Antenna For Communication Systems Research Articles

Development of methods for monitoring and optimization of underground drainage systems using wireless sensor networks and ultra-wideband antennas

This research focuses on optimizing ultra-wideband (UWB) antennas, which are critical in modern communication systems due to their wide frequency range (3.1–10.6 GHz) and high data transmission capabilities. The study addresses the challenge of optimizing key antenna parameters – such as return loss, peak gain, and radiation efficiency – while also ensuring energy efficiency and network longevity. Traditional optimization methods, such as LEACH-C, often fail to balance these factors, leading to suboptimal performance. To solve this problem, the researchers developed the Generalized Position-based Optimization Neural Network (GPON) for UWB antenna optimization. They also evaluated the Position-based Hybrid Neural Network (PAN) method, comparing its performance with existing algorithms including LEACH-C, Firefly Algorithm (FA), HFAPSO, FA-ANN, and HWOABCA. The GPON model reduced return loss to 25.5 dB at 3.5 GHz and improved peak gain to 4.2 dB i, while maintaining 92 % radiation efficiency. In contrast, PAN demonstrated a 15–25 % improvement in residual energy and extended network lifetime by 20 % compared to LEACH-C. These improvements were due to the integration of advanced neural network techniques in GPON and the effective use of positional data in PAN, enabling more precise and adaptive optimization. The ability to balance multiple performance metrics simultaneously – a challenge previous models struggled with – is a key feature. This balance is crucial for UWB antennas in communication systems where both performance and energy efficiency are vital. The findings are especially relevant for practical applications in wireless sensor networks, mobile communications, and radar systems, requiring long-term network reliability and optimal antenna performance

Antenna-waveguide devices with a single horn for satellite communication antenna systems

A technical and recommendations for their use in the development and practical implementation of devices as part of antenna-waveguide paths with a single horn are presented to increase efficiency in monitoring MPA satellite communication systems. The practical implementation of multi-band AVP for MPA is shown. Technical solutions for the construction of multi-band AVP for MPA satellite communication systems and remote sensing complexes, which differ from the known ones by the possibility of expanding the functionality of the AVT. Implementation of the monopulse auto-tracking mode using the H21 mode in dual-band auto-tracking machines using signals of specified polarizations in the required frequency ranges. When receiving signals of orthogonal linear and circular polarizations, the number of combined ranges increases to four.

Optimizing a Formation-of-Arrays (FoA) Satellite Antenna System for Very High-Throughput Communications

Optimizing a Formation-of-Arrays (FoA) Satellite Antenna System for Very High-Throughput Communications

High directivity microstrip patch antenna design using binary ebola search optimization for radio frequency identification application

Microstrip patch antenna has gained significant popularity in wireless communication field, because of its compact size, less profile, and ease of installation. It is widely used in various applications such as Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) systems, where dependable and long-range communication is made possible by the great directivity and efficiency. In this manuscript, a High Directivity Microstrip Patch Antenna design using Binary Ebola Search Optimization for Radio Frequency Identification Application (MPA-RFID-BESO) is proposed.The design of microstrip patch antennas is the difficulty in achieving high directivity while maintaining compact size and low profile. This research explains design and application-specific optimisation of the Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) of biomedical utilizing Binary Ebola Search optimization (BESO) algorithm. Microstrip patch antenna is designed to function in double and multi band applications due to its low cost, light weight, and ease of installation. MPA is made with flawed ground construction to lessen cross-polarized radiation emitted by microstrip patches and to achieve the necessary radiation parameters. Here, the cost of the materials is reduced by using a liquid crystal polymer substrate, and aerial performance is enhanced by using the appropriate geometrical parameters. The small design of the BESO optimised improves the performance of antenna as 50 mm×50 mm compact size. The MATLAB program uses high frequency to do the simulation method. The proposed antenna design is a preferable option for applications involving Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). The performance metrics, such as radiation pattern, constant gain, directivity, bandwidth, and antenna efficiency and return loss are measured and compared to the existing techniques. The proposed MPA-BA-BESO design provides 10.51%, 12.85% and 16.04% higher bandwidth and 23.63%, 47.86% and 32.06% higher gain compared with existing designs, like Designing MPA utilizing Moth–Flame optimization approach (MPA-UWB-MFOA), Predicting Rectangular Patch Microstrip Antenna Dimension utilizing Machine Learning (MPA-ANN), Dual Band Antenna Design and Prediction of Resonance Frequency Utilizing Machine Learning Algorithms (DBAD-RF-CNN) respectively. The proposed technology serve as a better design alternative for microstrip patch antennas in communication systems to address biological applications.

Sounding Reference Signal Optimization for High-Speed Rail Train-Ground Predictive Antenna Communication System

Sounding Reference Signal Optimization for High-Speed Rail Train-Ground Predictive Antenna Communication System

Channel Estimation for Movable Antenna Communication Systems: A Framework Based on Compressed Sensing

Channel Estimation for Movable Antenna Communication Systems: A Framework Based on Compressed Sensing

Wide-field-of-view auto-coupling optical antenna system for high-speed bidirectional optical wireless communications in C band.

Due to a great many superior features of infrared light communication (ILC), like high capacity and strong privacy, ILC is considered a potential candidate for serving the high demands of beyond fifth-generation/sixth-generation (B5G/6 G) communication systems. However, the terminal's limited field-of-view (FOV) induces great difficulty in establishing line-of-sight (LoS) link between the transceiver and the terminal. In this paper, we propose a wide-FOV auto-coupling optical antenna system that utilizes a wide-FOV telecentric lens to collect incident infrared beams and automatically couple them into a specific single-mode-fiber (SMF) channel of fiber array and optical switch. The performance of this optical antenna system is assessed through simulation and manual alignment operation, and validated by automatic alignment results. A coupling loss of less than 10.6 dB within a FOV of 100° for both downstream and upstream beams in C band is demonstrated by the designed system. Furthermore, we establish a bidirectional optical wireless communications (OWC) system employing this antenna and a fiber-type modulating retro-reflector (MRR) system in the terminal. Both 10-Gbps on-off keying (OOK) downstream and upstream transmissions are successfully realized with the FOV of up to 100° in C band where the measured bit-error-rate (BER) is lower than 3.8 × 10-3. To the best of our knowledge, this is a brand-new auto-coupling optical antenna system with the largest FOV in ILC automatic alignment works in terminals that have ever been reported.

Design and Performance Analysis of a Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication at 2.4 GHz

This paper presents the design of a rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (MPA) intended for operation at 2.4 GHz frequency, predominantly used in wireless communication. The proposed MPA, designed on an FR4-Epoxy substrate using a microstrip line feeding approach, was simulated using the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The primary metrics evaluated included return loss, gain, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR), and half-power beamwidth. The findings revealed an impressive return loss of -25dB and a moderate gain of 1.48 dB at the target frequency. The VSWR value was approximately 1, indicating efficient power transmission with minimal reflections. Furthermore, the antenna exhibited a broad half-power beamwidth of 79 degrees, suggesting its potential for applications requiring extensive signal coverage. This research provides insights into MPA design principles and serves as a foundation for future advancements in wireless communication antenna systems.

Backhaul-Constrained Coverage Analysis of Integrated High and Low Altitude Platforms Aerial Communication System in Post-Disaster Areas

Coverage analysis of aerial communication networks based on high altitude platforms (HAPs) and low altitude platforms (LAPs) is of great significance to understand the service provisioning capability of aerial base stations. This letter uses stochastic geometry to analyze network coverage of an integrated HAP and LAP (IHL) system with respect to backhaul constraints, where LAPs aim to provide services for ground user equipments in the malfunction area and a HAP is to provide backhaul connectivity for LAPs. Based on stochastic geometry theory, the analytical framework of the IHL system coverage is derived along with the analysis on the impact of some key parameters, such as aerial platform altitudes and LAP densities. The derived analytical framework can also provide insights for the backhaul design of LAP aerial base stations, which is also revealed in the numerical analyses part.

Circular Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna for Body Area Network Application

In wireless communication system antenna plays crucial role. Thus, antenna used every wireless communication system should be low weight, low profile, low cost, smaller in dimension and conformity. A microstrip patch antenna fulfils all these requirements. In this paper a circular shaped microstrip patch antenna for Body Area Network (BAN) application in the 2.45 GHz ISM (Industrial Scientific Medical) band is suggested. To enhance Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). The suggested antenna offers a gain of over 1 dB for the whole 2.45 GHz ISM band application of proposed antenna is in fields of Medical, Military, Sports, Defence etc. Various antenna parameters like return loss, VSWR, directivity, gain etc has been computed and analyzed using HFSS software.

Leaky-Vivaldi antenna covered with metasurface with leaky wave radiation and aperture radiation.

A leaky-Vivaldi antenna covered with metasurface (LVAM) is proposed in this paper. The traditional Vivaldi antenna covered with metasurface realizes backward frequency beam-scanning from -41∘ to 0∘ in the high-frequency operating band (HFOB) and retains aperture radiation in the low-frequency operating band (LFOB). In the LFOB, the metasurface can be regarded as a transmission line to realize a slow-wave transmission. In the HFOB, the metasurface can be considered a 2D periodic leaky-wave structure to realize a fast-wave transmission. The simulated results show that LVAM has the -10 dB return loss bandwidths of 46.5% and 40.0%, and the realized gain of 8.8-9.6 dBi and 11.8-15.2 dBi cover the 5 G Sub-6 GHz band (3.3-5.3 GHz) and the X band (8.0-12.0 GHz), respectively. The test results are in good agreement with the simulated results. As a dual-band antenna covering the 5 G Sub-6 GHz communication band and military radar band, the proposed antenna can guide the future integrated design of communication and radar antenna systems.

Investigation of a novel heat dissipation concept with controllable thermal and EM performance for reliable electronics and communication systems

This paper presents a novel efficient heat dissipation concept in electronics with switch controllable thermal and electromagnetic (EM) performance. Besides the traditional implementation of heatsinks on the back of the antenna in communication systems, a passive technique by introducing a reconfigurable heatsink that reuses the air space above the antenna for additional heat dissipation channels is proposed. The non-contact heatsink is lifted with a tiny air gap from the antenna and partially connected with the antenna through physical switches/poles that balance the EM performance and heat dissipation efficiency, which eliminates the negative impact of the heatsink on the antenna EM performance. EM effects of heatsink on the antenna in terms of locations of contacts, states of switches, and various dimensions are thoroughly investigated. To demonstrate the design efficacy for optimized thermal efficiency and EM performance, a properly designed heatsink is implemented on the top of a simple patch antenna. The measured results show that good heat dissipation is achieved without deteriorating the EM performance of the antenna, in respect to return loss, gain, and radiation patterns. When the switches are OFF and ON, the reflection coefficient of the antenna is measured as −20.82 dB and −17.56 dB, respectively. In addition, with a 20 mW heat source at the input port of the antenna to mimic the heat generation from the electronics, the temperature of the antenna surface is reduced with the front-integrated heatsink by 7.4 °C and 13.4 °C when the connection switches are turned OFF and ON. The implementation of the front-integrated heatsink on the antenna fully demonstrates the proposed heat dissipation concept which provides an effective way to solve the tradeoff between thermal inefficiency and EM performance.

A Powerful Joint Modulation and STBC Identification Algorithm for Multiuser Uplink SC-FDMA Transmissions

Owing to the rapid development and broad adoption of multiple antenna communication systems over the past few years, space-time block coding (STBC) identification has emerged as a crucial responsibility for smart radios. The majority of previous analysis of STBC identification assumed that the utilized modulation schemes for single-user and uncoded broadcasts were known. This paper investigates the challenge of joint STBC and modulation identification for uplink transmissions with numerous users in single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems using coded transmissions. Multi-user channel estimation brings us one step closer to implementing the proposed design in real-world systems. We additionally employ the channel decoder’s deliverables, which are common in many real-world systems, to enhance the identifying and estimating procedures. Mathematical findings prove that a recursive approach can be utilized to tackle the maximum likelihood (ML) problem of simultaneous STBC and modulation identification with channel estimation. Distinguishing the superimposed signals that originate at the base-station (BS) is accomplished with the use of the space-alternating generalized expectation-maximization (SAGE) algorithm. After that, an expectation-maximization (EM) engine is deployed to make the necessary adjustments to the parameters being considered for each user. The success of the above-mentioned architecture for usage in practical applications is demonstrated by the simulation results obtained under various conditions.

A Review on Massive MIMO Antennas for 5G Communication Systems on Challenges and Limitations

High data rate transfers, high-definition streaming, high-speed internet, and the expanding of the infrastructure such as the ultra-broadband communication systems in wireless communication have become a demand to be considered in improving quality of service and increase the capacity supporting gigabytes bitrate. Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems technology is evolving from MIMO systems and becoming a high demand for fifth-generation (5G) communication systems and keep expanding further. In the near future, massive MIMO systems could be the main wireless systems of communications technology and can be considered as a key technology to the system in daily lives. The arrangement of the huge number of antenna elements at the base station (BS) for uplink and downlink to support the MIMO systems in increasing its capacity is called a Massive MIMO system, which refers to the vast provisioning of antenna elements at base stations over the number of the single antenna of user equipment. Massive MIMO depends on spatial multiplexing and diversity gain in serving users with simple processing signal of uplink and downlink at the BS. There are challenges in massive MIMO system even though it contains numerous number of antennas, such as channel estimation need to be accurate, precoding at the BS, and signal detection which is related to the first two items. On the other hand, in supporting wideband cellular communication systems and enabling low latency communications and multi-gigabit data rates, the Millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology has been utilized. Also, it is widely influenced the potential of the fifth-generation (5G) New Radio (NR) standard. This study was specifically review and compare on a few designs and methodologies on massive MIMO antenna communication systems. There are three limitations of those antennas were identified to be used for future improvement and to be proposed in designing the massive MIMO antenna systems. A few suggestions to improve the weaknesses and to overcome the challenges have been proposed for future considerations.

Physical Layer Authentication Based on Channel Polarization Response in Dual-Polarized Antenna Communication Systems

This study presents a novel approach for physical layer authentication based on channel polarization response (CPR). CPR is sensitive to variation in the physical properties of scatterers, and the CPR difference between various channels is higher than the channel frequency response (CFR) under rich scattering scenarios. Additionally, the estimation of CPR is continuous, the authentication interval can be adjusted according to the channel coherence time, then the proposed scheme can be applied to any rich scattering scenarios, including highly dynamic scenarios. Since the received polarization state is fixed during the channel coherence time, we can coherently stack the received polarization state to improve the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the estimation accuracy of CPR, thereby achieving high authentication accuracy under ultra-low SNR. Moreover, since the transmitted polarization state of various transmitters is different, because of their unique hardware deficiencies, and since the CPR is dependent on the transmitted polarization state, the CPR of other transmitters is different, allowing the resolution of co-located attacks. We theoretically drive the false alarm probability, detection probability, optimal discriminant threshold, computational complexity, optimal stacking numbers, and optimal CPR points for authentication. Furthermore, extensive simulations and experiments are performed to verify the validity and effectiveness of the proposed scheme.

A Dual Ka/Q-Band Reflectarray

Introduction. Duplex satellite communication is commonly arranged using two spaced frequency bands, with one band receiving and the other band transmitting signals to a satellite. The main task of a communications satellite antenna system consists in providing an identical coverage area across all involved frequency bands, which is often a challenging task for conventional parabolic reflector antennas. Reflectarrays allow an independent control of the reradiated wave phase in spaced frequency bands, which can be used to create efficient multi-band antenna systems for modern communication satellites.Aim. To develop a Ka/Q-frequency range phase-correcting element and to create on its basis a dual-band reflectarray for operation with orthogonal circular polarizations and identical gains in a given sector of angles in significantly spaced frequency ranges.Materials and methods. Numerical studies were carried out using the finite element analysis method. Radiation patterns were measured using the near field scanning method.Results. A single-layer dual-band phase-correcting reflectarray element was developed for operation with orthogonal circular polarizations with low losses and a weak dependence of the relative position of the elements on the phase characteristic. On the basis of the proposed element, a reflectarray consisting of 24 465 two-frequency elements was synthesized and manufactured. The developed prototype of a single-layer dual-band reflectarray demonstrated good characteristics, with the efficiency reaching 56 and 36 % in the Ka- and Q-frequency ranges, respectively, and an almost identical minimum gain in the ±0.75° angle sector.Conclusion. The research results confirm the potential of the developed reflectarray to successfully replace conventional parabolic reflectors installed both on modern communication satellites and as part of ground-based satellite terminals in the millimeter wavelength range.

Dual-functional communication and sensing antenna system

In this article, a dual functional antenna system for communication and sensing applications is designed on a single substrate having a common input port. The main motivation behind the proposed design is to build an antenna system, which can work as an antenna sensor and also can communicate over a fixed band not related to the resonance frequency shifts of the antenna sensor. The dual functionality of the system has been achieved by designing a frequency selective multipath filter (FSMF). The FSMF has an input port and two output ports. Both the communicating and sensing antennas are integrated on the output ports of the FSMF. The FSMF ensures minimum effect of the antennas on each other’s performance. The performance of the antenna sensor is first shown by characterizing different standard substrates with {varepsilon} _r=2.2 to 6.15 and then demonstrated for ice and water detection. The communicating antenna is used for Wi-Fi (2.45 GHz) applications. The simulated and measured results of the dual-functional antenna systems are in good agreement. The proposed design is fabricated on a PCB with {varepsilon} _r=3.5 and tan delta =0.0027 with an overall size of 86.7times 26times 0.8,text {mm}^3.

Spectrum trading and sharing in unmanned aerial vehicles based on distributed blockchain consortium system

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), used primarily for aerial surveying, can monitor control information and carry out stalking tasks connected to the Internet of Things (IoT) using advanced wireless technology. It's limited to short distances where the delicate aerial communication system can share a spectrum with terrestrial systems. Moreover, severe privacy and security concerns are due to the unlicensed broadcasting and wireless UAV transmission networks. Therefore, this paper focus on developing a blockchain-based spectrum trading and sharing system that addresses security concerns and maintains user privacy. Mobile network operators can exchange spectrum without relying on a third party using a Distributed Blockchain Consortium System (DBCS). As a result, data is well-protected from plaintext, stalker, and ciphertext attacks, making it easier to track, manage, and control services. Experimental; results showed that the proposed DBCS outperformed other conventional systems in terms of security and performance.

28 GHz Switched Beam Vivaldi Antenna System for V2V Communication in 5G Applications

28 GHz Switched Beam Vivaldi Antenna System for V2V Communication in 5G Applications

Millimeter-Wave Smart Antenna Solutions for URLLC in Industry 4.0 and Beyond.

Industry 4.0 is a new paradigm of digitalization and automation that demands high data rates and real-time ultra-reliable agile communication. Industrial communication at sub-6 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands has some serious impediments, such as interference, spectral congestion, and limited bandwidth. These limitations hinder the high throughput and reliability requirements of modern industrial applications and mission-critical scenarios. In this paper, we critically assess the potential of the 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmWave) ISM band as an enabler for ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) in smart manufacturing, smart factories, and mission-critical operations in Industry 4.0 and beyond. A holistic overview of 60 GHz wireless standards and key performance indicators are discussed. Then the review of 60 GHz smart antenna systems facilitating agile communication for Industry 4.0 and beyond is presented. We envisage that the use of 60 GHz communication and smart antenna systems are crucial for modern industrial communication so that URLLC in Industry 4.0 and beyond could soar to its full potential.