Anterior Facial Height Research Articles

A Finite Element Analysis of Biomechanics in Distraction Osteogenesis of Ascending Ramus Lengthening between Males and Females—A Comparative Study

Introduction: The asymmetry of mandibular ascending ramus leads to serious orthodontic problems in the dentofacial complex. This study was aimed to assess the effects of gender bone properties difference on biomechanics of distraction osteogenesis that used for ascending ramus lengthening with different forces. Materials and Methods: A 3D mandibular model was constructed and an oblique osteotomy line was made. The force was applied perpendicular to the osteotomy line in a bidirectional manner with three different distraction rates (5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm). Results: Male and female models showed the same maximum Von Mises stress value and the same distribution with the same force, the maximum stress value for 5mm, 10mm and 15mm rates were greater than the ultimate tensile stress for the human bone. The displacement within the three rates in X, Y and Z directions was higher for male than female. The displacements in all three directions were more prominent in the mandibular chin area. Conclusion: No gender difference in stress values and distribution with more anterior displacement in male than female. This site of distraction results in forward and anti-clockwise rotation of the mandible resulting in reducing anterior facial height.

Evaluation and co-relation of lower anterior facial height and soft-tissue characteristics in between genders in North Indian population: A cephalometric study

Objective: The purpose of this study was to establish lateral cephalometric soft-tissue norms for the adolescent North Indian population. Materials and Methods: Three hundred and thirty-three Indian adults of age group 18–30 years were selected. The standardized lateral cephalometric radiograph was taken for each subject. Fourteen linear measurements were recorded on each lateral cephalometric radiograph. Statistical analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 26). Group differences were analyzed with independent t-test. Results: The results of the study showed significant gender dimorphism, with men having thicker soft tissue structures, larger vertical dimensions, than women. Conclusion: Significant gender dimorphism was evident within the local population suggesting the necessity for a separate set of norms for males and females. Distinct ethnic differences were found between Caucasians and the North Indian population that were statistically significant, highlighting the importance of defining separate set of norms for ethnic groups.

Effect of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Mandibular Rotation—A Systematic Review

Objective: To evaluate the effect of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on mandibular rotation. Materials and Method: A systematic review of articles selected from 4 electronic databases—PUBMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Clinical Trials Registry, and Google Scholar—was carried out. Additional studies were hand-searched and retrieved from the reference lists of relevant articles. Studies published till August, 2019, were included in this study. Results: A total of 28 articles were identified through electronic database searching. 16 articles were obtained after elimination of duplicates which were then screened. Full-text articles were assessed according to the eligibility criteria. 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 14 clinical trials (CTs) were identified for inclusion in the review. These studies effectively highlighted the effect of RME on mandibular rotation, primarily in the clockwise direction. Conclusion: There is a moderate sum of evidence to illustrate the effect of RME on mandibular rotation. It can be concluded that RME brings about clockwise rotation of the mandible, ie in downward and backward directions, thereby increasing the lower anterior facial height. This effect could be attributed to the vertical maxillary movement and the extrusion of the maxillary molars.

HUBUNGAN TINGGI WAJAH BAWAH DENGAN LEBAR SENYUM PADA SUKU BALI DI FKG UNIVERSITAS MAHASARASWATI DENPASAR

Physical attractiveness plays an important role in how we see ourselves and how we are seen by others. Individuals mainly focus on the eyes and mouth of others during interpersonal interactions. An attractive smile will create good interpersonal relationships. A perfect smile is created when there is harmony and balance between the shape of the face and teeth. Measurement of the lower anterior facial height is one of the vertical evaluations that has a close relation to a person's aesthetics and to orthodontic treatment. The width of the smile is the distance between the outer commissures of the lips. The aim of the study was to determine whether there is or no correlation between lower facial height and smile width in the Balinese at FKG Mahasaraswati Denpasar University. This study was an observational analytic study with a cross sectional design using a sample of 50 Balinese subjects aged 18-25 years at FKG Mahasaraswati Denpasar University. The sample used in this study was taken by simple random sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collecting was done by direct measurement of the sample using calipers to measure the lower facial height and the width of the smile. The results showed a significant correlation between lower facial height and smile width with a significance value of 0.028 (p ≤0.05) and a correlation coefficient of 0.312 . A positive correlation indicates that the greater the lower facial height value, the greater the smile width value tends to be.

Computer-Aided Planning in Orthognathic Surgery: A Comparative Study with the Establishment of Burstone Analysis-Derived 3D Norms.

Three-dimensional (3D) computer-aided simulation has revolutionized orthognathic surgery treatment, but scarce 3D cephalometric norms have been defined to date. The purposes of this study were to (1) establish a normative database of 3D Burstone cephalometric measurements for adult male and female Chinese in Taiwan, (2) compare this 3D norm dataset with the two-dimensional (2D) Burstone norms from Caucasian and Singaporean Chinese populations, and (3) apply these 3D norms to assess the outcome of a computer-aided simulation of orthognathic surgery. Three-dimensional Burstone cephalometric analysis was performed on 3D digital craniofacial image models generated from cone-beam computed tomography datasets of 60 adult Taiwanese Chinese individuals with normal occlusion and balanced facial profile. Three-dimensional Burstone analysis was performed on 3D image datasets from patients with skeletal Class III pattern (n = 30) with prior computer-aided simulation. Three-dimensional Burstone cephalometric measurements showed that Taiwanese Chinese males had significantly (p < 0.05) larger anterior and posterior facial heights, maxillary length, and mandibular ramus height than females, with no significant (p > 0.05) difference for facial soft-tissue parameters. The 3D norm dataset revealed Taiwanese Chinese-specific facial characteristics, with Taiwanese presenting (p < 0.05) a more convex profile, protrusive maxillary apical bases, protruding mandible, protruding upper and lower lips, and a shorter maxillary length and lower facial height than Caucasians. Taiwanese had significantly (p < 0.05) larger maxillary projection, vertical height ratio, lower face throat angle, nasolabial angle, and upper lip protrusion than Singaporean Chinese. No significant (p > 0.05) difference was observed between 3D norms and computer-aided simulation-derived 3D patient images for horizontal skeletal, vertical skeletal, and dental measurements, with the exception of two dental parameters (p < 0.05). This study contributes to literature by providing gender- and ethnic-specific 3D Burstone cephalometric norms, which can assist in the multidisciplinary-based delivery of orthodontic surgical care for Taiwanese Chinese individuals worldwide, including orthodontic management, computer-assisted simulation, and outcome assessment.

Rapid Maxillary Expander and Eruption Guidance Appliance therapy in skeletal Class II: cephalometric considerations.

The use of rapid maxillary expander (RME) combined with eruption guidance appliances (EGA) represents a valid method in the treatment of skeletal Class II deep bite patients. In this paper a retrospective cephalometric study of the effects of RME and EGA therapy in Class II deep bite patients is described and compared with the treatment effects of patients with the same malocclusion treated only by RME. Pre and post treatment cephalometric radiographs of 47 Class II division 1 deep bite growing patients treated with RME followed by EGA (mean age 9.65 years) (Group 1) were compared with those obtained from a control group (Group 2) of 44 patients (mean age 9.34 years) treated with RME only. The following cephalometric values were analized: SNA; SNB; ANB; SN-PNS.ANS; SN-Go.GN; N-Me; S-Go. Improvement in maxillo-mandibular relationship was observed in both groups with significantly higher decrease of SNA and ANB in group 1. The cranio-maxillary relation shows a tendency to grow downward and backward in both groups. Both anterior and posterior total facial heights showed a significant increase in group 1. RME followed by EGA therapy in Class II skeletal deep bite patients has shown better results compared with RME therapy without functional appliance.

Does craniofacial morphology affect third molars impaction? Results from a population-based study in northeastern Germany.

ObjectivesIt is still not clear why impaction of third molars occurs. Craniofacial morphology and facial parameters have been discussed to be strong predictors for third molar impaction. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of craniofacial morphology on erupted or impacted third molars in a German population sample.Materials and methodsErupted and impacted third molars in 2,484 participants from the Study of Health in Pomerania were assessed by whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. Markers of facial morphology were determined in 619 individuals of those participants in whose 421 participants (16.7%) had at least one impacted third molar. Craniofacial morphology was estimated as linear measurements and was associated in a cross-sectional study design with impacted and erupted third molars by multinomial logistic regression models. Erupted third molars were used as reference outcome category and regression models were adjusted for age and sex.ResultsMaximum Cranial Width (Eurion-Eurion distance) was significantly associated with impacted third molars (RR: 1.079; 95% confidence interval 1.028–1.132). This association was even more pronounced in the mandible. Individuals with a lower total anterior facial height (Nasion-Menton distance) and a lower facial index also have an increased risk for impacted third molars in the mandible (RR 0.953; 95% confidence interval 0.913–0.996 and RR: 0.943; 95% confidence interval 0.894–0.995). No significant associations of third molar status with facial width (Zygion-Zygion distance), and sagittal cranial dimension (Nasion-Sella distance; Sella-Basion distance) were observed.ConclusionIndividuals with an increased maximal cranial width have a higher risk for impaction of third molars in the mandible and in the maxilla. Individuals with a lower anterior total anterior facial height and lower facial index also have an increased risk for third molars impaction in the mandible. These findings could help orthodontic dentists, oral surgeons and oral and maxillofacial surgeons in decision-making for third molars removal in their treatment. These findings highlight the necessity of an additional analysis of the maximal cranial width by the Eurion- Eurion distance.

A multilevel analysis of craniofacial growth in subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion.

To analyse the craniofacial growth of a long-term semi-longitudinal sample of Caucasian subjects with untreated Class III malocclusion. A total of 144 Caucasian subjects (of North American and Italian origin) with untreated Class III malocclusion. Subjects aged 2years and 9months up to 21years and 7months were selected. A multilevel model was used to calculate growth curves for ten variables for both each individual subject and for the whole sample. There was a statistically significant increase for total mandibular length (Co-Gn. T2-T1=8.4mm), midfacial length (Co-A. T2-T1=3.4 mm) and lower anterior facial height (ANS-Me. T2-T1=3.8 mm). The multilevel analysis showed two points of acceleration of growth (about 3-5years of age and 11-15years of age) for seven out of ten variables. For Co-Gn and Co-A variables, males presented points of maximum growth delayed by 1year in comparison with females, with a greater duration (1year longer) and a greater total growth of about 5mm. Active mandibular growth continued for a long time after the pubertal spurt: increases in mandibular length ended at about 17years of age in females and at 21years and 7months in males. Untreated Class III malocclusion showed a specific growth curve, especially for the mandible, whose excesses added up over time. In males, the amounts of mandibular and midfacial growth during the whole observation time were greater and lasted longer than in females.

The study of facial morphology in patients with vertical growth pattern (hyperdivergent) lacking or showing temporomandibular disorders symptoms

AimAccording to the large number of studies, there seems to be a significant relation between hyperdivergence growth pattern and temporomandibular disorders. However, it is not clearly scrutinized which morphological factors can contribute to the development of temporomandibular disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between some skeletal and facial morphologic features of hyperdivergent facial growth pattern patients and temporomandibular disorders. Materials and MethodsThis case-control study was performed on a population of 50 patients including 25 patients with temporomandibular disorder and 25 non- temporomandibular disorder individuals aged between 15–30 years with hyperdivergent growth pattern (Frankfurt Mandibualr plane angle between 28 and 35 degree). Two groups of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients (case and control) were matched for age and gender. In order to evaluate the skeletal and dental variables, lateral cephalometries was taken and traced after obtaining written consent from the patients. The measured variables were A point to Nasion to B point, Frankfurt plane to Nasion to Pogonion, Nasion to A point to Pogonion, Sella to Gnathion to Frankfurt plan, Articular point to Gonion-Menton, Sella to Articular point to Gonion, Palatal plane to Mandibular plane, and Articular point to Gonion angles. The intervals of Basion to Nasion, Sella to Basion, Gonion to Menton, and amounts of Anterior facial height meas, Upper Anterior facial height ratio to Lower Anterior facial height, posterior facial height, overjet, and overbite Data were analyzed by Chi2 test, t-test, and multivariate test. ResultsAccording to the descriptive statistics, the age of the control and case groups averaged 21.12±1.99 and 21.63±1.58 years respectively. Among the people referred to the dental school, the frequency of males and females in the control and case groups were 6, 7 and 19, 18 respectively. The results of t-test and multivariate tests indicated significant differences between the two variables of overbite and mandibular length. ConclusionThe present study revealed increased overbite (dental feature) and mandibular length (skeletal feature) is more likely to be associated with a higher risk of temporomandibular disorders joint disease in patients with hyperdivergent facial growth pattern. Clinical significanceTreatment of the deep bite condition can be helpful in improving temporomandibular disorder.

Comparative Assessment of Maxillofacial Morphology in Patients with Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate maxillofacial morphology using CBCT with the ultimate goal of finding whether differences existed in a two suggested subtypes of non-syndromic bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) patients. Design: This retrospective study included CBCT data of 22 BCLP patients with mean age of 9.6 years. The patients were divided initially according to premaxillary characteristics into two groups and this classification was further confirmed by measurement of sella–nasion– point A angle (SNA), Group (P): This represent BCLP characterized by well-developed (P) prominent pre-maxilla and SNA >80±2, Group(R): This represent BCLP characterized by ill-developed (R) rudimentary pre-maxilla and SNA < 80±2. The relation between maxilla and mandible measured by point A–nasion–B point angle (ANB), angle of septal deviation (ASD) and anterior upper facial height (AUFH) were assessed using On-demand 3D software and was compared among the two groups. Results: Patients within group P showed significantly higher ANB (P value ≤ 0.001). Patients within group R showed significantly higher ASD angle (P value ≤ 0.05), while AUFH showed insignificant difference between the two groups (P value ≥ 0.05). Conclusions: Maxillofacial morphology measurements assessed in this study support that difference exist between the two investigated subtypes of non-syndromic BCLP.

Craniofacial Morphometric Features Associated With Pericondylar Fractures of the Mandible.

The research aimed at investigating potential correlations between craniofacial morphological measurements and mandibular pericondylar fractures, based on a retrospective study of 380 mandible fractures treated in our department, during 2010 to 2017. Predictors included morphological measurements and features. Primary outcome was presence of pericondylar fracture; 133 pericondylar fractures were found, including subcondylar, condylar neck, and condylar head fractures. Condylar neck fractures showed negative correlations with condylar neck width (5.7 mm versus 6.7 mm sagittaly, and 6.1 mm versus 6.8 mm coronally, respectively). Gonial angle (117.3 degrees versus 128.7), and mandibular length 106.2 mm versus 110.4 mm, respectively) showed negative correlation with all pericondylar fractures. Ramus height correlated positively with pericondylar fractures (53.6 mm versus 51.2 mm, respectively). Thus, our results showed condylar neck width was a predictor for condylar neck fractures. In addition, individuals suffering from pericondylar fractures had significantly smaller gonial angles, longer ramus height, and shorter mandibular length. These morphologic features are characteristic of individuals with decreased anterior facial height. Our results corroborated a previous study we had conducted, which suggested that increased anterior vertical growth correlates with angle fractures.

Interdisciplinary Orthodontic and Surgical Management of Class III Malocclusion in Adult Patients

The treatment of class III malocclusion differs depending on the age of the patient. In adult patients, alternatives include either orthodontic dentoalveolar compensation treatment or a combined ortho-surgical approach. The aim of this paper is to present the orthodontic and surgical treatment of a 24 year old adult patient with increased anterior face height, a class III skeletal pattern and mandibular asymetry. Previous orthodontic treatment with removable appliances obtained a 1 mm overbite and overjet. Intraorally, class III molar relationship was observed, proclined upper incisors, retroclined lower incisors and a deviated lower midline. The main complaint was facial esthetics which required surgical intevention. After pre-surgical orthodontic preparation the maxilla was repositioned by a Le Fort I osteotomy and the mandible was set back using the Obwegeser-Dal Pont method. Final assesment revealed both functional and esthetic dentofacial results. A combination of orthodontic treatment and orthognathic surgery is often required in adult patients with dental malocclusion and skeletal discrepancies.

Cephalometric Approach to Vertical Facial Height

Introduction: The vertical heights and the proportions are very important for balance of the face and attractiveness along with the good smile. Harmonious vertical proportions and the Antero-posterior relations contribute to aesthetics. Therefore it is necessary to determine the vertical facial height and the ratios in treatment planning of the patients. The aims and objectives of this study are to compare the vertical facial heights of patients considering the Lower Anterior Facial Height (LAFH), the Upper Anterior Facial Height (UAFH), Total Anterior Facial Height (TAFH) and Posterior Facial Height (PFH) among the sexes in Class I skeletal group obtained from cephalometric analysis.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: The study material comprised of 52 patients (24 males and 28 females) and lateral cephalometric radiographs were traced with Skeletal Class I relationship. Cephalometric analysis was performed by using hand tracing. Independent t tests were used for comparisons.&#x0D; Result: The total anterior facial height (TAFH), lower anterior facial height (LAFH), upper anterior facial height (UAFH), total posterior facial height (TPFH) measurements showed no significant differences between both sexes in Skeletal Class I group but statistically significant difference in ratios of posterior facial height and total anterior facial height and also there was statistically significant differences in the ratio between upper facial height and the total anterior facial height (p value &lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: This cephalometric analysis can be applied to determine the vertical height of occlusion which can be helpful in prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients.

Changes in vertical dimension: Extraction versus non-extraction

Introduction: To evaluate and compare the vertical changes in patients treated orthodontically with or without different patterns of premolars extraction.&#x0D; Materials &amp; Method: The lateral cephalograms of 112 orthodontically treated patients were categorized into four groups of 28 each based upon extraction strategy. Cephalometric analysis comprised of 3 angular and 8 linear measurements were used to analyze vertical changes from pre- to post treatment.&#x0D; Result: Active orthodontic treatment with or without various premolar extraction therapies led to a statistically significantly increase in the anterior facial height. Second premolar extraction resulted in significantly greater forward movement of the maxillary and mandibular first molars compared to non-extraction therapy.&#x0D; Conclusion: Active orthodontic treatment resulted in no significant changed in maxillary to mandibular (MM) angle with or without extraction therapy.

3D Facial morphology in children affected by spinal muscular atrophy type 2 (SMAII).

The main objective of this study was to assess the three-dimensional facial characteristics of children affected by spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a severe muscular disorder characterized by hypotonia, areflexia, weakness, and respiratory impairment. Stereophotogrammetric facial scans from 22 SMA type II patients aged 2-7 years were obtained. Data were analysed using both inter-landmark distances and principal component analysis and compared with data collected from matched control subjects. Patients had wider transverse facial diameters, but smaller biocular width. Middle and lower anterior face heights were increased, whereas the mandibular ramus was shorter, with a reduced posterior-to-anterior face height ratio. Facial width-to-length ratio was reduced. In the sagittal plane, mandibular body length, and facial divergence were increased, whereas the gonial angles were decreased. In the horizontal plane, lower facial convexity was greater in patients, whereas mandibular convexity was smaller. Patients had smaller and down-slanted eye fissures, with a larger and more vertically developed nose. This study assessed a relatively small number of patients, due to the rare frequency of SMA type II. SMA type II children possess peculiar facial alterations that may be due to the altered muscular activity. As feeding problems may derive also by malocclusion and masticatory muscular alterations, a detailed assessment of the craniofacial individual alterations should be considered in the standards of care of these patients.

Post-treatment cephalometric changes in adolescent patients with Class II malocclusion treated using two different functional appliance systems for an extended time period: a randomized clinical trial.

To assess the post-treatment changes in Class II adolescent patients treated with two different functional appliances for an extended time period. Randomized clinical trial. One university and one district general hospital in the UK. Caucasian adolescent patients with a Class II malocclusion. Pairs of patients of similar age and gender were randomly allocated to one of two functional appliance systems, the Twin Block or Dynamax appliance. The appliances were used for 15 months full time. Changes were measured from lateral cephalograms taken at the start (T1) and at the end of treatment at 15 months (T2) and 30 months (T3). Hundred patients completed the trial, 52 Twin Block and 48 Dynamax. Mandibular forward movement was 3.5 mm (±2.5) in the Twin Block group and 1.7 mm (±2.1) in the Dynamax group (P < 0.01; T1-T2) and, subsequently, by 0.3 mm (±2.6) and 0.9 mm (±2.5), respectively (P = 0.3; T2-T3). Mandibular length increased by 6.3 mm (±2.7) in the Twin Block group and 4.0 mm (±2.5) in the Dynamax group (P < 0.01; T1-T2) with treatment and, subsequently, by 0.5 mm (±2.3) and 1.5 mm (±3.1; P = 0.05). Anterior face height increased in both groups. Treatment resulted in greater mandibular growth with the Twin Block than the Dynamax. In the follow-up period, there was less growth in the Twin Block group compared to the Dynamax. This trial was not registered on any major database of clinical trial. The protocol was not published before the commencement of the trial but can be given on request.

Dentoskeletal morphology in adults with Class I, Class II Division 1, or Class II Division 2 malocclusion with increased overbite

The treatment options for adults with increased overbite are limited to dentoalveolar changes that camouflage the condition. Because of high relapse tendency, defining the problem area is important when creating a treatment plan. This study aimed to evaluate dentoskeletal morphology in skeletal Class I and II anomalies associated with Angle Class I, Class II Division 1 (Class II/1), and Class II Division 2 (Class II/2) malocclusions with increased overbite compared with normal occlusion. Pretreatment cephalograms of 306 patients (131 men, 175 women; overall ages 18-45years) were evaluated. Four groups were constructed. Three groups had increased overbite (>4.5mm): group 1 (n=96) skeletal Class I (ANB=0.5°-4°), group 2 (n=85) skeletal Class II (ANB>4.5°) with Class II/1; and group 3 (n=79) skeletal Class II with Class II/2 malocclusion. Group 4 as a control (n=46) skeletal Class I normal overbite. Dental and skeletal characteristics of the groups were compared by sex. For statistical evaluations, analysis of variance followed by Tukey post hoc, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskall-Wallis tests were used. Additionally correlation coefficients between overbite and skeletal/dental parameters were calculated. Between sexes, with regard to skeletal parameters, the men had greater values in millimetric measurements, and the women had higher SN/GoGn values. Maxillary/mandibular molar heights and the mandibular incisor heights were higher in men. In group 1, decreased lower anterior facial height (LAFH), retrusive mandibular incisors, and increased interincisal degree were determined. The maxillary molars were intrusive, whereas the vertical position of the mandibular molars and incisors in both jaws were normal. In group 2, retrognathic mandible, increased LAFH and mandibular plane angle, extrusive maxillary/mandibular incisors, protrusive mandibular incisors, and decreased interincisal degree were found. In group 3, decreased LAFH, increased interincisal degree, and retrusive incisors in both jaws were determined. There were significant negative correlations between SN/GoGN, palatal plane, and overbite in group 2 and between ANS-SN and overbite in group 3, and positive correlation between interinsical angle and overbite in all increased overbite groups. Dental morphology seems to be the main factor of increased overbite. Differences between groups were related primarily to inclinations and vertical positions of the incisors, rather than molar positions.

Upper Airway Changes following Functional Treatment with the Headgear Herbst or Headgear Twin Block Appliance Assessed on Lateral Cephalograms and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Objective The present study compared the changes in the upper airway dimensions and sleep-related breathing disorder (SRBD) condition between functional treatment with the headgear Herbst (HG-Herbst) and headgear Twin Block (HG-TB) appliance. Soft tissues were assessed on lateral cephalometric X-ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods Consecutive patients who sought orthodontic treatment at the Faculty of Dentistry of The University of Hong Kong were screened. Adolescents (12-17 year sold for boys and 10-15 years old for girls), with class II molar relationship and overjet >5 mm, with no severe transverse maxillary deficiency, were recruited. Patients were assigned either to the HG-Herbst or to the HG-TB treatment by stratified block randomisation, with sex as the stratification factor. Lateral cephalograms, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) were obtained at baseline and after treatment. Results 28 patients were enrolled, and 26 patients (13 in each group) completed the treatment. Following 1 year of functional appliance treatment, a significantly lower increase of the lower anterior facial height was observed in the HG-Herbst group compared to the HG-TB group (p = 0.024). However, no significant differences were observed in the upper airway structures or SRBD between the two groups. Conclusion The changes in upper airway dimensions and SRBD condition were not significantly different between the HG-Herbst and the HG-TB appliance treatment. Additional studies with larger sample size are warranted.

Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Evaluation of Skeletal Deformities and Pharyngeal Airway in Chinese Han Individuals With Nonsyndromic Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate.

This study examined the relationships between skeletal deformities and the pharyngeal airway of patients with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Retrospective study. Orthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Departments in the Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, China. The sample comprised 30 nonsyndromic UCLP patients and 30 healthy controls. Each group has 23 males and 7 females. All cone-beam computed tomography images were obtained with the participant in the standard supine position and asked to bite with intercuspal position without swallowing or moving their heads and tongues during scanning. SNA, SNB, ANB, anterior cranial base, Wits appraisal, maxillary length (PTM-ANS || FH), maxillary position (S-PTM || FH), mandibular length (Go-Pog || MP), FMA, posterior face height, anterior face height, Posterior-Anterior face height, lower face height, pharyngeal airway volumes, and areas were evaluated by Dolphin imaging software. The UCLP group showed significantly decreased SNA, SNB, ANB, PTM-ANS || FH, S-PTM || FH, P-A Face Height compared with the controls. However, the airway volumes and areas showed no significant difference between 2 groups. The total airway volume and minimum cross-sectional area in UCLP patients were related to the Go-Pog || MP and FMA. Patients with UCLP have both the maxillary and mandibular deficiencies in the sagittal dimension. Both the sagittal and vertical relationships of the jaw might affect the airway volume and area. However, no significant difference was detected in airway volume and area in UCLP patients when compared with the controls.

Treatment effects of the Carriere® Motion 3D™ appliance for the correction of Class II malocclusion in adolescents.

To determine the treatment effects produced in Class II patients by the Carriere® Motion 3D™ appliance (CMA) followed by full fixed appliances (FFA). This retrospective study evaluated 34 adolescents at three time points: T1 (pretreatment), T2 (removal of CMA), and T3 (posttreatment). The comparison group comprised 22 untreated Class II subjects analyzed at T1 and T3. Serial cephalograms were traced and digitized, and 12 skeletal and 6 dentoalveolar measures were compared. Phase I with CMA lasted 5.2 ± 2.8 months; phase II with FFA lasted 13.0 ± 4.2 months. CMA treatment restricted the forward movement of the maxilla at point A. There was minimal effect on the sagittal position of the chin at pogonion. The Wits appraisal improved toward Class I by 2.1 mm during the CMA phase but not during FFA. Lower anterior facial height increased twice as much in the treatment group as in controls. A clockwise rotation (3.9°) of the functional occlusal plane in the treatment group occurred during phase I; a substantial rebound (-3.6°) occurred during phase II. Overjet and overbite improved during treatment, as did molar relationship; the lower incisors proclined (4.2°). The CMA appliance is an efficient and effective way of correcting Class II malocclusion. The changes were mainly dentoalveolar in nature, but some skeletal changes also occurred, particularly in the sagittal position of the maxilla and in the vertical dimension.