRs) in mandibular first molars (MFMs).MethodsA total of 11,376 mandibular anterior teeth were scanned by CBCT. Those whose images met the inclusion criteria were first analysed according to Vertucci's root canal configuration and then grouped based on gender, age, and side, and their effects on root canal morphology were analysed. Finally, statistical analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between the complicated root canal configurations of MLIs and the existence of DLRs in MFMs. All statistical analyses were performed by using SPSS 25.0 software. Quantitative data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Student’s t tests were used to calculate statistical significance. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn MAs in the Cantonese population, all mandibular central incisors (MCIs) and MLIs had one root, and 0.37% of mandibular canines (MCs) had two roots. The most common Vertucci's root canal configuration was Vertucci I followed by Vertucci III. A total of 30.91% of MLIs and approximately 8% of MCIs and MCs have complicated root canal configurations. There were no significant differences in the prevalence of DLRs in MFMs and the incidence of complicated root canal configurations of MLIs between males and females or between the right and left teeth. However, a significant difference was found in different age groups of root canal configurations in MLIs. Moreover, significant ipsilateral and contralateral correlations between MFMs with DLRs and MLIs with complicated root canal configurations were observed on both sides.ConclusionIn Cantonese population, the possibility of complicated root canal configuration in MLIs was higher, when DLR appeared in MFMs.

CAD/CAM FIBER-REINFORCED COMPOSITE SPLINT FOR IMMOBILIZATION OF PERIODONTALLY COMPROMISED TEETH

A digital technique for planning and manufacturing a periodontal splint from composite material reinforced with glass fibers is presented. The lingual surface of the permanent mandibular anterior teeth is scanned intraorally. An accurate periodontal splint of the mandibular anterior teeth with increased mobility is fabricated. Digital planning and fabrication of an immobilizing splint minimize the human factor that affects the accuracy of the restoration.

The influence of fixed orthodontic retainer on oral microbiota

Background: The oral cavity is a wide versatile microbial community in which many microbial species coexist in harmony. However, with certain circumstances, i.e. orthodontic appliances, pathogenic biofilm outgrowth occurs. The aim: The aim of this study was to compare opportunistic pathogens, associated with dental caries and periodontal disease in addition to Candida albicans, between healthy individuals and patient wearing fixed orthodontic retainers. Method: Fourty eight subjects were recruited andwere divided into retainer wearers and control cohort groups. Biofilm samples from the lingual surface of the mandibular anterior teeth of the control group and the fixed retainer surface were evaluated to detect Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggrigatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and C. albicans. Additionally, plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indices were measured at the mandibular anterior teeth in both groups. The results: The results showed a significant increase in total micobial count in retainer group (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of microbial cultivity was higher in retainer group with a significant increase in PI and GI. Moreover, there was a high correlation between these genera and the GI. The conclusion: fixed retainer may increase cariogenic and periodontal pathogens and compromise oral health.

Influence of fixed orthodontic retainer on oral microbiota

Background: The oral cavity is a wide versatile microbial community in which many microbial species coexist in harmony. However, with certain circumstances, i.e. orthodontic appliances, pathogenic biofilm outgrowth occurs. The aim: The aim of this study was to compare opportunistic pathogens, associated with dental caries and periodontal disease in addition to Candida albicans, between healthy individuals and patient wearing fixed orthodontic retainers. Method: Fourty eight subjects were recruited andwere divided into retainer wearers and control cohort groups. Biofilm samples from the lingual surface of the mandibular anterior teeth of the control group and the fixed retainer surface were evaluated to detect Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Aggrigatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and C. albicans. Additionally, plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indices were measured at the mandibular anterior teeth in both groups. The results: The results showed a significant increase in total micobial count in retainer group (p&lt;0.001). The prevalence of microbial cultivity was higher in retainer group with a significant increase in PI and GI. Moreover, there was a high correlation between these genera and the GI. The conclusion: fixed retainer may increase cariogenic and periodontal pathogens and compromise oral health.