Behavior Of Antenna Research Articles

Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for WSN Application

Abstract: This paper focuses on the design and simulation of a microstrip patch antenna for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications, utilizing HFSS (High-Frequency Structure Simulator) software and an FR-4 epoxy substrate. The objective is to develop an efficient and cost-effective antenna tailored for the 2.4 GHz frequency band, commonly used in WSNs due to its favourable propagation characteristics. The choice of FR-4 epoxy substrate, with a relative dielectric constant (ࡾࢿ (of 4.4 provides a balance of performance, availability, and cost-effectiveness. These properties are crucial in determining the antenna's resonant frequency and overall efficiency. The design process involves optimizing the dimensions of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna to achieve the desired frequency and performance metrics. HFSS simulation tools are employed to model the antenna's behaviour, allowing for precise adjustments and performance predictions. Key parameters analysed include return loss (S11), gain, radiation pattern, and bandwidth.

A Compact Wearable Textile Antenna for NB-IoT and ISM Band Patient Tracking Applications.

This paper proposes a novel multi-band textile monopole antenna for patient tracking applications. The designed antenna has compact footprints (0.13λ02) and works in the narrow band-internet of things (NB-IoT) 1.8 GHz, radio frequency identification (RFID), and industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands. The impedance bandwidths and gain of the antenna at 1.8 GHz, 2.45 GHz, and 5.8 GHz are 310 MHz, 960 MHz, and 1140 MHz; 3.7 dBi, 5.3 dBi, and 9.6 dBi, respectively. Also, the antenna's behavior is checked on different body parts of the human body in various bending scenarios. As per the evaluated link budget, the designed antenna can easily communicate up to 100 m of distance. The specific absorption rate values of the designed antenna are also within acceptable limits as per the (FCC/ICNIRP) standards at the reported frequency bands. Unlike traditional rigid antennas, the proposed textile antenna is non-intrusive, enhancing user safety and comfort. The denim material makes it comfortable for extended wear, reducing the risk of skin irritation. It can also withstand regular wear and tear, including stretching and bending. The presented denim-based antenna can be seamlessly integrated into clothing and accessories, making it less obtrusive and more aesthetically pleasing.

Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for Enhanced Bandwidth and Harmonic Suppression

Antennas are essential components in wireless communication systems, often requiring a delicate balance between achieving wide bandwidth and suppressing harmonics effectively. This study focuses on the integration of defected ground structures (DGS) to enhance antenna performance. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis, the research aimed to optimize microstrip patch antenna designs for improved bandwidth while maintaining efficient harmonic suppression. The investigation involved parametric studies to determine the optimal dimensions and configurations of DGS for wideband-stop characteristics. Simulation tools were utilized to analyse the impact of DGS on the antenna's behaviour, leading to the development of an accurate equivalent circuit model. Current distribution analysis provided insights into the radiation pattern and impedance matching of the antennas with and without DGS. Experimental results demonstrated significant improvements in antenna performance. The measured reflection coefficient values indicated successful harmonic suppression, with reductions around 22 dB at the third harmonic frequency. The input impedance values were optimized to utilize a modified ground plane featuring diagonal edges and a rectangular slot cut to design compact antennas, contributing to enhanced bandwidth and improved overall performance. Radiation pattern measurements validated the effectiveness of the optimized designs. This study demonstrates successful integration of DGS into slot antennas, achieving wider bandwidth with robust harmonic suppression. Experimental results validate design strategies, offering insights for high-performance slot antennas in modern communication systems.

Nonlinear Dielectric Epsilon Near‐Zero Hybrid Nanogap Antennas

AbstractHigh‐index Mie‐resonant dielectric nanostructures provide a new framework to manipulate light at the nanoscale. In particular their local field confinement together with their inherently low losses at frequencies below their bandgap energy allows to efficiently boost and control linear and nonlinear optical processes. Here, nanoantennas composed of a thin indium‐tin oxide (ITO) layer in the center of a dielectric gallium phosphide (GaP) nanodisc are investigated. While the linear response is similar to that of a pure GaP nanodisc, it is shown that second harmonic generation is enhanced across a broadband wavelength range. On the other hand, third harmonic generation is only marginally enhanced around the epsilon‐near‐zero wavelength of ITO. Linear and nonlinear finite‐difference time‐domain simulations show that despite the high refractive index contrast leading to strong field confinement inside the antenna's ITO layer, the nanogap enhancement effect is mitigated by the low nonlinear volume of the nanogap layer and the antenna's behavior at the harmonic wavelength. Measurement of ITO and GaP nonlinear susceptibilities additionally show a comparative advantage for harmonic generation in GaP. These investigations deliver insights on the mechanisms at play in nonlinear nanogap antennas and their potential applications as nanoscale devices.

Comparison of FR4 and Roger substrates in multiband two-slot rectangular patch antenna for 5G applications

This study discusses the design, optimization, and simulation of a multiband microstrip patch antenna. The patch antenna is popular because of its compact form, which allows it to be smaller and lighter than other existing devices. The microstrip patch antenna is designed in a variety of designs, optimized, and simulated, with the two slot rectangular patch antenna being chosen due to its excellent performance. The proposed two-slot rectangular patch antenna's behaviour is further improved by using two different substrate materials. Because of their ease of manufacture, the FR4 and Roger substrates were used. The suggested antenna is capable of operating in three frequency bands ranging from 10 to 40 GHz. A partial ground plane approach is used to increase the antenna's return loss and bandwidth. CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite was used to investigate the antenna parameter. The antenna operates at 10, 28, and 38 GHz, which are the selected frequencies for 5 G mobile communications by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Announces a Special Issue on Theory and Applications of Characteristic Modes

The Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCM) had its humble beginnings in the early 1970's. The beauty of TCM lies in its ability to fully characterize the radiation and scattering properties of an arbitrary object based only on the object's geometry and material properties. This ability provides valuable insights into an antenna's behavior independent of the feeding arrangement as well as providing information about how desirable radiation modes can be excited. This feature has led to its use to design integrated antennas in the High Frequency (HF) band for land vehicles, ships and aircraft. However, TCM had largely remained a specialist field until it was rediscovered for aiding the design of mobile handset antennas about a decade ago. In particular, TCM provides a powerful tool to understand and exploit excitation of the terminal chassis to enhance antenna performance. Another powerful feature of TCM is that multiple characteristic modes at a given frequency facilitate orthogonal radiation patterns, which provide effective Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas.

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Announces a Special Issue on Theory and Applications of Characteristic Modes

The Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCM) had its humble beginnings in the early 1970's. The beauty of TCM lies in its ability to fully characterize the radiation and scattering properties of an arbitrary object based only on the object's geometry and material properties. This ability provides valuable insights into an antenna's behavior independent of the feeding arrangement as well as providing information about how desirable radiation modes can be excited. This feature has led to its use to design integrated antennas in the High Frequency (HF) band for land vehicles, ships and aircraft. However, TCM had largely remained a specialist field until it was rediscovered for aiding the design of mobile handset antennas about a decade ago. In particular, TCM provides a powerful tool to understand and exploit excitation of the terminal chassis to enhance antenna performance. Another powerful feature of TCM is that multiple characteristic modes at a given frequency facilitate orthogonal radiation patterns, which provide effective Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas.

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation Announces a Special Issue on Theory and Applications of Characteristic Modes

The Theory of Characteristic Modes (TCM) had its humble beginnings in the early 1970's. The beauty of TCM lies in its ability to fully characterize the radiation and scattering properties of an arbitrary object based only on the object's geometry and material properties. This ability provides valuable insights into an antenna's behavior independent of the feeding arrangement as well as providing information about how desirable radiation modes can be excited. This feature has led to its use to design integrated antennas in the High Frequency (HF) band for land vehicles, ships and aircraft. However, TCM had largely remained a specialist field until it was rediscovered for aiding the design of mobile handset antennas about a decade ago. In particular, TCM provides a powerful tool to understand and exploit excitation of the terminal chassis to enhance antenna performance. Another powerful feature of TCM is that multiple characteristic modes at a given frequency facilitate orthogonal radiation patterns, which provide effective Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antennas.

Analysis of Ultra-Wideband Printed Planar Quasi-Monopole Antennas Using the Theory of Characteristic Modes

This paper presents an analysis of ultra-wideband (UWB) printed planar quasi-monopole antennas using the theory of characteristic modes. It is shown that the modal voltage-standing-wave ratio, mode current distribution, and modal significance provide deeper physical insight into the operating mechanisms of these popular types of antennas. Using the printed planar bevel-shaped quasi-monopole antenna as an example, we characterize the antenna's performance. It is found that there are only a few significant modes excited. The dominant mode controls the antenna's behavior over the lower band, while the higher-order modes control the behavior over the upper band. The ground-plane size affects the mode properties. The ground-plane height should be taller than a quarter and shorter or equal to a half-guided-wavelength. The width should be equal to a half-guided-wavelength at the lower-frequency edge. We also examine the notched-frequency characteristics of the antenna by embedding a slot in the monopole. We point out the potential self-interference for the first time. Furthermore, we investigate the miniaturization of the antenna by simply chopping off half of the antenna's structure. We explain why the miniaturized antenna exhibits a wider impedance bandwidth and higher cross-polar radiation at higher frequencies.

Time-domain antenna characterizations

A set of time-domain characterizations that can efficiently describe wireband antennas is proposed. The experimentally measured responses of transverse electromagnetic horn antennas are used to evaluate the utility of these characterizations. Comparisons are made between the antennas' frequency-domain response and their time-domain characterizations. The comparisons show that the time-domain characterizations can provide significant insight into an antenna's behavior as well as providing a means to accurately compare two or more different antennas. >