Antenna Gain Research Articles

Machine learning-based technique for gain and resonance prediction of mid band 5G Yagi antenna

In this study, we present our findings from investigating the use of a machine learning (ML) technique to improve the performance of Quasi-Yagi–Uda antennas operating in the n78 band for 5G applications. This research study investigates several techniques, such as simulation, measurement, and an RLC equivalent circuit model, to evaluate the performance of an antenna. In this investigation, the CST modelling tools are used to develop a high-gain, low-return-loss Yagi–Uda antenna for the 5G communication system. When considering the antenna’s operating frequency, its dimensions are {0.642}lambda _0times {0.583}lambda _0. The antenna has an operating frequency of 3.5 GHz, a return loss of -43.45 dB, a bandwidth of 520 MHz, a maximum gain of 6.57 dB, and an efficiency of almost 97%. The impedance analysis tools in CST Studio’s simulation and circuit design tools in Agilent ADS software are used to derive the antenna’s equivalent circuit (RLC). We use supervised regression ML method to create an accurate prediction of the frequency and gain of the antenna. Machine learning models can be evaluated using a variety of measures, including variance score, R square, mean square error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean squared logarithmic error. Among the nine ML models, the prediction result of Linear Regression is superior to other ML models for resonant frequency prediction, and Gaussian Process Regression shows an extraordinary performance for gain prediction. R-square and var score represents the accuracy of the prediction, which is close to 99% for both frequency and gain prediction. Considering these factors, the antenna can be deemed an excellent choice for the n78 band of a 5G communication system.

Frequency selective surfaces-based miniaturized wideband high-gain monopole antenna for UWB systems

In the suggested manuscript, an antenna functional over an ultrawide band with a small geometrical configuration and simplified structure is given. The recommended antenna is designed for the Roger 6002, having overall measurements of 40 mm × 30 mm × 1.52 mm. The wideband is obtained after loading stubs and etching slots from the basic antenna design. In order to improve the antenna's performance further, an FSS sheet is designed. The sheet of FSS is placed behind the antenna to reflect the antenna's backward radiation and improve antenna gain. In the results, the gain of the antenna improved from 4.5 dBi to 9.5 dBi. The resultant antenna loaded with FSS is capable of operating over UWB ranging from 3.4 to 9.8 GHz with stable gain throughout the functional bandwidth. The hardware model is manufactured and tested to validate the estimated results achieved from HFSS (High Frequency Structure Simulator). Moreover, the recommended work is differentiated in the form of a table with literature. The compact size, wideband, high gain and stable performance of proposed antenna system over-performs the literature work and makes it protentional candidate for the UWB system requiring high gain.

For 5G applications, high-gain patch antenna in Ka-Band

<span>The fifth generation (5G) of telecommunications is an attractive application for many researchers during the last years. The 5G requires high date rate with low latency communication medium and patch antenna was used recently for this application. In this article a patch antenna for 5G at 38 GHz was proposed. This article worked on enhancing the gain of patch antenna at Ka-Band and reducing side lobes level (SLL) in radiation pattern. The gain of the patch antenna was improved using a reflector layer located under antenna’s ground with free space air gap separating between two layers. Moreover, the SLL were reduced to satisfy low latency condition for 5G communications. The proposed antenna shows high gain around 8.10 dB with high front-to-back (F/B) ratio of 16.24 dB and wide operating bandwidth around 1.4 GHz for high data rate requirements as well as having reduced overall size antenna. The article based on analytical calculations for patch dimensions and optimization procedure to achieve the desired performance of antenna. Computer simulation technology (CST) had been used as an environment for simulation.</span>

A 2.45 GHz microstrip patch antenna design, simulation, and anlaysis for wireless applications

This paper designs, simulates, and analyzes the S-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for wireless applications. FR-4 (lossy) and Rogger RT/duroid, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3 and 2.2, respectively, have been used as substrate materials. Simulation is done by computer simulation technology (CST) suite studio 2019 software. Simulations with FR-4 material showed that the return loss was -20.405 dB, the gain was 2.592 dB, the directivity was 7.47 dBi, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was 1.221, the bandwidth (BW) was 0.0746 GHz, and the efficiency was 34.69%. Also, Rogers RT/duroid material gives results of a return loss of -12.542 dB, a bandwidth (BW) of 0.0349 GHz, a gain of 8.092 dB, a directivity of 8.587 dBi, and an efficiency of 94.24%. The main goal of this antenna is to have a low return loss while getting as close as possible to a VSWR of 1. This will improve the antenna's gain, directivity, and efficiency compared to other antennas. Copper was used to make the patch and the ground, which were 0.35 mm and 0.0077 mm thick, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed antenna were better than those previously published in various in modern scientific journal and conference papers.

A 2.45 GHz microstrip patch antenna design, simulation, and anlaysis for wireless applications

This paper designs, simulates, and analyzes the S-band microstrip patch antenna (MPA) for wireless applications. FR-4 (lossy) and Rogger RT/duroid, whose dielectric permittivity is 4.3 and 2.2, respectively, have been used as substrate materials. Simulation is done by computer simulation technology (CST) suite studio 2019 software. Simulations with FR-4 material showed that the return loss was -20.405 dB, the gain was 2.592 dB, the directivity was 7.47 dBi, the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) was 1.221, the bandwidth (BW) was 0.0746 GHz, and the efficiency was 34.69%. Also, Rogers RT/duroid material gives results of a return loss of -12.542 dB, a bandwidth (BW) of 0.0349 GHz, a gain of 8.092 dB, a directivity of 8.587 dBi, and an efficiency of 94.24%. The main goal of this antenna is to have a low return loss while getting as close as possible to a VSWR of 1. This will improve the antenna's gain, directivity, and efficiency compared to other antennas. Copper was used to make the patch and the ground, which were 0.35 mm and 0.0077 mm thick, respectively. The results obtained from the proposed antenna were better than those previously published in various in modern scientific journal and conference papers.

A novel octagonal slot circular compact ultrawideband antenna with detailed frequency and time-domain analysis

With time, the device's reliance on wireless communication and its users grows tremendously. The ultrawideband (UWB) technology offers a 7.5 GHz uncontrolled bandwidth. Because it allows for larger data rates over a short distance, UWB technology is the current and future requirement of new generation mobile networks. As a result, a novel octagonal slot circular compact UWB antenna with detailed frequency and time-domain analysis is proposed in this research. Throughout the UWB range, the hexagonal-shaped circular radiator aids in reaching better S11 parameters (S11-10 dB). The modified trapezoidal like partial ground plane allows for a wide bandwidth. The proposed UWB antenna operates at frequencies ranging from 3.2 to 13.1 GHz, allowing for a bandwidth of 9.9 GHz and a fractional bandwidth of 121.4%. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is seen to be in the range of 1 to 2 throughout this UWB range. Throughout the operational bandwidth, the antenna's gain ranges from 2.8 to 4.1 dB. The suggested UWB antenna has the advantages of being small, having superior impedance matching, a simple design, and having a high gain, all of which can be used to deploy the antenna for the aforementioned purposes.

Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: A Multi-Sector Mode Enabling Highly Directional Full-Space Wireless Coverage

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has gained much traction due to its potential to manipulate the propagation environment via nearly-passive reconfigurable elements. In our previous work, we have analyzed and proposed a beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) model, which is not limited to traditional diagonal phase shift matrices, to unify different RIS modes/architectures. In this paper, we create a new branch of BD-RIS supporting a multi-sector mode. A multi-sector BD-RIS is modeled as multiple antennas connected to a multi-port group-connected reconfigurable impedance network. More specifically, antennas are divided into <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> ≥ 2) sectors and arranged as a polygon prism with each sector covering 1/ <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> space. Different from the recently introduced concept of intelligent omni-surface (or simultaneously transmitting and reflecting RIS), the multi-sector BD-RIS not only achieves a full-space coverage, but also has significant performance gains thanks to the highly directional beam of each sector. We derive the constraint of the multi-sector BD-RIS and the corresponding channel model taking into account the relationship between antenna beamwidth and gain. With the proposed model, we first derive the scaling law of the received signal power for a multi-sector BD-RIS-assisted single-user system. We then propose efficient beamforming design algorithms to maximize the sum-rate of the multi-sector BD-RIS-assisted multiuser system. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design and demonstrate the performance enhancement of the proposed multi-sector BD-RIS.

Design of High-Gain Magneto-Electric Dipole Antenna by Loading a Magneto-Electric Dipole Director

A high-gain magneto-electric dipole (ME-Dipole) antenna has been designed by adding a ME-Dipole director on top of a conventional cavity-backed ME-Dipole antenna. The purpose of adding the ME-Dipole director is to significantly enhance the gain of the antenna. The proposed design has been both measured and simulated, with an average gain of 12.5 dBi and 12.4 dBi, respectively, demonstrating the design's high gain capabilities. Additionally, the measured and simulated impedance bandwidth (VSWR ≤ 2) are 29.21% (1.90 GHz - 2.55 GHz) and 30.70% (1.93 GHz - 2.63 GHz), respectively, confirming the wideband nature of the design. Other outstanding performance metrics, such as low cross-polarization of - 25 dB and the stable antenna gain of 11.8 ± 1.7 dBi as measured and 12.0 ± 1 dBi as simulated, have also been observed in the current design.

A Broadband Double-Layer Transmitarray Antenna Based on Polarization Conversion Elements

A broadband double-layer transmitarray antenna (TA) is proposed in this letter. In order to obtain broadband performance in a double-layer structure, we use a “receiving-transmitting” (RX-TX) structure instead of a double-layer frequency selective surface. The elements of the new TA are composed with metal layers and dielectric substrate. Both the metal layer are connected by a metallized via and etched with orthogonal slots. The RX and TX layers work without interfering while converting the linearly polarized incident wave into orthogonal polarization. Phase compensation can be achieved by changing the direction and length of the microstrip meander ling. Then, a broadband TA is designed. Considering the simplicity of the design, we sequentially selected eight phase states at 45° intervals for phase modulation. The measured maximum antenna gain is 24.5 dBi. The center frequency is 10 GHz. The measured 1-dB and 3-dB gain bandwidth(BW) are 18.7% and 29.4%, respectively. The maximum aperture efficiency (AE) is 51%.

Analysis of Characteristics and Suppression Methods for Self-Defense Smart Noise Jamming

Self-defense smart noise jamming can automatically aim a signal frequency and obtain antenna gain and matching filtering processing gain, posing a huge threat to the normal performance of radar. In response to this situation, this article conducts an in-depth analysis of two typical smart noise jamming methods: noise convolution jamming methods and noise product jamming methods. The distribution characteristics of the two jamming methods in both time–frequency dimensions and their internal time–frequency relationships are analyzed. Based on this, a self-defense smart noise jamming suppression method based on pulse frequency stepping is proposed. This method obtains the true distance information of the target based on the phase difference caused by frequency stepping between adjacent pulses and uses this information to construct a filter to filter the radar echo, achieving jamming suppression. Simulation experiments have verified the effectiveness of this method.

Mechanically Driven Solidly Mounted Resonator‐Based Nanoelectromechanical Systems Magnetoelectric Antennas

The miniaturization of antennas has been a significant challenge in the field of electronics and telecommunications. In recent years, mechanically driven thin‐film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) magnetoelectric (ME) antennas have emerged as a promising solution, demonstrating superior miniaturization capabilities compared to conventional state‐of‐the‐art compact antennas. While nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) FBAR ME antennas exhibit high miniaturization potential, their suspended thin‐film heterostructures render them fragile and exhibit low power handling capabilities. The findings demonstrate that solidly mounted resonator (SMR) NEMS ME antennas on a Bragg acoustic resonant reflector offer a compelling solution. With a circular resonating disk of 200 μm diameter operating at 1.75 GHz, these SMR‐based antennas display a high antenna gain of −18.8 dBi and a 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 30.4 dBm. Compared to same‐size FBAR ME antennas with a free‐standing membrane, SMR‐based antennas exhibit significantly higher structural stability and 23.3 dB stronger power handling capability, in addition to easier fabrication processes. The compatibility of the simple fabrication processes with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology, along with the dramatic miniaturization, high power handling, robust mechanical properties, and much higher antenna radiation gain, make these SMR‐based ME antennas a promising candidate for future antenna systems.

A novel method to measure small antennas using a wideband coaxial cone TEM cell

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method to measure physically small antennas using a coaxial cone transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM) cell. Due to the ultra‐wideband, large electric field strength, and high dynamic range characteristics, coaxial cone provides a reliable environment to measure parameters such as gain and antenna factor of small antennas. The frequency could cover 200 MHz–40 GHz. To investigate the suitability of the coaxial cone TEM cell to measure antenna, measurements for a wideband small antenna and a horn antenna are carried out. And the validity of this method is verified through comparison of the obtained results, the measurement uncertainty is evaluated. Compared to an anechoic chamber, the space, cost, and time requirements are reduced drastically. Accordingly, this method could be a more effective alternative way to conventional methods such as the three antennas method and the two antennas method using anechoic chambers.

Comparison of Simulated and Measured Power of the Earth-Space Link for Satellite-Based AIS Signals.

This research aims to analyze the impact of the Earth-Space link on the Automatic Identification System (AIS) signals of ships. To achieve this, we established a simulation system that measures the receiving power of AIS signals via satellite platforms. We validated the system by utilizing observation data from Tiantuo-5. Through this simulation, we quantitatively analyzed the effects of ionospheric TEC (Total Electron Content) and space loss on the received power. During the processing of observation data, we construct a geometric propagation model utilizing the measured positions of both the satellite and the ship. We then calculate the antenna gain and remove any system errors. Additionally, we eliminate the deviation of elevation and azimuth angles caused by satellite motion. This allows us to determine the actual power of different ships reaching the receiving platform. Upon comparing the measured power data with the simulated power, it was noted that both exhibited an increasing trend as the elevation angle increased. This led to an RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) result of approximately one, indicating the accuracy of the simulation system. These findings hold significant implications for analyzing interference factors in satellite-ground links.

Multiband Band and Dual Diversity Eight-Element MIMO Microstrip Antenna for Wireless Applications

This paper presents the design and performance analysis of multiband dual diversity 8-element multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna at 2.45/3.5/5.2/6 GHz. The proposed antenna was designed on a Flame Resistant (FR-4) substrate having a dielectric constant of 4.4 , dimensions of . The antenna was simulated and analyzed using Computer Simulation Studio (CST Studio). Results obtained from simulation showed that the 8-element MIMO antenna achieved a combined bandwidth of 908.68 MHz representing 34.51% of the fractional bandwidth. Broadside radiation pattern was observed across the three frequency bands in both E- and H-plane with average main lobe magnitude of 7.8 dBi. Furthermore, proposed antenna achieved consistent Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) and Diversity Gain (DG) values of 0.0008 and 9.999 as well as Port-to-port isolation of 27 dB across all frequencies considered. Also, an antenna gain of 8.58 dB was achieved at a frequency of 6 GHz. The gain, isolation, DG and ECC between adjacent ports as well as the loss in capacity were within the standard margins, making the antenna structure suitable for MIMO applications.

Performance analysis of mmWave/sub-terahertz communication link for 5G and B5G mobile networks

Abstract Millimeter (mmWave) and sub-terahertz communication is a key technology to support high data rate requirements of 5G and B5G mobile networks. However this field is still in its initial development stage because of the various technical difficulties in its practical implementation due to inherently distinct propagation properties of mmWave/sub-terahertz frequencies. A thorough investigation of mmWave/sub-terahertz communication link is required in order to successfully deploy these frequency bands in 5G and B5G mobile networks. This paper investigates the effect of atmospheric conditions like dry air, humidity, rain, snow, fog and foliage on the performance of the mmWave/sub-terahertz link. The work also presents a mathematical analysis of the coverage of mmWave/sub-terahertz communication link and investigates the effect of various parameters like frequency, bandwidth, transceiver antenna gain, path loss coefficient (LOS, NLOS case) and system noise on its performance.

An eye bolt shape slotted microstrip patch antenna design utilizing a substrate-integrated waveguide for 5G systems

Antenna design is usually done on FR4 substrates, since they have a dielectric constant of 4.4, and a loss tangent of 0.02. The proposed microstrip patch antenna operates at 28 GHz and incorporates substrate-integrated waveguides (SIW) in a 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate into the design to increase bandwidth performance so that the 5G network can function reliably. In comparison with conventional patch antennas, substrate-integrated waveguides bear the advantage of being able to shift to a frequency of 29 GHz, therefore resulting in a more effective antenna. A slot of eyebolt shape has been added to the patch to increase antenna gain. The design was simulated with HFSS software, and it was able to attain a maximum bandwidth of 8 GHz (28%), a gain of 5.5 dB, and a minimal return loss of −38 dB. The VSWR of this antenna is 1.02, which indicates good impedance matching, and a high efficiency of 87% has been achieved as a result. This is a low-profile antenna that combines enhanced bandwidth with the ability to be mounted at the edge of a device, making it an ideal choice for the use of 5G technology to enable machine-to-machine communication.

Optimum design of planar quasi‐Yagi antenna for wearable Internet of Things (IoT) applications

AbstractThis paper presents the design of a novel dual‐band quasi‐Yagi antenna for on‐body communications. The proposed antenna is designed on 0.05 mm thin microwave laminate and is designed to cover the 2.45 and 3.5 GHz spectrum to meet the needs of on‐body Internet of Things networks. Microstrip to slot‐line transition is used for the excitation of the feeder element. The conventional feeder of the quai‐Yagi is replaced with F‐shaped radiators to obtain a dual‐band response. In addition, a pair of directors are used to enhance the antenna gain. The proposed quasi‐Yagi antenna is optimized using the spider monkey algorithm. The chosen algorithm is used to synthesize the dimensions of the dual‐band radiator and is preferred to obtain quick convergence, unlike the traditional optimization algorithms. The optimized planar quasi antenna offers 5% bandwidth in both operating bands with a measured gain of 5.7 and 5.8 dBi, respectively. The optimization time is also considerably reduced in comparison with traditional optimization algorithms. The simulated and optimized antenna is fabricated and tested.

A Modified Polygon Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna Array for Ultra-Wideband Applications

A single element and two elements array polygon shape microstrip antenna is proposed and analyzed in this paper for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. The technique used to improve antenna performance is etching rectangular slots on the patch of the antenna with different dimensions and positions. Two Polygon Shape antenna patches are introduced to enhance the antenna properties. Also, multi-slots are reached to improve the antenna gain, impedance matching sweep parameter optimization technique is used to all antenna parameters to enhance antenna properties. The dimensions of the single element antenna are 30 x 33 mm2 and consist of a slotted polygon patch printed on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna has a resonant frequency of 6.2 GHz, while the dimensions of two elements antenna array are 60 x 33 mm2 and the resonance frequency is 9.8 GHz. A technique of inset feed transmission line was utilized to match the 50 Ω microstrip feed line and the radiating patch. These considerations make the structure is suitable for fifth-generation generation (5G) mobile wireless applications. The proposed antenna was simulated by use Computer Simulation Technology (CST-2020) software.

Dual-Polarized Transparent Antenna and Its Application for Capsule Endoscopy System

In this paper, we proposed a small transparent thin film antenna for a wireless capsule endoscopy system. The transparent thin film antenna is needed to provide a clear 360° broad-sight view of the wireless capsule system in the future. Furthermore, the transparent thin film is critical for performing the dual-polarized antenna operating at 2.45 GHz. The proposed transparent thin film uses the nano-alignment process to further achieve low resistivity from 3.78 × 10−4 Ω-cm to 9.14 × 10−5 Ω-cm and improves the transparency by over 70%. The nano-alignment process includes periodic electrodes with AC signals that can effectively rearrange the nano-material into an ordered arrangement, enhancing the thin film’s microwave characteristics. Due to applying to the capsule endoscopy system, the ability of water resistance is also considered in this design. Therefore, the O2 plasma treatment is used to improve the water contact angle from 76° to 31°, measured on the surface of the thin film. The proposed transparent antenna is designed to have a center frequency of 2.45 GHz, a bandwidth of 855 MHz, and an antenna gain of −26.3 dBi, and is helpful for capsule endoscopy systems.

Innovation Design of High Gain Array Antenna for 5G Communication

The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system requires high gain antennas to support the growing demand for high-speed data transmission and low-latency connectivity. High gain antennas are crucial for enhancing the signal strength and extending the coverage area of 5G networks. By using multiple antenna elements, an array can achieve higher gain and directivity compared to a single element antenna. This improvement in gain enables better signal reception and transmission, leading to increased communication range, higher data rates, and improved reliability. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of antenna arrays for improving antenna gain in 5G communication systems at 3.5 GHz.The design of the array antenna incorporates single, dual, quad, and octal element structures to enhance the antenna's gain. The proposed antenna has been examined, and the results indicate that it has a return loss of -37.4 dB at the resonant frequency of 3.5 GHz, an antenna gain of 7.22 dB, and a bandwidth of 286.5 MHz. The use of a single, dual, quad, and octal element array configuration is anticipated to improve the gain performance of the antenna, making it a promising option for 5G communication systems.