Antenna Performance Research Articles

Research on anti-interference performance of 5G multi band communication antenna supported by NFC technology

Research on anti-interference performance of 5G multi band communication antenna supported by NFC technology

Development a novel design of miniaturized heptagonal Koch fractal wide band antenna for 5G mm wave and IoT applications

The object of the study is a compact heptagonal broadband antenna specially designed for use in the 5G millimeter band using Koch fractals to improve performance. As a result of the study, the most important problem of achieving higher gain, improving bandwidth and reducing interference at higher frequencies, which is necessary for the effective functioning of 5G networks, was solved. As a result, the maximum realized gain of 5 dB was obtained at a frequency of 27.58 GHz with an impressive bandwidth in the range from 26.5 to 40 GHz. The use of Koch fractal geometry and defective ground planes significantly improves impedance matching and expands bandwidth, which explains the excellent antenna performance compared to traditional designs. The features and distinguishing features of the results obtained, thanks to which they allowed solving the problem under study, are its compact dimensions (only 9 mm by 9 mm) and the ability to maintain VSWR at a level of less than 2 in the entire frequency spectrum. These features make the antenna particularly suitable for millimeter-band integration and flexible applications such as portable devices and wearable home appliances. The field of practical application of the results includes integration into portable and wearable devices, improving the performance and connectivity of Internet of Things applications. The conditions of practical use require compliance with 5G network standards and compatibility with millimeter-wave technologies. This characterizes the antenna as a significant achievement in antenna technology, demonstrating its potential for widespread adoption in next-generation wireless communication systems and paving the way for more reliable and high-performance wireless networks

Effective bandwidth improvement of Travelling-Wave waveguide array antennas using double Parallel-Slot radiating elements

The effective bandwidth of a travelling-wave slotted waveguide array antenna is improved by using a proposed broadband single radiating element based on a pair of longitudinal slots CNC-machined in the broad wall of the waveguide. The TE10 mode excites two resonances generated by each slot, providing an effective bandwidth improvement. As a proof of concept, an array antenna formed by 16 double longitudinal parallel-slot elements is designed. A prototype has been manufactured in printed technology in order to experimentally validate the antenna performance. Measurements show high stability of efficiency, maximum gain and radiation patterns in a broadband higher than 20% in the K-band.

A 28 GHz wideband planar stepped-shaped MIMO antenna with isolating metallic sheet for 5G millimeter wave communications

Presented work describes the symmetrical quad-element Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna operating at 28 GHz for Fifth generation (5G) millimeter-wave (mm-wave) spectrum. The core of this antenna system features a stepped-shaped patch radiator precisely tuned to 28 GHz, effectively broadening its resonance across the desired operational frequency band. To improve isolation, an Isolating Metallic Sheet (IMS) is precisely placed between the patch radiators of projected antenna. Rogers RT5880 substrate is used to fabricate with dimensions of 20.48 × 20.48 mm2, thickness of 1.6 mm, and dielectric constant of 2.2. Both simulationand measurement outcomesindicate that the antenna has a bandwidth of 7.13 GHz, covering frequencies ranging from 25.21 GHz to 32.34 GHz, for a fractional bandwidth of 24.78 %. Key antenna performance measurements include a peak amplitude of up to 53 dB and a significant port-to-port isolation of more than 20 dB. Ithasbeen carefully examined revealing a minimum channel capacity loss of 0.135 bits/s/Hz, a mean effectivegain of −3 dB, a diversity gain of around 10 dB, a total active reflection coefficient of −10 dB, and an envelope correlation coefficient of less than 0.005. Presentedantenna meets industrial requirementsfor high-speed mm-wave communications in 28 GHz 5G networks.

A novel dual-band elliptical ring slot MIMO antenna with orthogonal circular polarization for 5G applications

This paper presents a dual-band 4-element multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna featuring orthogonal circular polarization (CP) for Sub-6 GHz 5G applications. The single antenna combines a non-uniform width elliptical ring slot and a feed network, utilizing two L-shaped secondary feed lines to generate CP within the targeted frequency bands (3.55−3.80 GHz and 4.60−4.80 GHz). Using the single antenna as a unit antenna, a 4-element MIMO configuration is devised, employing a mirror technique for element placement to achieve orthogonal CP. This placement method effectively enhances coverage area and enlarges the 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth in the lower band (3.40–3.80 GHz). The common ground connections among elements are established via four strip lines. The antenna shows a good diversity performance considering the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) result of less than 0.04 and isolation greater than 15 dB. The simulated gains of the MIMO antenna are 4 and 5 dBic in the respective bands. The single and MIMO antennas are fabricated, and the antennas’ performances are evaluated. A good agreement is observed between the measured and simulated results. The dual CP and diversity performances of the MIMO antenna make it more efficient for 5G wireless applications.

Comparison of 5G‐IoT antenna performance by using four distinct dielectric materials to verify their efficiencies

SummaryThe characterization of four different materials, Taconic (D1), FR4 (D2), Lab material (D3), and Created material (D4) using the ring resonator technique, is presented in this study along with a comparison of antenna performance using standard and measured dielectric constant ( ) and loss tangent ( ) values. This article discussed the comparison of antenna performances on four distinct dielectric materials to verify their efficiencies. Standard values of for the reported materials are 2.20, 4.40, 2.33, and 10.45 for D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively, with corresponding values of 0.0009, 0.02, 0.0012, and 0.00032. The and for the materials D1, D2, D3, and D4 are calculated as 2.10, 4.56, 2.51, and 9.89 and 0.00094, 0.01927, 0.0013, and 0.0003025, respectively, using a ring resonator. The materials are utilized as the substrate for a printed single layer Y‐Shape 5G‐IoT antenna in order to validate the measured results. According to the findings of this study, the measurement of using the resonator approach exhibited errors of 4.54%, 3.63%, 7.82%, and 5.33%, respectively, while the has errors of 04.44%, 03.65%, 08.33%, and 5.47% for materials D1, D2, D3, and D4, respectively. The outcomes of this work include the numerical calculation of the and of four materials and the validation of the measured values using a Y‐Shape 5G‐IoT antenna in the millimeter‐wave 5G frequency bands. Additionally, the values calculated mathematically are compared with the values obtained from the conventional ring resonator.

Far-field pattern accuracy improvement in planar near-field measurement using infinitesimal dipole modeling

This paper discusses the challenges in accurately measuring the far-field performance of array antennas, which have become more complex and larger due to recent trends in increasing the number of elements and the antenna size. The far-field measurement method, which is a general method for measuring a radiation pattern in a far-field, is difficult to be utilized at a high frequency due to limitations in physical chamber size and difficulty in diagnosing an antenna. In order to improve these problems, a near-field measurement method is used as an alternative. Even though using a near-field measurement, the accuracy of the derived far-field pattern is reduced at low elevation angles due to zero-padding of data outside the measurement area. The integration of the near-field measurement with the source reconstruction is a promising approach to enhance the measurement limits of the far-field pattern analysis. This paper aims to extend the previous work to accurately predict the far-field radiation pattern, especially in the low elevation angles. The verification of the proposed method is performed for a standard gain horn and 4 by 4 patch array antennas, with and without beam steering.

ICRH-related impurity source and control across experiments in H, D, T plasmas at JET-ILW

The experimental and theoretical analysis were focused on experiments conducted to assess the effect of plasma isotopes, protium (H), deuterium (D), and tritium (T) on ion cyclotron resonance heating (ICRH) related plasma wall interactions. Comparison of L-mode discharges with N = 1 3He and N = 1 H minority ICRH heating scenarios were done for different isotopes. For the selected pulses, the behaviour of high-Z, mid-Z and low-Z intrinsic impurity and radiated power behaviour was investigated based on data from VUV, visible spectroscopy, and bolometry diagnostic at Joint European Torus. It was found that for N = 1 3He scenario during radiofrequency antennas operation, core W, Ni content, Be source and the radiated power are higher for π/2 in comparison to dipole antenna phasing. Lowest core Ni, W content and radiated power is clearly observed for H plasmas in comparison to D and T, where for this ICRH scenario behaviour was similar. However, lower Be photon flux is observed for T in comparison to D plasmas. Be sputtering by He particles is responsible for such an effect. Additionally, several computer simulations were conducted using the COREDIV code. The difference in the electron temperature was due to the difference in the isotope masses. Increased temperature in the central plasma in the case of T plasmas leads to higher radiation in the central plasma in comparison to H plasmas. As a result, the power across separatrix is lower and the temperature on the divertor plate decreases with the increase of the isotope mass. At these temperatures on the divertor plate, W is not sputtered by the main plasma ions H, D and T and by He. For the N = 1 H ICRH scenario clear difference between D and T plasma was observed with higher metallic impurity content for T plasma in comparison to D. Impurity content in the plasmas is found to be sensitive to the power balance between the antenna straps. Its minimum is observed for the maximum of P cen/P tot.

A metasurface based close-proximity two-port circularly polarized MIMO antenna for mid-band sub-6 GHz 5G applications

This work presents a compact dual-band two-port multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna with high performance that is specifically used for 5G applications. The proposed design comprises closely spaced, mirror-symmetrical X-shaped structures positioned at an edge spacing of 0.02 λ0 between antenna elements. Subsequently, a metasurface is located at a distance of 0.27 λ0 above the radiator to improve the performance of the MIMO antenna. The proposed antenna resonates at 3.27 GHz within a frequency range of (3.03–3.44) GHz in the primary band, achieving a peak realized gain of 7.57 dBi. In the secondary band, the resonance occurs at 4.78 GHz with a range of (4.01–5.87) GHz below −10 dB reflection coefficient and produces a peak realized gain of 5.60 dBi. After positioning the metasurface on top of the reference antenna, the peak realized gain improves by 116.28 % in the primary band and 69.69 % in the secondary band respectively. Whereas the isolation is increased to −30.01 dB from –22.26 dB in the primary band, similarly for the secondary band the isolation is amended to −21.00 dB from −18.20 dB. Moreover, circular polarization is realized at working frequencies after placing the metasurface on the reference antenna. Simulation and measurement results prove that the S-parameters exceed more than −20 dB in both frequency bands. Additionally, MIMO performance metrics, including envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), channel capacity loss (CCL), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), mean effective gain (MEG), and diversity gain (DG) are simulated and measured. The designed antenna proves suitable for the new radio (NR) 5G of n48 (3.55–3.70 GHz) in the primary band and the n79 (4.4–5.0 GHz) in the secondary band respectively.

Design and Fabrication of Compact MIMO Array Antenna with Tapered Feed Line for 5G Applications

In this paper, we design, fabricate, measure, and report two proposed multiple input multiple output antenna elements (MIMOs) with good performance in the 5G band. The MIMO antennas are mounted on Roger / Druoid 5880 substrates (dielectric constant: 2.2) with an overall structure volume 20×24.14×0.79mm3. First, a comprehensive parametric study is performed based on CST Electromagnetic (EM) Simulator to investigate and enhance the antenna performance in relation to 5G application requirements. Second, as part of the antenna design process, we compute the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC > 0.01dB) and diversity gain (DG> 9.9dB) and achieve good results. Third, we provide fabrication and measurement verification with good agreement. Fourth, we use a tapered feed structure with inset feed to minimize mutual coupling and achieve matching along 2 transmission lines with various impedances with high compactness in the antenna structure. Fifthly, we report that the proposed antenna structure has a gain is 8 dBi (dB) at the relevant operating frequency band (24.25

Rapid construction of electrically small spherical and cylindrical antennas

Using three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, two of the folded electrically small antennas (FESAs) are simulated, fabricated, and evaluated. A folded spherical helix and a cylindrical helix are chosen as a part of the verification of this fabrication process. FESAs are constructed on the polylactic acid (PLA) material-based 3D printed support and the effect of this extra support on antenna performances are discussed. The similarity index between measured and simulated performance parameters of both spherical helix and cylindrical helix shaped FESAs is high. The fabrication process is faster, dependable and provides the design flexibility of any complex-shaped spiral antenna.

A Modified Regression Model for Analysing the Performance of Metamaterial Antenna Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning

A Modified Regression Model for Analysing the Performance of Metamaterial Antenna Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning

Study of the characteristics of broadband matching antennas for fifth-generation mobile communications based on new composite materials

The presented research aims to analyze in detail the characteristics of broadband matching antennas specifically designed for 5G mobile communications applications, with an emphasis on innovative composite materials. The study focuses on a compact planar loop antenna designed for use on smartphones, covering the LTE/WWAN frequency bands 824 to 960 MHz, 1,710 to 2,690 MHz, and 3,300 to 3,600 MHz for full coverage of modern 5G networks. Experimental and numerical methods are used to broadly analyze the frequency range associated with 5G networks. The features of the use of composite materials in the implementation of antenna devices in 5G technologies are noted. A broadband matching circuit (BMC) with elements with lumped parameters and a reduced sensitivity invariant has been synthesized. A 3D model of the adaptive selective surface controller (SSC) was developed using CST Studio. The study results highlight the benefits of new composite materials in improving the performance of 5G antennas. This research makes a significant contribution to the development of 5G technologies by optimizing antenna design for efficient data transmission in modern mobile networks and can be a valuable resource for engineers and designers working in this field.

Compact dual-band antenna design for sub-6 GHz 5G application

A design of a compact dual-band antenna for 5G application is presented in this research article. The dual-band operation includes the 3.6 GHz and 5.4 GHz frequency bands of the sub-6 GHz frequency band for 5G technology. The proposed antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory antenna performance parameters. Moreover, the dual-band antenna showcases the independent tuning ability for both frequency bands. The prototype of the dual-band antenna is manufactured and when tested for various antenna performance parameters shows a good agreement between the simulated and measured results. The proposed dual-band antenna has compact dimensions along with a peak gain of 2.2 dB and antenna efficiency of more than 90%.The antenna performance parameters are also compared with various dual-band antenna designs from the literature. The proposed dual-band antenna offers a compact design with satisfactory performance parameters and outperforms its counterparts.

LCP-Based Low-Cost Base Station Antenna for 3.7 GHz 5G Band

This paper presents a large-scale base station antenna assembly structure that is low-cost, reliable, and easy to manufacture. The antenna element is composed of a low-loss liquid crystal polymer based on a plastic molded module and a modified wideband stacked patch antenna. The base station antenna consists of a 4 × 8 antenna module, with each module comprising 3 × 1 subarrays along with dual-polarized antenna elements. The antenna element achieved an efficiency of 91% and an impedance bandwidth of 1.14 GHz within a height of 10 mm at 3.7 GHz. Furthermore, the fabricated array antenna structure was tested and verified to have an effective isotropic radiated power of 75.6 dBm at boresight and a steering range of less than ±60°. Therefore, the proposed structure meets the required antenna and beam-forming performance for commercial 5G active antenna systems.

Pulse Radiation Characteristics Prediction Method of Vivaldi Antenna based on Dipole Array

This paper presents a theoretical method to estimate the pulse radiation characteristics of Vivaldi antennas. Based on the surface current distribution and the ultra-wideband radiation principle, Vivaldi antenna is equivalently modeled as a dipole array, and the pulse radiation characteristics of a single Vivaldi antenna are brought out utilizing the spatial superposition approach. Then, the influences and results of the Vivaldi antenna pulse characteristics prediction with different construction ways of the dipole array and element numbers are furthermore investigated. Next, a quadratic spatial superposition technique is employed to complete the theoretical prediction for time-domain radiation characteristics of Vivaldi antenna arrays. Experiments and simulations are conducted separately to verify the proposed method for both single Vivaldi antenna and array. The validated results demonstrate that the dipole array-based theoretical prediction method can effectively capture the pulse radiation characteristics for both individual Vivaldi antenna and array operating in different modes, thereby addressing challenges associated with estimating radiation characteristics in ultra-wideband pulse applications.

Circularly Polarized Series Array and MIMO Application for Sub-Millimeter Wave/Terahertz Band

This article presents a compact, planar, and circularly polarized array antenna operating in the W-band (84.5–110 GHz), with all its prototypes fabricated using a low-cost, traditional, microwave printed circuit board composed of Rogers RT/duroid 5880 (ε<sub>r</sub> = 2.2, tanδ = 0.009). The final design that was fabricated and measured was a 4 × 4 array antenna having an overall size of 9 mm × 20 mm × 0.254 mm that used series feeding to reduce its sidelobes. Measurements of the 4 × 4 patch antenna array showed approximately 6.9% 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth along with 15.2 dBi maximum right-hand circularly polarized (RHCP) antenna gain at 100 GHz. The array antenna yielded RHCP radiation characterized by a low profile, low cross-polarization levels (<−25 dB), low sidelobe levels (≤−10 dB), and high radiation efficiency (>91%). Additionally, a two-port MIMO antenna system was investigated by considering side-by-side and front-tofront configurations, both of which achieved good isolation and considerable envelope correlation coefficient and diversity gain values. Therefore, the proposed series array and MIMO antennas can be reasonable candidates for 6G applications of the sub-THz band (100– 110 GHz) in ultra-high-speed wireless and satellite communication systems.

Exploring the Impact of Split Ring Resonator Metamaterial Structure Integration on 4X4 MIMO Antenna Performance in Sub-6GHz Bands for 5G Applications

This research delves into the realm of antenna engineering, with a specific focus on examining the performance of 4x4 MIMO antennas with and without integration of split ring resonator metamaterial structure. The objective is to comprehend the influence of split ring resonator metamaterials on antenna characteristics within the 6 GHz frequency range. Employing CST Studio Suite software, comprehensive simulations are conducted to evaluate various parameters including gain, directivity, radiation efficiency, S-parameters, power distribution, VSWR, and total efficiency. In the frequency band up to 6GHz, observed gain values were 24.62dB without split ring resonator metamaterial integration and ranging from 6dB to 27dB with integration. Through a systematic comparison, the study aims to delineate the precise effects of split ring resonator metamaterials on antenna performance, thereby offering valuable insights into their potential for enhancing MIMO antenna systems.

Design of a UWB patch antenna and performance evaluation in detecting brain tumors

In this study, a patch antenna is designed for easy fabrication and effective operation across a wide frequency range, making it particularly valuable for detecting brain tumors within a human head phantom using the monostatic technique. The study presents the proposed antenna's modeling in four stages, analyzing all essential parameters where a substrate material consisting of FR 4 is used. The antenna has a patch area of 0.27 λ × 0.21 λ and operates at 7.5 (free space), 7.48, and 7.47 GHz with a wide bandwidth of 3.188 GHz (free space), whereas in measurement, it operates in free space at 6.79 GHz with a bandwidth of 3.24 GHz, which is also categorized as an ultra-wide band. A comparative analysis is carried out between the proposed patch antenna and previous studies utilizing FR4 and similar substrate materials to enhance understanding. In this research, the analysis includes a human head phantom model, assessing key performance criteria such as SAR, return loss, and VSWR. The time-dependent analysis provides in this study insights into the dynamic behavior of the system in detecting brain tumor. The proposed antenna has been evaluated and yielded a maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of 0.420985 W/kg for 1 gram of tissue in the head phantom. The performance of the patch antenna is evaluated using CST software, while the fabricated PCB antenna is tested in real-world conditions to ensure dependable operation in practical applications. The main challenge addressed in this work is achieving accurate brain tumor detection within a human head phantom model in a CST environment and using a UWB patch antenna fabricated via PCB technology.

MCML-BF: A Metal-Column Embedded Microstrip Line Transmission Structure with Bias Feeders for Beam-Scanning Leakage Antenna Design.

This article proposes a novel fixed-frequency beam scanning leakage antenna based on a liquid crystal metamaterial (LCM) and adopting a metal column embedded microstrip line (MCML) transmission structure. Based on the microstrip line (ML) transmission structure, it was observed that by adding two rows of metal columns in the dielectric substrate, electromagnetic waves can be more effectively transmitted to reduce dissipation, and attenuation loss can be lowered to improve energy radiation efficiency. This antenna couples TEM mode electromagnetic waves into free space by periodically arranging 72 complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs). The LC layer is encapsulated in the transmission medium between the ML and the metal grounding plate. The simulation results show that the antenna can achieve a 106° continuous beam turning from reverse -52° to forward 54° at a frequency of 38 GHz with the holographic principle. In practical applications, beam scanning is achieved by applying a DC bias voltage to the LC layer to adjust the LC dielectric constant. We designed a sector-blocking bias feeder structure to minimize the impact of RF signals on the DC source and avoid the effect of DC bias on antenna radiation. Further comparative experiments revealed that the bias feeder can significantly diminish the influence between the two sources, thereby reducing the impact of bias voltage introduced by LC layer feeding on antenna performance. Compared with existing approaches, the antenna array simultaneously combines the advantages of high frequency band, high gain, wide beam scanning range, and low loss.