Antenna Working Research Articles

Reconfigurable super‐low‐frequency magnetoelectric antenna for underwater frequency‐hopping communication

AbstractBased on the mechanical regulation mechanism, a super‐low‐frequency (SLF) reconfigurable magnetoelectric (ME) antenna is proposed for underwater frequency‐hopping communication. By constructing the mechanical model of the ME antenna loaded with an adjustable spring, the antenna's working frequency is predicted to be tuned in an extensive dynamic range from 148 to 331 Hz by changing the states of a loaded spring. The experiment is implemented in the frequency‐response test platform and the practical communication system using the minimum shift keying modulation. The former experiment well validates the tunable frequency response of the reconfigurable ME antenna, while the latter successfully achieves the information transmission at different working frequencies. The proposed SLF reconfigurable ME antenna serves as a potential candidate for under‐water frequency‐hopping communication.

Dual-Band SIW Antenna with High Frequency Ratio for UAV Detection Applications

A dual-frequency antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications is proposed, which provides a new idea for the design of multi-frequency antennas by stimulating multiple high-order modes. A group of fan-shaped patches are added to the circular slots on both sides of the dumbbell slots to form modified dumbbell slots. Two resonant modes are excited by this slot structure, and a dual-frequency response is achieved. Different opening angles and offset angles of fan-shaped patches can cause the deviation of the dual-frequency response bands. Therefore, the antenna working frequency band can be freely designed within a certain frequency band, which improves the flexibility of antenna design. The designed antenna is analyzed theoretically and optimized by simulation. Finally, the antenna was manufactured, and the experimental results were basically consistent with the simulation optimization results. The antenna worked in the X-band and the Ku-band, and the relative working bandwidth of the two bands was 6.06% (9.6–10.2 GHz) and 1.41% (14.06–14.26 GHz), respectively. The maximum gain of simulation in low frequency and high frequency operating bands is 5.9dBi and 6.13dBi, respectively.

Designing a High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Working at 3 GHz for RADAR

This study presents the design and analysis of a microstrip patch antenna optimized for radar applications operating at a frequency of 3 GHz. The antenna is designed to meet the requirements of radar systems, offering characteristics such as high gain, low profile, and broad bandwidth. The design process involves simulation using electromagnetic simulation software to achieve the desired antenna performance parameters. Various antenna parameters, including substrate material selection, patch dimensions, feeding techniques, and impedance matching networks, are carefully optimized to enhance antenna performance. The proposed antenna design is expected to exhibit excellent radiation characteristics, making it suitable for radar applications requiring reliable and efficient communication at 3 GHz frequency. This antenna designed for operating at 3 GHz, type Rogers Ultralam1217 (tm) with dielectric constant, ∈r= 2.2 tanδ (0.0009) and thickness of h = 1.6mm. The antennas are simulated using Ansys HFSS software. The performance is evaluated in terms of return loss, gain, and directivity and is deemed to be compatible with simulations.

Designing a High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Working at 3 GHz for RADAR

Designing a High Gain Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Working at 3 GHz for RADAR

Wideband patch antenna using a zigzag‐shaped bridge feeding structure

AbstractA new zigzag‐shaped bridge feeding structure (ZBS) for patch antennas is proposed in this letter. The feeding structure consists of a zigzag‐shaped strip and two metal piers (left one is coaxial feed pin, the other is short post connect to ground.) The length of the strip is approximately half wavelength to the low‐frequency resonance point, while the distance between the two piers is approximately half wavelength of higher resonance point. The ZBS can excite two resonances to enhance bandwidth. This letter provides an intuitive explanation of its working principle from the perspective of electromagnetic fields. A prototype patch antenna working in the frequency range of 2.42–3.22 GHz was designed, simulated, and manufactured. The results show that the designed antenna achieved a wide working bandwidth of 28% (|S11|<−10 dB), low cross‐polarization (<23 dB), and a good average gain of 8.3 dBi.

Use of Bi-Polygonal Antenna Model to Explain Antenna Work Frequency Shifts Due to Changes in Antenna Geometry Shape

One way to improve the efficiency of antenna design is to use mathematical models. The polygonal antenna model is a mathematical model for designing antennas with a polygonal structure. This article explains the application of the bi-polygon antenna model to account for the frequency shift of the micro-strip antenna due to changes in the design of the antenna shape from two sides, from two hexagons to two octagons. The antenna's operating frequency is determined from the FDTD simulation results based on bi-quad, bi-hexagonal, and bi-octagonal antenna design parameters. This research aims to test the theoretical model of a bi-polygon antenna by analyzing changes in the antenna's operating frequency due to changes in the shape of the antenna design. The novelty of this research lies in applying the theoretical model of a bi-polygonal antenna to analyze changes in the antenna's operating frequency due to changes in the antenna shape design. The research results show that applying the theoretical model of a 2-polygonal antenna can explain the causes of changes in the antenna's operating frequency due to changes in geometric design from bi-quad, bi-hexagonal to bi-octagonal antennas. However, the bi-polygonal antenna model still produces different results from the simulation results. Therefore, further research is needed to improve it. Model improvements include adding factors that were previously ignored or unavailable, adding assumptions about changes in antenna capacitance, and improving modeling data based on direct measurement data of antenna parameters.

Research on Development 3D Ground Penetrating Radar Acquisition and Control Technology for Road Underground Diseases with Dual-Band Antenna Arrays.

This paper describes the development of a new 3D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) acquisition and control technology for road underground diseases with dual-band antenna arrays. The 3D GPR system can be mounted on a vehicle-loading device and used by vehicles to detect road underground diseases at regular speeds. Compared with existing 3D GPR systems, this new type of 3D GPR has the following design features: it has dual-band antenna arrays, including a 16-channel 400 MHz antenna array and an 8-channel 200 MHz antenna array, which not only improves the detection efficiency, but also effectively balances the detection depth and detection resolution. A novel antenna switching method for time division step multiplexing (TDSM) is realized via field programmable gate array (FPGA), which not only avoids the crosstalk of antenna echo signals of different frequencies, but also ensures the interval of the same antenna working time. By combining the advantages of the FPGA and micro-control unit (MCU), and utilizing the high-speed transmission of the network port, the high-speed real-time transmission of the 3D GPR echo data is achieved. Finally, the integration of all software and hardware verified the correctness of the system, with good results.

6G energy‐efficient systems based on arrays combined with dielectric lenses

AbstractIt is demonstrated that combining phased array antennas with dielectric lenses constitutes a suitable solution to increase the energy efficiency in next‐generation communication systems. A dielectric lens is designed to increase the gain of an array antenna working in the 3GPP n257 band (26.5–29.5 GHz). The simulated results demonstrate that the dielectric lens increases the gain between 0.4 and 1.3 dB in a large scanning range from 0° to 60° at 28 GHz; meaning that the output RF power can be decreased by up to 26% for a same equivalent isotropic radiated power required from the base station.

Low‐profile and broadband microstrip antenna with pattern diversity

AbstractThis paper presents a low‐profile and broadband pattern diversity microstrip antenna with quasiperiodic radiating patches fed by two slots. The thickness of the whole design is only 0.044λ0 (λ0 is the free‐space wavelength of the center frequency), showing great potential in applications. The broadband property is realized by efficiently exciting TM10 mode and antiphase TM20 mode and forming two resonant frequencies in the target band. The antenna can generate a broadside or difference pattern by switching the input port of the broadband 180° hybrid coupling feed network. The measured results show that the coincident impedance bandwidth of the antenna working in the two pattern modes is 20.5% (3.20–3.93 GHz), and the maximum gain values are 6.85 dBi for the directional pattern and 5.80 dBi for the difference pattern.

Design and Analysis of CPW Fed Antenna with Triangular Separated Stub for Wireless Applications

One of the most active areas of research in the field of communication systems today is wireless technology, and a study of communication systems would be lacking without a grasp of how antennas work and are constructed. We offer a straightforward and small printed ultra-wideband antenna with dual-band notched properties. A redesigned ground plane and a rectangular patch make up the proposed antenna. The lossy FR4 substrate is etched with the rectangular patch. The rectangular patch that a U-shaped slot has embedded in it is parasitized by a circular ring strip. A rectangular slit, two inverted-L slits, and a slit are imbedded into the ground plane. The antenna structure uses some bandwidth improvement and bandnotched techniques to widen the bandwidth and create notches. With dual-notched bands of 3.30-4.20 and 5.10-5.85 GHz, the proposed antenna covers the 3.3/3.7 GHz WiMAX, 3.7/4.2 GHz C-band, and 5.2/5.8 GHz wireless local area network systems. This is demonstrated by the simulated and measured results, which indicate that the proposed antenna offers a very wider bandwidth ranging from 3.04 to 17.30 GHz, defined by the return loss less than 10 dB.

Design of Compact Fragment-Type Antenna Array for Microwave-Based Head Imaging Application

Specifically designed antennas are needed to meet the needs of head imaging applications where an antenna array is typically used. In this article, the design of a compact fragment-type antenna using a genetic algorithm is proposed. The proposed antenna is fabricated by a low-cost FR4 substrate and covers a 72.4% fractional bandwidth (1.92 to 4.1 GHz), with an average gain of more than 2.02 dBi. The overall structure of the proposed antenna is equivalent to 0.29 λ0 × 0.19 λ0, where λ0 is the corresponding wavelength at 1.92 GHz. The results indicate that the proposed antenna is compact and suitable for microwave-based head imaging. An effective microwave head imaging system with an array of 8 compact fragment-type antennas is designed, with one antenna working as a transmitter and the others working as a receiver in turn. The imaging performance is investigated with blood layer inside the head model using the Microwave Radar- Based Imaging Toolbox open-source software. The detection of the presence and location of stroke is done by analyzing the compact fragment-type antennas’ backscattered signal.

RANCANG BANGUN ANTENA Yagi-LPDA PADA FREKUENSI 162 MHz UNTUK AIS PADA KAPAL LAUT DI PERAIRAN PULAU BALI

The role of the sea is very important as unifying the nation and the territory of Indonesia and consequently the Government is obliged to administer governance in the field of law enforcement both against threats of violations against the use of waters and to maintain and create shipping safety and security. One way to increase the ability of the apparatus and the government to monitor and secure the territory of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia is to use the AIS (Automatic Identification System) system. This AIS is used to monitor the movement of ships and provide or receive information so that actions that can harm the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia can be prevented. Currently, ships in Indonesia are equipped with radar, but the scope of the radar emitted by Indonesian ships is still small and small. To overcome these problems the author wants to develop a thesis with the title "YAGI-LPDA Antenna Design at 162 MHz Frequency for Automatic Identification System (AIS) on Ships in Bali Island Waters" This antenna works by being connected to the AIS system at 162 MHz frequency which able to reach the presence of ships in the waters of the Bali Strait, Lombok Strait and its surroundings. The Yagi-LPDA antenna design prototype works in accordance with the antenna design in the MMANA-GAL software, namely in the form of an SWR with a value of 1.73, a gain of 8.12 dBi, and a radiation pattern that is unidirectional and during the ship monitoring process, the Yagi-LPDA antenna can be work well seen from the direction of the Yagi-LPDA antenna beam which is in the same direction and focused so as to be able to monitor the presence of ships in Benoa waters, the Lombok Strait and Nusa Penida.

Low Reflection of Antenna with Wideband Reduced Backscattered Field Based on Phase Interference Technique

The approach of an asymmetrically designed checkerboard as a reflecting metasurface and the coding diffusive surface is proposed as a new way to minimize the antenna backscattered electromagnetic field level. At the resonant frequencies of three different metasurface units, zero degrees reflection phase is achieved. An active phase difference of 180° is maintained between three artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) unit cells over a wide bandwidth of frequencies so that backscattered electromagnetic wave energy can be directed at different oblique angles using phase interference to reduce radar cross section. Comparatively, three AMC cells are arranged as an asymmetric chessboard along with an arbitrary phase distributed reflecting screen constructed using the random phase distribution technique. Further, compared with the reference antenna, the asymmetric chessboard has a greater reduction in backscattering. The proposed methodology is based on the backscattered field‐level cancellation and diffusion. The simulations demonstrate remarkable backscattered energy reduction from 4.9 to 18 GHz for the proposed antenna operating at 11 GHz in normal polarization (x‐ and y‐polarization). In addition, −10 dB backscattering reduction is achieved in the antenna working band (10.3–11.9 GHz), and different AMC units working at different frequencies exhibit the same radiation properties. Further, in/out‐of‐band bistatic reflected electromagnetic energy levels are significantly reduced. Similarly, the full‐wave simulation of the fabricated prototype confirms the measurement results.

Study the noise effect on the edges and cross correlation of TV images

The noise that associated with TV images is considered to be a very important problem that complicates the developments of these systems. Because of that, it makes the interpretation and analysis of informative images a very difficult process, and lessens their advantages. The most common type of these images are TV images transmitted by antenna work with (VHF, UHF) frequency and Satellite Transmission. Because TV images move through a complicated system in generating the TV or video signal, coding them, transmitting them, and receiving them by decoding and passing with different sets until appearing on screen. This will lead to a loose and fraud for a part of the information sent in the wave. As a result, it will be affected by an additive noise (Gaussian noise) which leads to deforming and destroying the quality of these images.
 This research aimed at studying the effect of the noise influence of this noise on edge as well as study of the relation between the statistical operators that include the mean and standard deviation (µ, σ) of edge’s regions for the components RGB and illumination component L as a function of time and as a function of antenna rotation.
 As well as we studied the relation between (µ, σ) and signal to noise ratio SNR for the cross correlation of edge's regions and for a homogeneous regions as well as for image as a whole once as a function of time and the other as a function of the angle of antenna rotation as in the first.

Overlay

Overlay

A Low-Profile Antenna for On-Body and Off-Body Applications in the Lower and Upper ISM and WLAN Bands.

The article presents a Co-planar Waveguide (CPW) fed antenna of a low-profile, simple geometry, and compact size operating at the dual band for ISM and WLAN applications for 5G communication devices. The antenna has a small size of 30 mm × 18 mm × 0.79 mm and is realized using Rogers RT/Duroid 5880 substrate. The proposed dual-band antenna contains a CPW feedline along with the triangular patch. Later on, various stubs are loaded to obtain optimal results. The proposed antenna offers a dual band at 2.4 and 5.4 GHz while covering the impedance bandwidths of 2.25-2.8 GHz for ISM and 5.45-5.65 GHz for WLAN applications, respectively. The proposed antenna design is studied and analyzed using the Electromagnetic (EM) High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSSv9) tool, and a hardware prototype is fabricated to verify the simulated results. As the antenna is intended for on-body applications, therefore, Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) analysis is carried out to investigate the Electromagnetic effects of the antenna on the human body. Moreover, a comparison between the proposed dual-band antenna and other relevant works in the literature is presented. The results and comparison of the proposed work with other literary works validate that the proposed dual-band antenna is suitable for future 5G devices working in Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM), and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) bands.

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

Wearable antennas are the vital components for Body Centric Communication (BCC). These antennas have recently gained the attention of researchers and have received a great deal of popularity due to their attractive characteristics and opportunities. They are fundamental in the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health care, military, sports, and identification purposes. Compared to traditional antennas, these antennas work in close proximity to the human body, so their performance in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, radiation pattern, efficiency, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is influenced by the coupling and absorption of the human body tissues. Additionally, in the design of these antennas, size, power consumption, and speed can also play a paramount role. In most cases, these antennas are integrated into the clothes, or in some cases, they may be fixed over the skin of the users. When these characteristics are considered, the design of wearable antennas becomes challenging, particularly when textile materials are examined, high conductivity materials are used during the manufacturing process, and various deformation scenarios have an impact on the design’s performance. To enhance the overall performance of the wearable antennas and to reduce the backward radiation towards the human body, metamaterial surfaces are introduced that provide a high degree of isolation from the human body and significantly reduce the SAR. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art wearable/textile/flexible antennas integrated with metamaterial structures composed of wearable/flexible substrate materials, with a focus on single and dual band antenna designs. The paper also reviews the critical design issues, various fabrication techniques, and other factors that need to be considered in the design of wearable/textile/flexible antennas. All the designs presented in this work are of the recent developments in wearable technology.

A Low-profile Wideband Two Ports MIMO Antenna Working at 38 GHz for mm-wave 5G Applications

A Low-profile Wideband Two Ports MIMO Antenna Working at 38 GHz for mm-wave 5G Applications

The Floret Antenna for Terahertz Applications

Terahertz technology is being widely used for the applications of remote sensing, high-security communications, environmental monitoring and extraction of biological information. However, most terahertz antennas work in a short frequency range thus generating the need for high gain and wideband operation. In this article, we propose the design of a Floret antenna for terahertz applications. The proposed antenna has a very small size of 565μm ×400μm ×25μm with an insert feed of 240μm. It operates in the range of 5 THz to 9 THz with a centre resonance frequency of 7.56 THz. The antenna exhibits a high gain of around 8 dBi with a high radiation efficiency of 96%. This makes it an excellent bet for usage in terahertz detectors for high-frequency bands.

Design and Optimization of Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna at 2.4 GHz for Different Wireless Applications

In this paper, the required antenna was designed and simulated using mathematical equations and algorithms for the maximum accuracy of the required frequency. As well as using the MATLAB programming language to program and design a graphical interface that calculates the basic measurements required by the graphical user interface development environment (GUIDE) for there quired antenna design. Also, the use of computer simulation technology software for the simulation process to design the required model and test it virtually before implementation. As a result, the most important parameters that describe the quality and efficiency of the antenna used were calculated and studied. These parameters are return loss, standing wave voltage ratio, input impedance which are very important for antenna work, frequency bandwidth of the signal used. These values are -47.008702 dB, VSWR of 1.0089659, input impedance of 50.233036 Ω, and bandwidth of 51.4 MHz (ranging from 2.3747 to 2.4261 GHz) respectively, which operating at 2.4 GHz for there sonant frequency used.