Antennas In Wireless Communication Systems Research Articles

A review on microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems at 3.5 GHz

This article presents a review of several microstrip patch antennas for 3.5 GHz wireless applications. Different substrate materials, FR-4 (loss), FR-4 Epoxy, Rogers RT/droid 5880, TLC-30, and Rogers RT/droid 5880 LZ, are used. In recent years, wireless antenna applications have increased, including biomedical appliances, internet of things (IoT) terminals, edge devices, radars, mobile phones, and many more. In this work, several articles were reviewed and investigated, and several microstrip patch antennas with a resonance frequency of 3.5 GHz were designed using different substrate materials and shapes. This article also discussed the geometric shapes of antennas, antenna properties, sizes of substrate materials, loss tangent, thickness, return loss, bandwidth, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), gain, efficiency, and directivity. Several software is used for design and simulation, including computer simulation technology (CST), high-frequency simulation frequency (HFSS), and advanced design system (ADS), FEKO, and MATLAB. The main goal of this paper is to talk about different wireless application papers that work in the S-band at a frequency of 3.5 GHz and have been published in various international journals and conferences.

Design and Optimization of Micro-strip Patch Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems– A Literature Review

Design and Optimization of Micro-strip Patch Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems– A Literature Review

Performance analysis of microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems

<p>An antenna may be thought of as a temporary tool that directs radio waves for transmission or reception. Aside from being inexpensive, small, easy to manufacture, and compatible with integrated electronics, the microstrip patch antenna (MPA) offers several other benefits as well. These two methods are often seen as low-cost, adaptable, dependable, high-speed data connection choices that promote user mobility. An overview of how MPA have been used throughout the last several decades is provided in this article. It has been suggested that there are many approaches to enhance the performance of MPA, including the use of composite antennas, highly integrated antenna/array and feeding networks, operating at relatively high frequencies, and using cutting-edge manufacturing methods. Dual or multiband antennas are essential for meeting the demands of wireless services in this rapidly evolving wireless communication environment. Here is an overview of the patch antenna literature for wireless local area network (WLAN) and worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) applications.</p>

A Compact Super-wideband MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

A Compact Super-wideband MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

Machine learning with A MIMO Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is a technology that uses multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve the performance of wireless communication systems. One of the challenges in designing MIMO antennas is to reduce the complexity of the antenna array, while still maintaining good performance. One way to reduce complexity is to use shared antennas. Shared antennas are antennas that are used by multiple elements of the MIMO array. This can reduce the number of required antennas and simplify the design of the antenna array. The B-shape of the MIMO antenna by using CST program can also be used to reduce complexity. For example, hexagonal MIMO antennas have been shown to have good performance and can be implemented with a simple design. Additionally, the use of defected ground planes (DGPs) can be used to improve the isolation between the elements of a MIMO antenna array, which can also reduce complexity. The design of MIMO antennas is a complex and challenging task. However, by using shared antennas and other design techniques and AI, it is possible to reduce the complexity of MIMO antennas while still maintaining good performance.

Novel Frequency-Reconfigurable Antennas with Ring Resonators and RF Switches: Enhancing Versatility and Adaptability in Wireless Communication Systems

This study introduces innovative designs for frequency-reconfigurable antennas that utilize ring resonators combined with either PIN diodes or RF switches. These designs enhance the versatility, adaptability, and overall performance of the antennas in wireless communication systems. By controlling the switches and ring resonator, the antenna’s resonant frequencies and bandwidths can be adjusted, allowing for compatibility with various communication standards and frequency ranges. The proposed antenna exhibits four distinct operational states, each characterized by different resonance frequencies and operating frequency bands. Return loss, radiation pattern, radiation efficiency, and surface current distribution are analyzed for each state. State-1 (ON-ON) and State-2 (OFF-ON), which are characterized by resonance frequencies of 2.4 GHz and 3.33 GHz respectively, offer ranges suitable for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, ISM, and IoT applications. State-3 (ON-OFF), with a resonance frequency of 3.0 GHz and bandwidth spanning from 2.59 GHz to 3.643 GHz, complies with Wi-Fi, Wi-Fi 6, and IoT requirements. State-4 (OFF-OFF) covers the band centered around 3.45 GHz. It is compatible with many applications such as 5G mid-band, Wi-Fi 6E, IoT, and cellular systems. The proposed antenna designs are versatile and compact since the overall antenna dimensions are 25 × 18 × 1.6 mm3. The radiation efficiency of the antenna configuration varies depending on operational states. By utilizing the advantages of both ring resonators and RF switches, the proposed antenna configurations offer new solutions that enhance their performance in wireless communication systems. This study compares the effects of using PIN diodes and SPDT switches on the performance of antennas and also examines the DC biasing effect on antenna characteristics. The simulation results are validated by the experimental analysis. The proposed antenna designs offer a new approach for wireless communication systems by using both ring resonators and RF switches.

Design and analysis of metasurface-based CPW-Fed UWB MIMO antenna for wireless communication systems

A compact 4-port coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed ultra-wideband (UWB) multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with enhanced isolation is proposed to operate from 3.66 GHz to 16.61 GHz with 127.78% impedance bandwidth. The proposed antenna system consists of 4 orthogonal arrays of monopole antennas improved by four iterations. The UWB characteristic of the antenna is obtained from an improved monopole antenna fed by CPW. The final MIMO antenna is machined on a Rogers 4003C substrate with dimensions of mm3. The orthogonal arrangement of antennas brings about the polarization diversity and certain isolation of MIMO antennas. Four rows of orthogonal metasurface elements with via holes and the ring of the backplane further improve the isolation between antenna elements in the MIMO system. The MIMO antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 12.95 GHz with dB and good isolation ( dB and dB). In particular, S31 is always less than −25 dB at frequencies greater than 6 GHz. The measured results of MIMO antenna agree with the simulated results. The optimized MIMO antenna has excellent performance in many aspects, such as UWB, compact size, omnidirectional radiation, enhanced isolation and high efficiency, which means that it has application potential in UWB wireless communication systems.

Dual-Polarized Wideband Low-Sidelobe Slot Array Antenna for V-Band Wireless Communications

A dual-polarized wideband low sidelobe slot array antenna for wireless communication systems in the V-band is proposed in this work. Taylor distribution is applied with each radiating slot as a tapering unit in both polarizations. A compact 2 × 2 elements subarray is designed to achieve stable amplitude and phase distribution among elements with two sets of integrated compact wideband unequal power dividers for the E- and H-planes inside the subarray. Then, two layers of orthogonally polarized feeding networks with unequal E-plane T-junction power dividers are used to connect the subarrays to two standard waveguides WR-15 as input ports. The prototype of 8 × 8 elements is fabricated and measured in an anechoic chamber. The maximum measured gain is 25.3 dBi and 25.4 dBi for V- and H-polarization, respectively. The overlapped impedance bandwidth is from 57 to 66.4 GHz with reflection coefficiencies below -10 dB, and the isolation between two input ports is around 35 dB. Sidelobe levels of both polarizations are below -22 dB with good agreement with the simulations.

Painlevé V and confluent Heun equations associated with a perturbed Gaussian unitary ensemble

We discuss the monic polynomials of degree n orthogonal with respect to the perturbed Gaussian weight w(z,t)=|z|α(z2+t)λe−z2,z∈R,t>0,α>−1,λ>0, which arises from a symmetrization of a semi-classical Laguerre weight wLag(z,t)=zγ(z+t)ρe−z,z∈R+,t>0,γ>−1,ρ>0. The weight wLag(z) has been widely investigated in multiple-input multi-output antenna wireless communication systems in information theory. Based on the ladder operator method, two auxiliary quantities, Rn(t) and rn(t), which are related to the three-term recurrence coefficients βn(t), are defined, and we show that they satisfy coupled Riccati equations. This turns to be a particular Painlevé V (PV, for short), i.e., PVλ22,−(1−(−1)nα)28,−2n+α+2λ+12,−12. We also consider the quantity σn(t)≔2tddtlnDn(t), which is allied to the logarithmic derivative of the Hankel determinant Dn(t). The difference and differential equations satisfied by σn(t), as well as an alternative integral representation of Dn(t), are obtained. The asymptotics of the Hankel determinant under a suitable double scaling, i.e., n → ∞ and t → 0 such that s ≔ 4nt is fixed, are established. Finally, by using the second order difference equation satisfied by the recurrence coefficients, we obtain the large n full asymptotic expansions of βn(t) with the aid of Dyson’s Coulomb fluid approach. By employing these results, the second differential equations satisfied by the orthogonal polynomials will be reduced to a confluent Heun equation.

Analog Beamforming Using ESPAR for Single-RF Precoding Systems

A novel analog beamforming technique that utilizes single radio frequency (single-RF) electronically steerable parasitic array radiator (ESPAR) antennas is proposed. The ESPAR beamforming techniques are aimed at precoding in multiple antenna wireless communication systems using the single or hybrid RF approach. One advantage of ESPAR analog beamforming compared to conventional analog beamforming using phase shifters is that arbitrary patterns can be straightforwardly formed. Therefore, ESPAR analog beamforming can provide performance almost identical to digital beamforming. More importantly, ESPAR analog beamforming does not require phase shifters and power splitters, overcoming implementation challenges of conventional analog beamforming. It also has a more compact size compared to conventional beamforming using uniform antenna arrays. We analyze and optimize ESPAR analog beamforming and propose a channel approach based on beamspace pilot transmission to acquire channel state information (CSI). In addition, we propose limited feedback ESPAR analog beamforming based on a beamforming selection strategy. Simulation results for average gain show that ESPAR analog beamforming has almost identical performance to digital beamforming and better performance than analog beamforming using phase shifters. Energy efficiency simulations show that the technique has the highest efficiency among all the beamforming techniques. Therefore, ESPAR analog beamforming has near optimal performance, high energy efficiency, low circuit complexity, low cost, compact size and can be an effective alternative to conventional analog beamforming.

Design and Fabrication of Compact, Multiband, High Gain, High Isolation, Metamaterial-Based MIMO Antennas for Wireless Communication Systems

We proposed a novel approach based on a complementary split-ring resonator metamaterial in a two-port MIMO antenna, giving high gain, multiband results with miniature size. We have also analyzed a circular disk metasurface design. The designs are also defected using ground structure by reducing the width of the ground plane to 8 mm and etching all other parts of the ground plane. The electric length of the proposed design is 0.5λ × 0.35λ × 0.02λ. The design results are also investigated for a different variation of complementary split-ring resonator ring sizes. The inner and outer ring diameters are varied to find the optimized solution for enhanced output performance parameters. Good isolation is also achieved for both bands. The gain and directivity results are also presented. The results are compared for isolation, gain, structure size, and the number of ports. The compact, multiband, high gain and high isolation design can apply to WiMAX, WLAN, and satellite communication applications.

MIMO-OFDM Techniques for Wireless Communication System: Performance Evaluation Review

The use of multiple antennas in wireless communication systems has resulted in multiple channels that facilitate the speed of data transfer and improved channel capacity. This technique that basically involves multiple input and multiple output (MIMO) antennas helps to improve system performance by reducing bit error rate (BER) while increasing signal to noise ratio (SNR). Also, the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has helped in mitigating inter-symbol interference (ISI). A combination of MIMO and OFDM produces the MIMO-OFDM scheme. This paper reviewed the performance of BER in MIMO-OFDM system considering various digital modulation techniques. An empirical review of previous studies on MIMO-OFDM system regarding BER performance evaluation was carried out. The study demonstrated the performance of digital modulation schemes in OFDM system with respect the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). The results of the simulation based on MATLAB code revealed that lower order modulation yielded better BER performance than higher order. Furthermore,MIMO-OFDM system was modeled in MATLAB/Simulink and simulated to show that the use of multiple antennas at the transmitter and receiver helps in improving the performance of wireless communication system by reducing BER while increasing SNRconsidering two multipath channels – Rayleigh and Rician.

A Novel Compact High Gain Wide-Band Log Periodic Dipole Array Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

This paper implies a prototype for a broad-band log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) with dimensions of 20 × 40 × 0.508 mm3 equipped with directors. The LPDA is based on Roger’s RT5880 with εr = 2.2. The 4-arms with alternative stubs constitute the LPDA, which is evenly spaced on both lines. At the substrate’s back, the 50Ω main feeder line is placed on partial ground. The directors are also incorporated and studied in a regular matrix at a predetermined distance to improve gain, further reduce side lobes, and widen the frequency band. The performance of the antenna covers a wide spectrum of millimeter waves ranging from 26 up to 44 GHz. The realized gain for the antenna is 8.97, 11.96, 13.96, and 14.29 dB at 28 GHz, 35 GHz, 38 GHz, and 43 GHz, respectively. The total gain is 14.29 dB as a peak gain. The antenna was designed and tested for 5G communication applications in autonomous vehicles, and the design cost for the antenna is low in comparison to dielectric lenses. The model exhibits symmetrical radiation patterns for the antenna range. The results of the simulations and the testing of the implemented antenna elements coincide quite well. The proposed design outperforms earlier work in this field.

Wideband Low-Sidelobe Slot Array Antenna With Compact Tapering Feeding Network for E-Band Wireless Communications

In this work, a wideband low-sidelobe slot array antenna for wireless communication system at E-band is presented. The slots are excited by a parallel feeding network where the Taylor distribution is applied. Two types of wideband unequal power divider with compact structures are designed for various output ratios to fit the limited feeding network space. One is integrated vertically inside a 2 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 1 elements subarray using a set of pins with asymmetrical offset. The other type is designed inside an E-plane T-junction with unbalance impedance at two output ports. To avoid main lobe tilt and asymmetrical radiation patterns, the feeding network is designed to be biaxially symmetrical, and the feed port is placed in the center of the back. A prototype is fabricated with brass and measured in an anechoic chamber. It achieves a peak gain of 25.8 dBi and a fractional impedance bandwidth of 19.2% with the reflection coefficient below −10 dB. The measured radiation patterns agree with the simulated patterns very well, and the sidelobe level (SLL) is lower than −21 dB.

A novel compact stair-shaped multiband fractal antenna for wireless communication systems

Abstract The growing demand for enhanced capacities, broadband services, and high transmission speeds to accommodate speech, image, multimedia, and data communication simultaneously puts a requirement for antenna to operate in multiple frequency bands. A novel compact fractal antenna based on self-similar stair-shaped fractal geometry is proposed in this paper. The fractal antenna is designed by modifying the patch antenna through the iterative process using stair-shaped fractal geometry. The third iteration results in a tri-band response, and the antenna resonate at 3.65, 4.825, and 6.325 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 75.6, 121.2, and 211.4 MHz, respectively. The antenna is designed in CST Microwave studio, and evaluated for operating bands and radiation characteristics. Prototype for the third iteration of the fractal antenna is fabricated on FR-4 substrate which is further tested for measured operating bands and radiation characteristics. The simulated and measured results show good agreement.

Investigation of ultra‐wideband Bowtie antennas for phased array feed application

In this article, two new ultra-wideband (UWB) dual-polarized Bowtie antennas are investigated as the elements for a phased array feed for reflectors. In addition to its UWB impedance matching characteristic, the Bowtie antennas have stable large beam-width and a low cross-polar level over a wide frequency band with a compact size, which is an essence for phased array applications. The simulated and measured results state a low ohmic loss, good impedance matching (S11 below −15 dB) and good radiation performance, with a simple structure for easy manufacturing. The proposed antennas can be good candidates for phased array feed (PAF) in FAST and the SKA (square kilometer array) pathfinder PHAROS2 projects, and massive MIMO antennas in wireless communication systems.

Miniaturized Rotman lens with applications to wireless communication

Rotman lens is a type of beamforming network with many advantages, such as true-time delay characteristic, multibeam capability, and wide bandwidth. Rotman lens has been used in a wide range of applications in today’s wireless communication systems. However, the size of a conventional Rotman lens is considerably large. So, difficulties may arise with respect to its integration with base station antennas in wireless communication systems. In this study, three techniques for the miniaturization of a Rotman lens, i.e., Chebyshev impedance transformers, power dividers, and truncated ports with energy distribution slots, are introduced to design the Rotman lens to reduce the size of the ports and hence the total area occupied by the Rotman lens. Simulation and measurement results indicate that good impedance matching between the lens body and its feed lines can be achieved. Using the proposed truncated ports with energy distribution slots, the size of the Rotman lens can be greatly reduced without performance degradation or production cost increment. Moreover, two possible applications of the proposed miniaturized Rotman lens to wireless communication systems are investigated. Rotman lens can not only provide multiple phase difference signals along the array ports to realize multibeams, but also generate high-performance formed beams such as flat-topped radiation pattern.

Two-Dimensional Metallic Niobium Diselenide for Sub-micrometer-Thin Antennas in Wireless Communication Systems.

The state-of-the-art of the Internet of things (IoT) and smart electronics demands advances in thin and flexible radio frequency (RF) antennas for wireless communication systems. So far, nanostructured materials such as metals, carbon nanotubes, graphene, MXene, and conducting polymers have been investigated due to their noteworthy electrical conductivity. However, most antennas based on metallic materials are thick, which limits their application in miniaturized and portable electronic devices. Herein, we report two-dimensional (2D) metallic niobium diselenide (NbSe2) for a monopole patch RF antenna, which functions effectively despite its sub-micrometer thickness, which is less than the skin depths of other metals. The as-fabricated antenna has an 855 nm thickness and a 1.2 Ω sq-1 sheet resistance and achieves a reflection coefficient of -46.5 dB, a radiation efficiency of 70.6%, and omnidirectional RF propagation. Additionally, the resonance frequency of this antenna at the same thickness is reconfigured from 2.01 to 2.80 GHz, while decreasing its length and preserving its reflection coefficient of less than -10 dB. This approach offers a facile process to synthesize 2D metallic transition metal dichalcogenides for the rational design of flexible, miniaturized, frequency-tunable, and omnidirectional monopole patch RF antennas for body-centric wearable communication systems.

Design of a Multiband Hexagonal Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Systems

A multiband hexagonal patch antenna with a compact size of 35 × 30 mm is proposed in this paper using FR4 substrate. The proposed patch antenna consists of four rectangular slots and a circular slot etched into the patch with a coaxial feeding network matched to 50ohms input impedance. The proposed antenna’s performance shows a good multiband operating at 2.40, 5.03 and 8.67 GHz with their return losses at −28, −17, and −22 dB respectively. The comparison between the measurement and simulation results validates the proposed design, satisfying the requirements for wireless communication applications.

Design of P-shaped microstrip patch antenna for wireless communication systems

A P-shaped microstrip patch antenna is proposed and studied to obtain operating bandwidth of (5.883-9.9) GHz. Then the antenna is extended by etching slots in the ground plane to be (5.73 – 10.234) GHz and gain varies from 2.809 dBi to 4.947 dBi. The antenna is installed on FR-4 substrate having relative dielectric constant of = 4.3 and loss tangent of 0.02. The antenna size is (30×30×1.6) simulation results were obtained using CST software 2016. The proposed was fabricated and tested by vector network analyzer VNA and noted reasonable agreement between simulated and measured result.