5G Antenna Research Articles

Flexible interconnected 4-port MIMO antenna for sub-6 GHz 5G and X band applications

A flexible 4-port 4-element interconnected MIMO antenna is proposed for Sub-6 GHz 5G and X-band applications. The 4-element structure attains a low profile of 0.612λ2 (at 3.34 GHz) through careful placement of antenna elements. The elementary antenna top side is formed of an inverted E and inverted L-shaped conductive structure attached to both sides of the central feed line. Two hollow tilted square-shaped assemblies are added horizontally with the inverted L for performance enhancement. The bottom plane consists of a truncated ground with a vertical stub on the side for achieving wideband performance. The MIMO configuration along with polarization diversity is attained by positioning the elementary antenna symmetrically in a sequential rotational manner. The interconnection between ground planes is ensured by placing an I-shaped strip which is further modified by adding a slotted rectangular stub on the central vertical line for better isolation. The flexible antenna demonstrated minimum efficiency and maximum gain of 70% and 4 dBi, respectively in addition to accomplishing a bandwidth of (40%) 3.34–5.01 GHz and (3.31%) 8.9–9.2 GHz while satisfying the MIMO diversity performance in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) < 0.17. Finally, the antenna performance in terms of S-parameters and MIMO diversity parameters are tested by bending the antenna along the X and Y axis that demonstrated decent performance thus making the MIMO antenna worthy for its use in Sub-6 GHz 5G and X Band Applications with tight space requirements.

Reconfigurable dual element dual band MIMO antenna for 5G (Sub-6 GHz) and WLAN applications

PurposeThis study aims to present dual band reconfigurable MIMO antenna for 5G (sub-6 GHz) and WLAN applications.Design/methodology/approachTo achieve optimum bandwidth, radiation pattern and radiation efficiency, the defected ground structure (DGS) and a rectangular stub connected with the DGS are used. To further cover the sub-6 GHz spectrum (3.4–3.6 GHz) for future 5G communications, a two-element multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration is designed by using the single element antenna. The proposed reconfigurable MIMO antenna using a PIN diode is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02 and a 35 × 20 × 1.6 mm3 dimension.FindingsThe proposed antenna achieved dual operating bands of 3.4–4.1 GHz (5 G sub-6GHz applications) and 4.99–5.16 GHz (WLAN application) in the D = ON state. For D = OFF state, the proposed antenna achieved 3.55–3.65 GHz and 3.66–4.05 GHz frequency bands for 5G (sub-6GHz) applications. In terms of the envelop correlation coefficient, diversity gain, mean effective gain, total active reflection coefficient and isolation between the ports, the proposed antenna’s diversity performance characteristics are investigated and the obtained values are 0.05, 9.9 dB, ±3dB, −4dB, −15dB, respectively.Research limitations/implicationsThe fabricated prototype antenna on FR4 substrate has measurable parameters that are in good agreement with the simulated findings. Due to hardware design limitations, there is a minor difference between software and hardware results.Originality/valueThe proposed MIMO antenna is compact and reconfigurable for 5G (sub-6GHz) and WLAN applications, and from the graph, the measurements and simulations have been found to be in close agreement.

Latest Performance Improvement Strategies and Techniques Used in 5G Antenna Designing Technology, a Comprehensive Study.

In the recent era, fifth-generation technology (5G) has not been fully implemented in the realm of wireless communication. To have excellent accessible bandwidth feasibility, and in order to achieve the aims of 5G standards, such as higher data rates and ultrahigh-definition video streaming, the millimeter wave (mmWave) band must be employed. Services with minimal latency and many other features are feasible only in the mmWave spectrum. To avoid numerous communication complexities such as high connection losses, short wavelength, and restricted bandwidth, as well as path-loss challenges in the mmWave range, an antenna with wide bandwidth, high gain, narrow steerable beam, high isolation, low side-lobe levels, and multiband features is required to alleviate these difficulties and meet 5G communication standards. To overcome these challenges, specific strategies and techniques should be employed in the traditional antenna designing procedure to excellently improve the performance of the antenna in terms of bandwidth, gain, and efficiency and to reduce the mutual coupling effect between the closely colocated antenna elements in MIMOs and arrays. The researchers reported on a variety of bandwidth and gain improvement approaches. To gain broader coverage, traditional antenna design techniques must be modified. In this study, the latest state-of-the-art work is reviewed, such as the role of the metamaterials (MMTs), parasitic patches, hybrid feeding, EBG structure, impact of the slots with different geometrical shapes in the radiator to achieve the goal of wide bandwidth, boosted gain, reduced side-lobes level, as well as stable radiation properties. Mutual coupling reduction techniques are also briefly reported. The role of reconfigurability is focused on in this study, and at the end, the future challenges in the field of antenna design and possible remedies to such issues are reviewed.

Advantages of 5G Antenna and its Design

Advantages of 5G Antenna and its Design

Quad-Band Circular Polarized Antenna for GNSS, 5G and WIFI-6E Applications

A quad-band circularly-polarized antenna, for applications of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), 5G, and WIFI-6E, is designed, fabricated, and measured. The proposed antenna is formed by an L-shaped radiator, a rectangular frame ground with an L-shaped stub, and a rectangular strip at the opposite corner. The microstrip antenna can generate four frequency bands, covering WIFI-6E (5925–7125 MHz), 5G n77 (3300–4200 MHz), n78 (3300–3800 MHz), and the GNSS bands. This antenna generates right hand circular polarization (RHCP) waves in the low frequency band (0.95–2.11 GHz), covering GPS, BDS, GLONASS, and GALILEO applications. Moreover, an L-shaped aperture and three rectangular slits are cut on the ground to broaden the axial-ratio bandwidth at the upper band. A prototype is fabricated and measured to verify the performance of this design. It is shown that the agreement between the simulation and measurement is satisfactorily good. The measured −10 dB bandwidths for each band are 75.8% (0.95–2.11 GHz), 55.8% (3.05–5.39 GHz), 39.9% (5.84–8.19 GHz) and 10.3% (9.14–10.68 GHz), respectively. While the measured 3 dB axial-ratio bandwidths are 59.4% (1.16–2.14 GHz), 35.8% (3.23–4.64 GHz), 8.4% (5.70–6.20 GHz), and 2.6% (7.51–7.71 GHz), the measured gains are 4.56, 2.28, 4.26, and 4.30 dBi at 1.5 GHz, 3.8 GHz, 6 GHz, and 7.6 GHz, respectively.

Kevlar-Alumina Composite as An Alternative Substrate for 5G Antenna Application

This paper introduces a millimetre-wave antenna design for 5G application using an alternative substrate called Kevlar-Alumina Composite. Kevlar-Alumina Composite had been researched and measured comprehensively by Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) Bandung showing dielectric value of 9.2. The application of the antenna geometry is based on Vivaldi Coplanar antenna with L shaped feeding on the ground plane. Vivaldi Antenna is chosen as it has a relatively small size with various structures. An antenna of 3.75 GHz for 5G application using Kevlar-Alumina Composite is proposed. The simulated results of single-element 5G antenna have return loss value of -21.949 dB, 1.173 VSWR, directive radiation pattern at E-Plane and H-plane, and surface current. The use of the Kevlar-Alumina Composite performed good results.

A Compact Sub-GHz Wide Tunable Antenna Design for IoT Applications

This work presents a compact meandered loop slot-line 5G antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. Recently, sub-gigahertz (sub-GHz) IoT technology is widely spreading. It enables long-range communications with low power consumption. The proposed antenna structure is optimized to operate at sub-GHz bands without any additional complex biasing circuitry or antenna structure. A miniaturized design was achieved by a meandered structured loop slot-line that is loaded reactively with a varactor diode. Wideband frequency reconfigurability (FR) was achieved by the use of the varactor diode. The proposed antenna resonates over the frequency band of 758–1034 MHz with a minimum bandwidth of 17 MHz over the entire frequency band. The RO4350 substrate with dimensions of 0.18λg × 0.13λg mm2 is used to design the proposed antenna design. The efficiency and gain values varied from 54–67% and 0.86–1.8 dBi. Compact planar structure, narrow-band operation (suitable for NB-IoT) and simple biasing circuitry, which allows for sub-GHz operation, are unique and attractive features of the design.

Visualization of 5G antenna radiation characteristics using 3D printed models – focusing on busting the myths and finding out the truth about 5G health issues

The developments of mobile communication technology accompanied by increase in the number of high frequency bands and antennas, gave the public a negative perception that 5G is harmful to human health. Recently, rumors circulated on social media that 5G spreads COVID-19 and the pandemic. Leaving this situation untouched will hinder the successful landing of 5G and the development of 6G technology. Hence, the misunderstanding and groundless belief in 5G need to be corrected. We believe that misunderstanding and myths about 5G communications stem from fears of invisible electromagnetic waves. We visualize and compare the 5G and 4G antennas’ radiation properties by creating models with 3D printing technology to offer an intuitive impression of antenna characteristics and dispel the invisible fear. The radiation characteristics of the antennas used in 5G and 4G base stations and smartphones and their impacts on the human body are analyzed by using the electromagnetic simulator, HFSS.

A Compact Frequency and Radiation Reconfigurable Antenna for 5G and Multistandard Sub-6 GHz Wireless Applications

This paper presents a reconfigurable antenna operating in three modes at different frequency bands with pattern reconfiguration. Frequency and pattern reconfigurability are achieved using four PIN diodes. In particular, two diodes are mounted in the radiating part of the hexagon shape to perform the frequency reconfiguration of the antenna. The other two PIN diodes are connected with the inverted L-shaped and CPW ground by changing the main lobe beam steering to achieve the pattern reconfiguration. An antenna has been designed, fabricated, and numerically and experimentally assessed. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated on a commercially available FR-4 substrate of thickness 1.6 mm ( ε r = 4.3). Thus, the proposed antenna supports several 5G sub-6 GHz bands (3.1 GHz, 4.1 GHz, and 3.8 GHz), WiFi (2.45 GHz), as well as (7.8 GHz, 9.5 GHz) X-Band Satellite applications. The obtained results are quite promising. In particular, it is observed that the measured results are in close agreement with the simulation results, and the proposed (compact) antenna prototype can be a prospective candidate for future portable devices, sensor networks, and telecommunication applications.

Bow-tie patch antenna for 5G

The goal of this work was to design, simulate, build, and test bow-tie antenna for 5G networks. In this paper, it will be shown how the radiation pattern and input match are improving by changing angles on some points of the antenna. The first angle is from the central point of the bow-tie antenna (mark A) and another angle is from the side points of the bow-tie antenna (mark B). Bandwidth improvement is shown in the simulation between 4 GHz and 6GHz. S11, E?, E? for the nominal design are -27.31 dB, 7.39 dB, -3.30 dB respectively. After simulations, the nominal antenna is fabricated and tested with reference antenna A-info LB8180. Simulation results, testing results with fabricated antenna, and angle change results will be shown in further text.

Industrialization of Aluminum Alloy Uniform Solidification Controlled Rheological Die Casting

An efficient and low-cost aluminum alloy uniform solidification control technology, namely, air-cooled stirring rod (ACSR) process, has been developed for preparing large volume semisolid slurry. The semisolid slurry preparation process is connected with the die-casting machine to form multiple integrated intelligent rheological die-casting production lines for the efficient preparation of rheological die-casting of large-scale thin-walled aluminum alloys. At present, the ACSR process can produce 40 kg of large-volume semisolid slurry with a solid phase ratio of 25% to 35% within 30 s. This rheological die-casting process has been industrialized for the preparation of high-quality aluminum alloy large-scale thin-walled parts, such as new energy vehicles and 5G communications. Typical products produced by this process include heat dissipation housings for 5G communications, filter housings, antenna chassis and three-electric structural shell, end cover, and ABS system valve body for new energy vehicles. Compared with traditional die castings, aluminum alloy castings prepared by the new process not only have fine and spherical microstructures, good surface quality, and fewer internal pores but also enjoys more excellent mechanical properties and thermal conductivity.

A Road towards 6G Communication—A Review of 5G Antennas, Arrays, and Wearable Devices

Next-generation communication systems and wearable technologies aim to achieve high data rates, low energy consumption, and massive connections because of the extensive increase in the number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) and wearable devices. These devices will be employed for many services such as cellular, environment monitoring, telemedicine, biomedical, and smart traffic, etc. Therefore, it is challenging for the current communication devices to accommodate such a high number of services. This article summarizes the motivation and potential of the 6G communication system and discusses its key features. Afterward, the current state-of-the-art of 5G antenna technology, which includes existing 5G antennas and arrays and 5G wearable antennas, are summarized. The article also described the useful methods and techniques of exiting antenna design works that could mitigate the challenges and concerns of the emerging 5G and 6G applications. The key features and requirements of the wearable antennas for next-generation technology are also presented at the end of the paper.

Design of a Wideband Spring Textile Antenna for Wearable 5G and IoT Applications Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

Design of a Wideband Spring Textile Antenna for Wearable 5G and IoT Applications Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

Analysis of Efficiency in Dual-Band Antenna for 5G Using FR4 Substrate and Compare with RT Duroid Substrate

Analysis of Efficiency in Dual-Band Antenna for 5G Using FR4 Substrate and Compare with RT Duroid Substrate

A COMPACT WIDEBAND CPW FED ANNULAR RING LOADED DUAL BAND DUAL SENSE ANTENNA FOR 5G AND SATELLITE APPLICATIONS

A COMPACT WIDEBAND CPW FED ANNULAR RING LOADED DUAL BAND DUAL SENSE ANTENNA FOR 5G AND SATELLITE APPLICATIONS

Miniaturized 5G Antenna With Enhanced Gain by Using Stacked Structure of Split-Ring Resonator Array and Magneto-Dielectric Composite Material

The need for antennas with small dimensions with high performance has prompted various research to conduct experiments in terms of the structure and shape of the antenna and terms of material. This study proposes utilizing both artificially and engineered magneto-dielectric (MD) materials’ characteristics to miniaturize antenna dimension and improve antenna performance. The MD characteristics are realized through the SRR array structure as an antenna performance enhancer; and material synthesis as an antenna dimension reducer. MD material has been successfully synthesized, extracted, and characterized from a mixture of magnetite powder (Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> ), PDMS elastic polymer material (polydimethylsiloxane), and BaFe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">19</sub> . The parametric study results show that the antenna designed on MD material Sample C (PDMS: Fe <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> =1: 0.6) with a 3 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> 3 SRR configuration gives the most optimal response. Simulations, optimizations, and measurements have been carried out to obtain an MD antenna that works at a frequency of 3.5 GHz, with a fractional bandwidth of 10% (360 MHz), radiation efficiency of 58.54%, and a maximum gain of up to 4.33 dBi. This antenna measures 30 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\times30$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm or 64% smaller than conventional antennas. The proposed stacked MD antenna is compatible with 5G technology in the mid-band frequency range.

Eighteen-Element Antenna for Metal-Rimmed Smartphone Sub-6 GHz LTE42 Band Applications

Due to the limited space and large mutual coupling levels, the design of sub-6 GHz massive Multi-Input Multi-Output (m-MIMO) smartphone antenna system attracts antennas’ designers and engineers worldwide. Therefore, this paper presents 18-element m-MIMO antenna system that covers the long-term evolution 42 (LTE42) frequency band (3.4–3.6 GHz) for the fifth generation (5G) applications in metallic frame smartphones. The proposed array system is etched on the long sides of a metal rim of the mobile chassis symmetrically, which is electrically connected to the system ground plane with zero ground clearance. A low-profile frame of height 7 mm (λ/12.3) is symmetrically placed below & above the ground system level. The two frame parts (above/ below the ground level) are utilized separately for the implantation of the antenna elements to achieve good space exploitation and perfect pattern diversity between elements. Orthogonal feeds are used to further increase the level of the isolation where each antenna element above the ground level is fed by a 50-ohm microstrip line, and each antenna element below the ground level is fed by a 50-ohm coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed antenna structure is a capacitive coupled-fed open-slot antenna with a small footprint area of 12 × 3.5 mm2 (λ/7.2 × λ/24.5, where λ represents the free space wavelength at 3.5 GHz). A small coupling L-shaped strip provides a capacitive coupling for the proposed 5G antenna structure. To establish the contribution of the proposed 18-element m-MIMO, the prototype of the proposed system was manufactured and successfully measured. Both measured and simulated results are shown to be in good agreement. This proves that the proposed antenna provides coverage for the LTE42 band (3.4–3.6 GHz) with acceptable isolation and efficiency. Moreover, the performance of the proposed m-MIMO were further verified via channel capacity calculation and the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) measurement. Based on that, the proposed m-MIMO is shown to provide a desirable performance for all m-MIMO parameters while it owns the largest MIMO order in mobile terminals in the open literature.

Design of multi-band millimeter wave antenna for 5G smartphones

The design of a millimeter wave (mmW) antenna for the 5G mobile applications is presented in this paper. The designed antenna has dimensions of 10×10×0.245 mm&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;. This includes the copper ground plane. The resonance of the proposed mmW antenna lies within the range of 33 GHz and 43 GHz. These frequency bands are covering the 5G proposed band in terms of the signal speed, data transmission, and high spectral efficiencies. Computer simulation technology (CST) software is used to simulate the proposed 5G antenna including the characteristics of S-parameters, gain, and radiation pattern. Simulation results show that the return loss at resonant frequencies goes -22 dB, which satisfies the requirements of 5G mobile technology.

Mutual Coupling Reduction Between MM-Wave Microstrip Antennas Using Split Rectangular Structure

A novel design of metamaterial structure has been developed to reduce the mutual coupling between two microstrip patch antennas. A split rectangular structure loaded between the two microstrip patches is the method used to decrease coupling. The proposed antenna is designed to operate at a frequency of 28 GHz. This construction is suited for use with mm-wave, 5G antenna systems, and mobile applications. The connection between antennas is significantly improved. The maximum isolation achieved is 29.5 dB by etching the split rectangular structure on the ground of the proposed antenna and on a floated ground between the two patches. The distance between the two elements of the antenna, from edge to edge, is 0.4λ. The design is achieved with CST Studio software.

Characterisation of conspiracy believers and their mental health during the COVID-19 emergency state in Latvia

Background A wave of believers in conspiracies has emerged amid the COVID-19 crisis. The purpose of this study was to characterise an individual who believes in conspiracies and to discover whether believing in them is associated with mental health. Methods Data was collected as an online survey in a randomised, stratified cohort in July 2020 as a part of the National Research Program of Latvia. The precisely selected and segmented database corresponding to the general population of Latvia was used. Non-parametric tests to compare medians and Spearman correlation to measure the strength of the relationship were applied. Results The weighted study sample consisted of 2608 participants. A positive correlation was detected between age and belief in conspiracies among females (r = 0.061; p = 0.017). Median conspiracy theory points were significant as follows: individuals who have primary or high school education (p < 0.001) rather than higher education; females (p < 0.001) who resided in a town (p < 0.001) as opposed to occupying the capital; divorcees (p = 0.022) in contrast with those being in a relationship; along with those being unemployed (p < 0.001) compared to the employed, or students. Depressed respondents more often than healthy individuals believed that COVID-19 was created in a laboratory (p < 0.05), that this virus is a result of a 5G antenna (p < 0.05) and that it is a sign of divine power to destroy our planet (p = 0.001). Conclusion The important messages conveyed to the public should be reviewed so that they are more relatable and comprehensible. Furthermore, additional attention should be paid to critical thinking in education programs.