Antenna Design Research Articles

Directivity Improved Antenna with a Planar Dielectric Lens for Reducing the Physical Size of the On-Vehicle Communication System

As the physical size of a communication system for satellites or unmanned aerial vehicles demands to be reduced, a compact antenna with high directivity is proposed as a core element essential to the wireless device. Instead of using a horn or an array antenna, a unit planar antenna is combined with a surface-modulated lens to convert a low antenna gain to a high antenna gain. The lens is not a metal-patterned PCB but is dielectric, which is neither curved nor very wide. This palm-sized lens comprises pixels with different heights from the backside of PolyPhenylene Sulfide (PPS) as the dielectric base. The antenna gain from the unit antenna of 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm is enhanced by 10 dB with the help of a compact dielectric lens of 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm at 24.5 GHz as the frequency of interest. The antenna design is verified by far-field measurement as well as near-field observation, including sensing a metal object behind a blocking wall by using an RF test bench. Moreover, antenna performance is understood by making a comparison with conventional designs of antennas in terms of directivity and physical sizes.

Implantable small ultra-wideband circularly polarized antenna design for continuous blood pressure monitoring

This paper presents a miniaturized circularly polarized (CP) implantable antenna Ultra-wide bandwidth for continuous blood pressure monitoring. The miniature and CP of the antenna are gained by using a new slot method. The symmetry slots in the radiation patch, two T-shape slots in the GND, coupled with the use of a short pin make the designed antenna with good physical and radiation properties. In simulation, the fractional effective axial ratio bandwidth is 23.6% (2.36–2.94 GHz), and the peak gain is − 28.9 dBi. Its total size is only 17.78 mm3 (0.056 × 0.04 × 0.004 λ03), which size is smaller compared to other antennas with similar performance. A prototype is fabricated and measured. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulation results. And, the radiation patterns have good symmetry both in the simulation and measurement. In addition, the maximum SAR value is in accordance with the IEEE standard safety guidelines (IEEE C95.1-2019).

Symmetric CRLH-TL filter based dual band microstrip antenna design approach

This paper presents a novel filter-based analysis for the conventional rectangular patch antenna (RPA) using the Composite Right/Left-Handed Transmission Line (CRLH-TL) theory. We introduce two circuit models for RPA, described by lumped components and transmission line (TL) elements. An RPA is considered a Symmetric CRLH-TL (SCRLH-TL). We validated the analysis by comparing the circuit model and full-wave analysis simulation results. The TL circuit model error in the full-wave analysis was less than 5%. A dual-band Zeroth-Order Resonant (ZOR) antenna is designed and manufactured based on the introduced Lumped element circuit model, which exhibits filtering characteristics in both bands. We obtain the antenna circuit model by incorporating the RPA lump circuit model with LC resonators. We implemented the antenna structure by combining the RPA and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRR) modeled by the LC resonators. We initialized the antenna center frequency bands for WiMAX 2.45 GHz and 3.60 GHz. The CSRRs control the configuration of the center frequencies. The simulation and measured results are in good agreement. The proposed antenna dimensions are 0.66×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document}0.66×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document}0.012 λg\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\lambda _g$$\\end{document} at 2.45 GHz (43.22×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document}43.22×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document}0.81 mm3). The measured gains are 3.47 dB and 4.64 dB for 2.45 GHz and 3.60 GHz, respectively. Two radiation nulls were observed at 2.09 GHz and 2.98 GHz for the 2.45 GHz band and one radiation null at 3.45 GHz for the 3.60 GHz band. Also, the fractional bandwidth is 4.03% and 1.39%, respectively. The radiation pattern is nearly omnidirectional. The simulated efficiency is 90% for 2.45 GHz and 87% for 3.60 GHz frequency bands.

Advancements and Challenges in Antenna Design and Rectifying Circuits for Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting

The proliferation of smart devices increases the demand for energy-efficient, battery-free technologies essential for sustaining IoT devices in Industry 4.0 and 5G networks, which require zero maintenance and sustainable operation. Integrating radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting with IoT and 5G technologies enables real-time data acquisition, reduces maintenance costs, and enhances productivity, supporting a carbon-free future. This survey reviews the challenges and advancements in RF energy harvesting, focusing on far-field wireless power transfer and powering low-energy devices. It examines miniaturization, circular polarization, fabrication challenges, and efficiency using the metamaterial-inspired antenna, concentrating on improving diode nonlinearity design. This study analyzes key components such as rectifiers, impedance matching networks, and antennas, and evaluates their applications in biomedical and IoT devices. The review concludes with future directions to increase bandwidth, improve power conversion efficiency, and optimize RF energy harvesting system designs.

MEDEA: A New Model for Emulating Radio Antenna Beam Patterns for 21 cm Cosmology and Antenna Design Studies

In 21 cm experimental cosmology, accurate characterization of a radio telescope’s antenna beam response is essential to measure the 21 cm signal. Computational electromagnetic (CEM) simulations estimate the antenna beam pattern and frequency response by subjecting the EM model to different dependencies, or beam hyperparameters, such as soil dielectric constant or orientation with the environment. However, it is computationally expensive to search all possible parameter spaces to optimize the antenna design or accurately represent the beam to the level required for use as a systematic model in 21 cm cosmology. We therefore present the Model for Emulating Directivities and Electric fields of Antennas (MEDEA), an emulator that rapidly and accurately generates far-field radiation patterns over a large hyperparameter space. MEDEA takes a subset of beams simulated by CEM software, spatially decomposes them into coefficients on a complete, linear basis, and then interpolates them to form new beams at arbitrary hyperparameters. We test MEDEA on an analytical dipole and two numerical beams motivated by upcoming lunar lander missions, and then employ MEDEA as a model to fit mock radio spectrometer data to extract covariances on the input beam hyperparameters. We find that the interpolated beams have rms relative errors of at most 10−2 using 20 input beams or less, and that fits to mock data are able to recover the input beam hyperparameters when the model and mock are derived from the same set of beams. When a systematic bias is introduced into the mock data, extracted beam hyperparameters exhibit bias, as expected. We propose several extensions to MEDEA to potentially account for such bias.

Non-uniformly Spaced Antenna Arrays with Overlapped Elements Constraint

In the literature, inter-element spacing antenna design methods have been widely discussed and presented as an alternative approach to element excitation amplitude and/or phase control methods that may be relied upon to achieve the required array pattern shapes. However, methods associated with non-uniformly distributed elements suffer from the element overlap problem, where some of the optimized element locations may overlap each other and cause changes in the overall array aperture length. Practically, these element overlaps cannot be implemented, due to the physical antenna element size, without omitting some of them. Consequently, the overall performance of the antenna array is degraded. Further, degradation may occur when considering phased arrays with scanned main beams. In this paper, we first illustrate the effect of the problem of overlapped element locations and then we propose two approaches based on the genetic algorithm to optimize non-uniformly spaced arrays with overlapped element locations, while simultaneously preserving the array's directivity. To solve the problem of overlapping and to determine the physical array element size, the minimum element-spacing constraints are incorporated in a simple way in the proposed approaches. Thus, the time required to perform optimization-related computations is greatly reduced. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the two proposed solutions, where the probability of the elements overlapping has been reduced to zero under specific conditions related to the locations of the some of the elements, while the peak sidelobe levels were always kept below -15 dB and directivity was maintained, to the extent possible, at the level of that of standard uniformly spaced arrays.

Design of dual-band filtering patch antenna based on SIR multimode resonator

Abstract With the development of the communication field, more and more communication devices need multiple single-frequency antennas to work simultaneously. However, using multiple single-frequency antennas results in larger sizes. The miniaturized and dual-band communication system has become a new development trend. This paper designs a dual-band filtering patch antenna based on a multimode resonator, which is cascaded. The filter resonator part adopts step impedance resonance for branch shunt design, which can flexibly control the center frequency of two frequency bands. The filtering antenna utilizes a dual-layer substrate structure and achieves an integrated design through coupling probe feeding. This reduces the horizontal dimensions and improves miniaturization. Multiple radiation nulls are introduced outside the two-passband, and roll-off characteristics are evident. In addition, this design realizes high selectivity in the operating band. The antenna has large gains of 1.71 dBi and 6.25 dBi. It has good filtering and radiation characteristics.

A novel multifunctional chiral metasurface with asymmetric transmission

The multiband, multifunctional chiral metasurface with asymmetric transmission exhibits significant potential for diverse applications in modern communication systems, ranging from enhanced signal modulation and polarization control to advanced beam steering and compact antenna design. This research presents a versatile and advanced chiral metasurface operating at multiple bands with diverse functionalities, including asymmetric transmission. The proposed metasurface effectively transforms an incoming Linearly Polarized (LP) wave into a Circularly Polarized (CP) wave. Additionally, it functions as a 90° polarization rotator for the incident LP wave. The design starts with an element of a 2 × 2 supercell comprising a Square Split Ring Resonator (SSRR) and an I-shaped resonator. The right diagonal elements of a supercell undergo scaling down, giving rise to a rotational asymmetry. Chirality is introduced into the design, and cross polarization conversion is enhanced by rotating all four elements by 90° relative to each other. On the back side of the substrate, each element undergoes a 90° rotation compared to its counterpart on the front side, realizing the asymmetric transmission feature. The incorporation of multiband and multifunctional features within a single supercell equips the subject chiral metasurface to be utilized in various engineering applications.

Design and investigation of UWB antenna with triple notched band for 5G wireless communication

ABSTRACT Two novel antennas are presented in this article. UWB and UWB antenna with triple notched band are designed using an elliptical array structure. To improve the gain and the impedance bandwidth, a new methodology for optimization of an elliptical array UWB antenna with an uncentered feedline model is presented. Based on the Response Surface Modelling, two parameters (Wopt1 and Wopt2) control the return loss of UWB antenna. The mathematical models of S11 is developed using non-regression analysis, and this antenna can be used for various applications such as Wi-Fi, 5 G, 4 G LTE, X-Band application, C-Band application. The band rejection technique is implemented to designed triple notched UWB antenna to reduce the cost of the UWB channel. The first band (2–3 GHz) is rejected by embedding a rectangular stub on the modified partial ground plane on UWB antenna. By etching a three rectangular slot on the elliptical array radiator, two notched bands 2–3 GHz and 5–6 GHz bands are rejected. By embedding two arcs on the elliptical array radiator, triple interfacing bands 2–3 GHz, 5–6 GHz, and 7.8–8.4 GHz are rejected. Two proposed antennas are designed using FR4 substrate and fabricated and verified experimentally. This antenna offers excellent performance and is well-suited for 5 G wireless communications.

Enhanced Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna with SSRR metamaterial for improved 5G performance in the 38 GHz band

This study involves the integration of a compact Antipodal Vivaldi Antenna (AVA) with a square-shaped split ring resonator (SSRR) metamaterial to achieve improved performance, specifically in the 38 GHz band of 5G applications. The compact antenna is fabricated on Roger's substrate 5880 with 20 x 6 x 0.5 mm3 dimensions. The operational frequency ranges from 34 GHz to 43.8 GHz, catering to the specific needs of the 5G spectrum. To optimize the antenna's performance, corrugations are strategically introduced in the flares of the AVA, resulting in a notable improvement in the front-to-back ratio (FBR) by 18.35 dB. Additionally, square-shaped split ring resonators (SSRRs) are integrated into the AVA aperture, contributing to a gain enhancement of 4.6 dBi. The overall design achieves a gain ranging from 9.2 dBi to 10.4 dBi across the 38 GHz frequency band. The proposed AVA demonstrates good characteristics, with the highest front-to-back (FBR) value recorded at 20.4 dB at 40.6 GHz. The FBR consistently exceeds 15.6 dB throughout the specified frequency range. The antenna design is fabricated, simulated, and experimentally verified, affirming its suitability for compact 5G devices. The results indicate that the proposed miniaturized AVA, incorporating SSRR metamaterial and optimized flare corrugations, is an efficient candidate for compact 5G devices, offering enhanced gain and FBR over the desired frequency band.

Evaluating antenna phase center variation effects on tropospheric delay retrieval using a low-cost dual-frequency GNSS receiver

Abstract This study examines the impact of Phase Center Variation (PCV) corrections on Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD) accuracy using a low-cost U-blox ZED-F9P receiver paired with three different antenna configurations: the high-grade TRM57971 antenna, the moderate-grade AS-ANT3BCAL antenna, and the low-cost ANN-MB-00 antenna. Among the three antennas evaluated, the low-cost antenna exhibited the largest PCV magnitude and a pronounced elevation angle dependence. In contrast, the other two antennas demonstrated lower levels of PCV variation. Without PCV corrections, the low-cost antenna showed significant ZWD biases compared to reference values. Applying PCV corrections significantly improved its accuracy, reducing bias and RMS by 88% and 79%, respectively. Moderate- and high-grade antennas experienced minimal improvement with correction. All antennas exhibited remarkable day-to-day repeatability in their residual patterns, despite variations observed in the RMS of phase residuals. This observed repeatability is likely attributable to the presence of unmodeled multipath contributions. The variations in RMS, in turn, can be primarily ascribed to inherent differences in multipath resistance among the antenna designs. This study highlights the critical role of PCV corrections for accurate ZWD estimation with low-cost GNSS receivers. Future research should prioritize the acquisition of manufacturer-provided calibration data for low-cost antennas to streamline and enhance the accuracy of PCV correction applications. Moreover, efforts should be directed toward developing innovative solutions, such as low-cost, multipath-resistant antennas or advanced signal processing algorithms, to mitigate the impact of multipath errors. By addressing these areas, low-cost GNSS solutions can become more reliable and cost-effective tools for tropospheric delay estimation.

Design and Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Patch Array Antenna at 2.4GHz for WLAN

Design and Analysis of Slotted Microstrip Patch Array Antenna at 2.4GHz for WLAN

Design of A Rectangular Patch Microstrip Array Antenna with Proximity Coupled On ADS-B Receiver

One of the observation facilities available in Indonesia was Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B), a surveillance technology similar to Radio Detection and Ranging for monitoring air traffic. This system only received information transmissions from aircraft, broadcast on a frequency of 1090 MHz using a monopole antenna with large dimensions, ranging from 85 centimeters to 3,5 meters, and weighing between 1,5 kilograms to 26 kilograms. As an alternative, a microstrip antenna was chosen to reduce the large size and weight of the monopole antenna. This research aimed to design a 2x1 rectangular patch microstrip array antenna with a proximity coupled feeding method at a frequency of 1090 MHz. The antenna was designed using Antenna Design Software and fabricated using Epoxy substrate material with a copper ground plane. The simulation results showed a Return Loss of -28,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28,87 MHz, Impedance 52,4 Ω, and Gain 8,49 decibels. The measurement results showed a Return Loss of -30,87 decibels, VSWR 1,07, Bandwidth 28 MHz, Impedance 48,91 Ω, and Gain 6,4 decibels. The test results demonstrated that the antenna successfully received signals from 32 aircraft, with the longest reception distance reaching 172,5 Nautical Miles (319.4 kilometer) at a maximum altitude of 36,950 feet.

Design and analysis of graphene-based PBG and EBG array antennas for wideband and multiband mm-wave applications

This paper presents a graphene-based PBG, EBG array antenna design with 40 × 40 mm2 dimensions for wide and multiband applications. The corporate CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) feeding technique is integrated with the ring, meander line, and periodic staircase with a slot pattern and augmented by conductive graphene for Electromagnetic Band Gap and Photonic Band Gap structures on the opposite side. This integration significantly enhances antenna performance, manifesting in superior radiation properties, increased gain, enhanced directivity, and resonating behavior with return loss of 16.4, 21.7, and 22.45 27.0, 25.3 dB in range of 24–25.25 GHz, 26.29–28.1 GHz, and 28.8–35.95 GHz and five bands with return loss of 26.1 , 21.1 , 22.2 , 31 , and 15.5 dB in range of 25.28–26.25, 28.1–29.4, 30.7–33.5, 34–35.5, 36.2–40.0 GHz that covers wideband and Multiband applications concerning PBG and EBG structures, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed antennae exhibit peak gains of 8 dBi at 26.53 GHz and 9 dBi at 32 GHz, corresponding 86.1% and 79.4% peak efficiencies and ensure robust circular polarization at resonating notches cover the mm-Wave 5G frequency bands n257, n258, n259, n260, and n261 for 5G applications, supporting ultra-fast data rates and low-latency communication with ground-based radio navigation applications.

Correction: A novel design of non-bending narrow wall slotted waveguide array antenna for X-band wireless network applications

Correction: A novel design of non-bending narrow wall slotted waveguide array antenna for X-band wireless network applications

Comparative Analysis of an 8 – Stage Cockcroft Walton Voltage Multiplier and A Dickson Voltage Multiplier in The Context of Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting

Purpose: This study seeks to enhance voltage multipliers for Radio Frequency (RF) energy harvesting, with an emphasis on increasing the efficiency of harvested energy. This improvement is vital for sustainable energy applications and reducing environmental pollution caused by fossil fuels. Theoretical reference: RF energy harvesting technology is gaining recognition as a viable sustainable method for capturing ambient energy, with earlier research primarily focused on antenna and circuit design. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of energy harvesting is still constrained by inadequate power output. This study expands on prior research by directly comparing two commonly utilized voltage multipliers, the Cockcroft Walton and Dickson multipliers, in the context of RF energy harvesting. Method: The Cockcroft Walton and Dickson voltage multipliers were optimally designed using Multisim and their performance was analysed using MATLAB. The comparison was conducted at an input voltage of 1V within two frequency ranges: 85 MHz – 110 MHz (FM band) and 1.8 GHz – 3.0 GHz (4G band). Output voltages for both multipliers were recorded and compared across these frequency bands. Results and Conclusion: At an input voltage of 1V within the FM band (85 MHz – 110 MHz), the Dickson voltage multiplier outperformed the Cockcroft Walton multiplier, delivering an output voltage of 11.1V compared to 6.6V. However, in the 4G band (1.8 GHz – 3.0 GHz), the Cockcroft Walton multiplier was more effective, providing a maximum output voltage of 5.2V against Dickson's 4.1V. The study concludes that the Dickson multiplier is more suitable for harvesting RF energy from the FM band, while the Cockcroft Walton multiplier is better for 4G band energy harvesting. Implications of research: The findings suggest that different RF energy harvesting applications may benefit from distinct voltage multipliers, depending on the frequency band in question. This could guide the design of more efficient RF energy harvesting circuits in future technologies aimed at sustainable energy solutions. Originality/value: This study offers a direct comparison of two voltage multipliers under different RF frequency conditions, providing valuable insights into optimizing energy harvesting technologies for green energy applications. The results help advance the understanding of efficient circuit design for specific RF frequency bands, contributing to the development of more effective energy harvesting systems.

Beam steerable MIMO antenna based on conformal passive reflective metasurface for 5G millimeter wave applications

A conformal reflective metasurface fed by a dual-band multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is proposed for low-cost beam steering applications in 5G Millimeter-wave frequency bands. The beam steering is accomplished by selecting a specific port of MIMO antenna. Each MIMO port is associated with a beam that points in a different direction due to a conformal reflective metasurface. This novel conformal metasurface antenna design has the advantages of higher gain, lower cost, a simpler feeding source, and a lower profile when compared to traditional reflective metasurfaces using bulky horn antennas and phased arrays with complex feeding networks and phase shifters for beam steering. The proposed beam steering antenna consists of a compact five-element dual-band MIMO and a 32×32\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$32 \ imes 32$$\\end{document} unit-cell conformal dual-band reflective metasurface placed at the top of the MIMO antenna to obtain the beam steering capability as well as gain enhancement. The proposed reflective metasurface has a stable response under oblique incidence angles of up to 600\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$60^0$$\\end{document} at 24 GHz and 38 GHz and its symmetric, single-layer structure, ensures polarization insensitivity and stable response under conformal conditions. The presented MIMO antenna design is not only compact but also offers a wideband response effectively covering the desired 5G mm-wave frequency bands. The overall size of the MIMO antenna alone is 70 ×\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\ imes$$\\end{document} 12 mm2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {mm}^2$$\\end{document} with a maximum gain of 5.4 and 7.2 dB. It is further improved up to 13.1 and 14.2 dB at 24 and 38 GHz respectively, with a beam steering range of ś400\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$40^0$$\\end{document} by using a conformal reflective metasurface. Unlike the existing beam steering strategies, the suggested method is not only cost-effective but also increases the overall directivity and gain of the source MIMO antenna. The measured results agree with the simulated results, making it a potential candidate in the 5G and beyond beam steering applications.

Compact Ultra-Wideband MIMO Antenna for 5G Communication Systems

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is highly respected in modern communication systems because it can enable high-speed, high-data-rate communication over short distances. It is still difficult to achieve optimal multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) performance in real-world multipath settings, even with breakthroughs in traditional antenna designs. UWB-MIMO antenna solutions have been created and simulated in order to address this problem and fulfill present demands. Nevertheless, maintaining high antenna efficiency and the requirement for antenna designs tailored to a particular bandwidth are two of the difficulties UWB systems must overcome. Recently, a variety of optimization strategies have been employed to obtain high gain and UWB performance by fine-tuning antenna characteristics. The major obstacles are resolved by the optimization process, including the time and computational resource requirements. The difficulty is further compounded by the intricacy of accurately modifying antenna settings to maximize gain. A multi-objective advancement for the design and improvement of the reduced UWB-MIMO test radio wire for 5G was offered as a solution to these problems. In order to attain the UWB feature, we first aim to use a single elliptical-square form antenna that operates from 3.4 to 70 GHz with isolation larger than 29.54 dB. Furthermore, we optimize the impedance bandwidth by tuning the parameters of the structural dimensions using the improved proportional topology optimization (IPTO) technique. Additionally, we present the orthogonal correction using the binarized convolutional neural network (BCNN).

A dual-band dipole array antenna with fan-beam radiation for biomedical and telecommunications applications

This study introduces a new technique for achieving dual-band functionality in a printed dipole antenna with integrated balun feeding without additional elements. By employing an optimization algorithm, the fundamental parameters of the antenna are extracted, resulting in an antenna design that operates effectively in two distinct frequency bands of 2.4–2.5 and 5–6 GHz for WLAN/ISM and biomedical applications. By implementing the proposed design in a two-element array structure, the antenna successfully achieved a fan-beam radiation pattern in both frequencies. The array antenna exhibits fan-beam radiation patterns and peak gains of 6.90 dB and 7.84 dB, respectively, in two frequency bands: 2.06–2.52 GHz and 5.09–5.93 GHz. According to the proposed design, the array antenna has measured half-power beamwidths (HPBWs) of 38.34° and 25.14° in the two frequencies specified. The overall dimensions of the antenna are 1.100λ × 0.563λ × 0.004λ. This research design offers advantages such as smaller dimensions, higher gain, and a more straightforward structure compared to dual-band array antennas with fan beam radiation patterns.

The Design and Analysis of circular Patch Antennas with Defective Ground Structures (DGS) for C and X-Band Applications

The Design and Analysis of circular Patch Antennas with Defective Ground Structures (DGS) for C and X-Band Applications