Antenatal Mothers Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factor of anemia among pregnant women admitted in antenatal ward in PBMH Bhubaneswar, Odisha.

Anemia is one of the contributing factors for morbidity and mortality during pregnancy in developing country including India, which eventually leads to fetal and maternal consequences. Growing fetus depends completely on mothers for all its growth and maturity. Anemia is one of the nutritional deficiency disorders and around 56% of women are suffering from anemia in India. It is one of the reasons for maternal deaths and fetal complication during pregnancy. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anemia and to determine the risk factors of anemia among pregnant women in PBMH hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of 1 month from October 11, 2022, to November 11, 2022, from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of Pradyumna Bal Memorial Hospital KIMS, Bhubaneswar. A total sample comprised of 52 pregnant women who were interviewed by using self-structured questionnaire for data collection and classification of anemia was performed according to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) criteria. A total of 52 antenatal mothers were admitted during this study period (October 11, 2022, to November 11, 2022), and all were selected as study sample. The incidence of anemia among antenatal mother in PBM hospital was found as follows: 17 (33%) mild, 04 (07%) moderate, and 02 (04%) were severe in this present study. The most common indication of anemia among antenatal mother as per the present study was found to be H/O infection (21%), chronic malaria (15%), hook worm (27%), and birth interval (42%). The study implies that the prevalence rate of Anemia is high, that is, 44.2%. Spacing between pregnancy and H/O infection plays a significant role in considering anemia in pregnant women, which eventually affects both maternal and fetal condition.

Nutrition, stress, and healthcare use during pregnancy are associated with low birth weight: evidence from a case-control study in West Ethiopia.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) remains a major public health concern globally, especially in lower and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia in general and in the study area in particular there is limited evidence regarding maternal factors associated with low birth weight. This study aimed to identify the maternal factors associated with low birth weight among neonates born in public health facilities in the west Wollega zone, West Ethiopia. We used a case-control study design and selected participant mothers with a newborn using the delivery database from three public hospitals and five health centers, between March 2022 and April 2022. Cases were identified using a newborn birth weight of <2,500 grams. Controls were identified using a newborn birth weight of ≥2,500 grams. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and chart review were used for data collection. Model fitness was assessed by Hosmer and Lemenshow goodness-of-fit test, including multi-collinearity checks. Candidate predictor variables were selected (using a value of p <0.25 in bivariable logistic regression models) for multivariable logistic regression to quantify the association between independent variables and LBW, expressed using Odds Ratios (OR) with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Mean and Standard Deviation (SD), all such values. A total of 324 mothers with their newborns (81 cases and 243 controls) were eligible for inclusion. The mean age of participants was 27.9 years (SD 6.4) in cases and 25 years (SD 3.9) in controls. Mean birth weight was 2,128 grams (SD 1,697) in cases and 2,988 grams (SD 378) in controls. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, lack of nutritional counseling (OR = 2.4; 95%CI: 1.24-4.72), maternal middle upper arm circumference of <23 cm (OR = 3.1; 95%CI: 1.64-5.91), maternal stress during pregnancy (OR = 2.8; 95% CI:1.23-6.36), and antenatal follow up less than four visits (OR = 2.8; 95% CI: 1.12-6.82) were independently associated with LBW. In this study, lack of nutritional counseling, maternal undernutrition, maternal stress during pregnancy, and antenatal follow-up visits less than recommended were associated with LBW. Special attention should be given to promoting antenatal care and counseling mothers on nutrition and relaxation to prevent stress during pregnancy.

Effectiveness of Self-Instructional Module on Knowledge Regarding Natural Birthing Methods among Antenatal Mothers

Background:This study aims to assess the effectiveness of self -instructional - module on knowledge regarding natural birthing methods among antenatal mothers of selected hospitals. It is quasi experimental research. Purpose of the study was to know the pre assessment knowledge regarding natural birthing methods followed by the intervention, which included administration of self-instruction-module, which was based on the content related to natural birthing methods. After administration post evaluation of the knowledge score was done to compare the effectiveness of the intervention.&#x0D; Material and method: A quasi experimental research design was used while the approach utilized was quantitative. Pre-test- post-test control group research design was used for the study. The study was done at tertiary hospital of a cosmopolitan city, while the samples were antenatal mothers who were attending the OPD’s. Data collection tool used was a structured questionnaire on natural birthing methods which included demographic questions and knowledge based questions. Analysis was done by using descriptive inferential statistics.&#x0D; Result:Results revealed that experimental group knowledge score in pre-test was 9.2 as compared to 11.2 in the post-test for the p-value of 0.05. In control group, knowledge score in pre-test was 8 as compared to 8.5 in the post-test. Association was found with the demographic variable of education&#x0D; Conclusion: Average mean difference in knowledge score in antenatal mothers in experimental group was significantly higher than that in control group hence It is evident that the self-instructional module is significantly effective in improving the knowledge among antenatal mothers regarding natural birthing methods.

A Study to assess the effectiveness of back massage with Olive oil for pain relief among antenatal women during first stage of labor at Sangareddy Hospital, Ts

The present study aimed at A study to assess the effectiveness of back massage with Olive oil for pain relief among antenatal women during first stage of labor at Sangareddy, hospital, Ts. A quantitative evaluative research approach was used for this study. The conceptual framework used for this study was Modified Ludwig and Bertalanffy, general system theory. Random sampling technique was used to select the antenatal mother. Structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and Pretest and posttest pain assessment was done by using numeric pain rating scale. The discussion of the present study is based on the findings obtained from descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of collected data."

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Antenatal Care Among Primigravida Mothers in Selected Rural Area, at Wankaner

The improvement of knowledge regarding Antenatal care among primigravida mothers in antenatal care unit has an important role in enabling the effectiveness of structured teaching programmed as an independence nursing intervention. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of STP on knowledge regarding Antenatal care primigravida mothers in antenatal care units.

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge Regarding Antenatal Care Among Primigravida Mothers in Selected Rural Area, at Wankaner

The improvement of knowledge regarding Antenatal care among primigravida mothers in antenatal care unit has an important role in enabling the effectiveness of structured teaching programmed as an independence nursing intervention. The objective of the study is to assess the effectiveness of STP on knowledge regarding Antenatal care primigravida mothers in antenatal care units.

Effectiveness of mHealth Interventions for Monitoring Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Antenatal care (ANC) is essential in maternal and child health since it provides care to pregnant women from conception through to labour in order to ensure a safe pregnancy and childbirth. In recent years, mobile health (mHealth) interventions have emerged as a promising solution to improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The present study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of trials to evaluate the effectiveness of mHealth interventions to monitor prenatal care among pregnant women in LMICs. A systematic literature review was conducted using the databases CINHAL, Embase, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO on the effectiveness of mHealth interventions in monitoring the antenatal care of pregnant women. The study selection, data extraction of the included articles, and quality appraisal were assessed. Our study included six studies considering 7886 participants. All articles were from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Antenatal mothers who used a mobile health intervention were more likely (RR = 1.66, 95%CI = 1.07-2.58, I2 = 98%) to attend ANC check-ups when compared with the women who did not use any mobile health applications or did not receive any short message services. mHealth technologies are being utilised more and more to increase care accessibility and improve maternal and fetal health. Policymakers should prioritise the integration of mHealth interventions into maternal healthcare services in LMICs, ensuring that they are cost-effective, accessible, and sustainable and that healthcare workers are trained to deliver these interventions effectively.

Risk Perception, Fear and Anxiety of COVID-19 among Antenatal Mothers

Background: COVID-19 is a new disease and is having the most devastating effects globally, its emergence and spread are causing confusion, anxiety and fear among the general public. Antenatal mothers are the most critical population group which needs additional precautions against COVID-19 due to risk of vertical transmission. The prenatal anxiety, depression and stress are also considered as prevalent health issues among pregnant women. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the risk perception, fear and anxiety of COVID-19 among antenatal mothers, to find out relationship between risk perception, levels of fear and anxiety among antenatal mothers and to measure association between risk perception, fear and anxiety with selected variables. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was used to assess among antenatal mothers using non-probability convenient sampling technique in Antenatal OPD of Gandaki Medical College Teaching Hospital Research Centre, Kaski District. Data was collected by using semi-structured interview with Likert scale to measure risk perception, fear and anxiety among antenatal mothers. Results: Most of the respondents (83.3 %) had low, 9.3% had moderate, 7.4% had high perceived score. Three fourth of the respondents (71%) had mild to moderate fear with mean FCOVID-19 score of 2-3, 17.3% had score of 1 and only 11.7% had 4-5 FCOVID-19 score. Almost half of the respondents (46.3%) had no or little anxiety, 26.5% had moderate anxiety, 21.6% had mild anxiety and 5.6% had severe anxiety disorder. There was significant strong positive correlation among risk perception, fear and anxiety (p- value &lt;0.05). There was a significant association between ethnicity and generalized anxiety disorder, education level and fear, occupation and risk perception, family type and generalized anxiety disorder (p-value &lt;0.05).

Effectiveness of Ginger Tea in Reducing Morning Sickness among First-Trimester Primi Antenatal Mothers: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Effectiveness of Ginger Tea in Reducing Morning Sickness among First-Trimester Primi Antenatal Mothers: A Quasi-Experimental Study

Comparison of Michaelis Rhombus, Height and Foot Length of Patient in Prediction of Mode of Delivery

Background: The Michaelis rhombus, a diamond-shaped area in the lower back is easy to measure. During labor it is thought to move posteriorly, pushing out the wings of the ileum and increasing the diameter of the pelvis. Comparison of Michaelis Rhombus, height and foot length of patient in has been used as a simple means to identify women at risk of cephalo-pelvic disproportion and help in prediction of a safe mode of delivery. Aim and Objective: The present study was conducted to evaluate the Michaelis rhombus as predictor of contracted pelvis and to compare its efficacy to other measures like maternal height and foot length of labouring and or antenatal mothers. Method: This is a Prospective Observational comparative study conducted on 220 antenatal pregnant women who were admitted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, R. D. Gardi Medical college and C.R.G. Hospital, Surasa, Ujjain (M.P.), India. This study was carried out on pregnant women in the age group of 19-35 years, which were coming for delivery in our hospital with gestational age &gt;36 weeks. Result: Out of 220 subjects 190 delivered by normal delivery and 30 subjects by LSCS. Transverse diagonal was significantly lower in LSCS mean 9.53±0.69 cm as compared to normal delivery where transverse diagonal [mean 10.59±0.55 cm] (p = 0.000). Vertical diagonal was lower in LSCS cases (mean 10.73±0.87 cm) as compare to normal delivery where vertical diagonal (mean 11.94±0.73 cm). Foot length was significantly lower in LSCS cases with mean 23.12±1.28 cm as compared to normal delivery with mean 24.48±1.05 cm. Height was significantly lower in LSCS cases with mean 148.23±5.56 cm as compared to normal delivery with mean 153.94±3.31 cm. Conclusion: Anthropometric parameters like Michaelis rhombus, height, foot length can be used as predictor of contracted pelvis. These measurements help to increase ease of patient for clinical assessment of pelvis by decreasing multiple per vaginal examination, thereby decreasing chances of infection.

Comparison of Clinical and Radiological Findings for the Prediction of Scar Integrity in Women With Previous Lower Segment Cesarean Sections.

We aimed to compare the clinical and radiological findings to predict scar integrity in term antenatal mothers with a previous lower segment cesarean section (LSCS). This prospective study was conducted in the obstetrics and gynecology department of LN Medical College, Bhopal, India, from August 2020 to August 2021. We included all pregnant women with term gestation (37+0 to 42+0 weeks) who were admitted either for elective repeat LSCS or for emergency LSCS and had a history of a previous LSCS. A detailed history and clinical examinations were performed. We noted the presence of scar tenderness and conducted transabdominal ultrasound (USG) to assess the integrity of the uterine scar in all women. During surgery, the surgeon identified the lower uterine segment scar and graded it as normal, thinned-out, dehiscent, or ruptured. We calculated sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) for both clinical findings (scar tenderness) and ultrasound findings as predictors of scar integrity. A total of 60 pregnant women were included in the study. During a repeat cesarean section, we found a thinned-out scar in 26 women out of 60 (43.3%). Out of 60 women, 13 had scar tenderness, and among these 13 women, 12 had thinned-out scars intraoperatively. Forty-seven women had no scar tenderness; 14 had thinned-out scars intraoperatively. The sensitivity of scar tenderness as a predictor of a thinned-out scar was 46.2%, specificity was 97.1%, PPV was 92.3%, and NPV was 70.2%. Whereas the sensitivity of ultrasound scar thickness as a predictor of a thinned-out scar was only 19.2%, with a specificity of 94.1%, a PPV of 71.4%, and an NPVof 60.4%. Thus, we documented a significant correlation between intraoperative and clinical findings (κ = 0.46; p<0.05), but no agreement could be found between ultrasound and intraoperative findings (p>0.05). Clinically evident scar tenderness continues to be a useful parameter to predict intraoperative scar status.

Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Programme on Knowledge and Attitude regarding Antenatal Exercises among Antenatal Mothers

Background: Antenatal care is the primary factor in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. It includes like nutrition, immunization, rest and sleep, personal hygiene and exercise. During pregnancy the specific discomforts can be relieved by doing regular antenatal exercises. Objectives: Effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge and attitude regarding antenatal exercises among antenatal mothers. Design: Quasi-experimental of one group pretest-posttest design was adopted for this study. Setting: Antenatal clinic at Adiparasakthi hospital and research institute, Melmaruvattur. Participants: 60 Antenatal mothers from 16-40 weeks of gestational age fulfilling the inclusion criteria were selected by simple random sampling. Methods: A planned teaching programme was conducted for 45 minutes after pre test. Audio visual aids related to antenatal exercises were demonstrated to the antenatal mothers with the help of B.SC (N) final year students. After 7 days of STP, post test was conducted with the same questionnaire for the same group of mothers. The collected data were tabulated, analysed and interpreted by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: In the post test knowledge out of 60 antenatal mothers, 80% had acquired adequate knowledge, and 78% of them had good attitude in post-test. The paired t-test showed that the teaching programme was statistically significant at p&lt;0.05 level. The knowledge of antenatal mothers has been markedly increased after structured teaching programme. The chi-square test showed a significant association between knowledge and attitude of antenatal mothers with their demographic variables.

Effectiveness of Planned Health Teaching on Knowledge regarding Pregnancy Induced Hypertension among Antenatal Mothers in selected rural area

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are among the leading causes of maternal and perinatal deaths in developing countries. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy rank high among the causes of maternal mortality and morbidity. Thus emphasizing the need to address this problem in order to ensure health and well-being of antenatal mothers. Methods: A pre experimental one group pre-test post-test study on effectiveness of planned health teaching on knowledge regarding pregnancy induced hypertension among antenatal mothers in selected rural area. Total 60 mothers were selected by method of Probability simple random sampling technique as per the inclusion criteria. Pre- test was conducted to assess the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding pregnancy induced hypertension using structured knowledge questionnaire on day ‘1’. On the same day planned health teaching was also administered to antenatal mothers regarding pregnancy induced hypertension. On 7th day Post-test was conducted to assess the gain in knowledge using the same planned health teaching on the same sample. Finding: The pre-test mean score was 5.25 and the post-test mean score was 13.65. Thus there was significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge. Paired ‘t’ test was applied and calculated t value is 15.56 at 59 degree of freedom which is higher than the tabulated value 7.45 at 5% level of significance. Hence it was statistically interpreted that planned health teaching on pregnancy induced hypertension was effective. There was significant association of post-test knowledge with selected demographic variables that is age, Education and occupation as chi-square value is 13.52 and 14.20 respectively higher than the table value at 5% of significance which was statistically accepted. Hence it can be concluded that the study concluded that the planned health teaching as effective in improving the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding pregnancy induced hypertension.

A STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BENSON’S RELAXATION THERAPY IN ANXIETY BETWEEN PRE-TEST TO POST-TEST AMONG EXPERIMENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS WITH HIGH-RISK ANTENATAL MOTHERS AT SELECTED HOSPITALS IN WARANGAL, TELANGANA

In 2017, every day approximately 808 women died due to pregnancy complications. Most of the deaths occurred in low-resource countries. The primary causes of maternal deaths are hemorrhage, hypertension, infections, and indirect causes like accidental or incidental causes. Mostly due to interactions between medical conditions and pregnancy complications. A quantitative research approach was adopted for this study. The research design used for the present study was quasi experimental, non-equivalent group design. The population included in this study was high-risk antenatal mothers with anxiety at selected hospitals, in Warangal, Telangana. Government Maternity Hospital at Warangal, Telangana. Kalyani Nursing Home at Warangal, Telangana. Sri Laxmi Maternity Hospital, Warangal, Telangana. had been selected for undertaking this look at. Hospitals have nicely prepared and established specialized separate Obstetrics and Gynaecological department with close to 100 Outpatient go to in line with day, nearly general a hundred of inpatient bed satisfy through ordinary admission and nearly greater than 100 affected persons visit hospital for regular consultancy in OPD in line with day. The sample size consist of 500 high risk antenatal mothers with anxiety at selected hospitals, Warangal, Telangana. Non probability Convenience sampling technique was used for this study.

Effectiveness of Progressive Muscle Relaxation Therapy on Pregnancy Outcomes among Stressed and Anxious Primigravida Antenatal Mothers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background: Progressive muscle relaxation therapy is an anxiety and stress reducing method. Anxiety and stress during antenatal period cause many adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes; therefore require early screening and management of those conditions to improve pregnancy outcomes. Objective: Our objective was to evaluate effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation therapy in improving pregnancy outcomes among primigravida mothers in Badulla district. Methods: A community-based cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted among 288 primigravida mothers in latter stage of second trimester who screened to have anxiety or stress or both by Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21). 144 primigravida mothers were recruited to each intervention and control arms from six selected Medical Officer of Health areas in Badulla district. Pregnancy outcomes were compared in both arms at one month post-partum by calculating Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results: Pregnancy outcomes at one month post-partum showed significant differences in the control arm compared to the intervention arm; in caesarean section or assisted vaginal delivery (OR = 2.44; 95% CI = 1.34, 4.46), delivery of baby before 37 weeks of gestation (OR = 2.35; 95% CI = 1.31, 4.21), prolong labour (OR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.05, 23.27) and experienced post-natal complications in babies (OR = 2.12; 95% CI = 1.03, 4.35).Conclusions: Progressive muscle relaxation therapy was effective in improving pregnancy outcomes in primigravida mothers.

Utilization of antenatal services and related factors in aspirational tribal district of eastern Gujarat

Background: The number of antenatal visit &amp; timing of first visit are important for health of mother and outcome of pregnancy, it is proved by research studies that earlier registration and regular ANC visits helps in preventing adverse pregnancy outcomes. Various study shows that ANC utilization varies with mothers age, occupation, education, income, parity, place of resident, availability and cost of services. Methods: A Community based cross-sectional study was conducted. The Anganwadi centres were taken as the study area, the study participants were postnatal women up to 42 days after delivery. The primary data collection was done using semi-structured questionnaire by recall method after taking written informed consent. The details of antenatal visits and service utilization were asked. Results: Most of the participants uses the ANC packages however optimal utilization is lacking. 49.24% has taken ≥4 ANC visits. 58.97% have taken ≥180 IFA tablets while 30.40% have visited for their first Ante-natal visit within 12 weeks. Ante-natal mothers who were working and those belonging to lower middle class visited less than 4 times for ante-natal visits. Ante-natal mother below 20 years of age were having lower consumption IFA tablets. &gt;12 weeks for 1st Ante-natal visit was taken by Ante-natal mothers who were working and belonging to middle class. Conclusions: There is suboptimal utilization of the ante-natal service package. Pregnant woman who were daily wage worker as well as middle class and lower class reported less visits and delay in reporting health facility.

CORRELATION BETWEEN PERCEPTIONS OF QUALITY ANTENATAL CARE SERVICES TO PATIENT SATISFACTION OF PREGNANT WOMEN DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Background: Quality antenatal care services play a very important role in reducing MMR and IMR. With quality antenatal care, mothers and babies can get essential services, identify risk factors immediately, and get access to emergency help amid the COVID-19 pandemic as it is now. The quality of health services is related to patient satisfaction. Satisfaction can provide a good start, create repeat patient visits and provide recommendations for other pregnant women patients. Objective: Analyzing the relationship between perceptions of the quality of antenatal care services and patient satisfaction of pregnant women at the Public Health Center during the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: this type of research is an observational analytic with a cross-sectional design. The number of samples is 73 respondents, the sample is taken by non-probability sampling with consecutive sampling technique. The independent variable is the perceived quality of antenatal services. The dependent variable is patient satisfaction. The instrument used was a google form questionnaire, and the data analysis using the Spearman rank test. Result: the majority of respondents gave good perceptions on the dimensions of reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and direct evidence. Respondents with good perceptions were more than half satisfied, while respondents with sufficient perceptions were mostly dissatisfied with antenatal care services. Spearman's rank test results for each dimension obtained P=0.001 (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between perceptions of the quality of antenatal care services and patient satisfaction of pregnant women at the Public Health Center during the COVID-19 pandemic..&#x0D; &#x0D; keyword : Perception, Quality of service, COVID-19

A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Antenatal Exercises on Outcome of Pregnancy Among Antenatal Women Attending Antenatal Clinic, in G S Medical College and Hospital, at Hapur

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of antenatal exercise on outcome of pregnancy. Evaluation was done by experiments through the true experimental post –test control group. Convenient sample technique was used to assess the effectiveness of 60 samples in selected hospital of Hapur.30 samples in experimental group and 30 samples in control group was taken to get the effectiveness of the study. The tool consists of questionnaire to assess demographic data and a check list was used to check the effectiveness of antenatal exercises. The result reveals that the experimental group mean is 20.96 and standard deviation is 1.126, Control group mean is 18.63 and standard deviation is 1.135,t-cal value=4.0987 and t-tab value=2.58. Hence there is significant relationship between the post score values of experimental and control group. It was found that the experiments were effective in changing the outcome of pregnancy with statistical significance. This was a true experimental study with post-test control group design to determine the effectiveness of antenatal exercises on outcome of pregnancy among antenatal mother

Maternal and Neonatal Risk Factors Associated with Perinatal Depression-A Prospective Cohort Study.

Perinatal depression (PND) is often under-treated and under-recognized. It has a negative impact on infant development and mother-child interactions. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of PND during pregnancy and in the postpartum period and the effect of sociodemographic factors, psychosocial stressors, and obstetric and neonatal factors on PND. 166 antenatal mothers attending tertiary center, who completed the 1st-trimester, were evaluated on baseline sociodemographic, psychosocial, obstetric, neonatal, and post neonatal factors by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Periodic prospective assessments were done using Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD) at the end of the second and third trimesters and first and sixth weeks of the postpartum period. Prevalence of PND was 21.7%, 32.2%, 35%, 30.4%, and 30.6%, at the end of the first trimester, during second, and third trimesters, and first and sixth week postpartum, respectively. Factors significantly associated with depressive symptoms included history of previous children with illness (P: 0.013, OR-5.16, CI-1.3-19.5) and preterm birth (P: 0.037, OR-3.73, CI-1.1- 13.2) at the time of recruitment; history of abuse (P: 0.044, OR-3.26, CI-1.1-10.8) and marital conflicts (P: 0.003, OR-3.2, CI-1.4-6.9) by the end of second trimester; history of miscarriages (P: 0.012, OR-2.58, CI-1.2-5.4) by the end of third trimester; lower SES (P: 0.001, OR-3.48, CI-1.64-7.37), unsatisfied living conditions (P: 0.004, OR-2.9, CI-1.4-6.04), alcohol use in husband (P: 0.049, OR-2.01, CI-1.1-4.11), history of depressive episodes (P: 0.049, OR-2.09, CI-1.1-4.46), history of high-risk pregnancy (P: 0.008, OR-2.7, CI-1.29-5.64), history of miscarriages (P: 0.049, OR-2.04, CI-1.1-4.2), stressful events in the postpartum period (P: 0.043, OR-2.58, CI-1.01-6.59), IUD (P: 0.002), preterm birth (P: 0.001), congenital malformations (P: 0.001), dissatisfaction with the sex of the child (P: 0.005, OR-3.75, CI-1.42-9.91), poor family support (P: 0.001), and low birth weight (P: 0.001, OR-16.78, CI-6.32-44.53) in the postpartum period. These analyses are purely exploratory. PND is highly prevalent from the early antenatal period onwards; this warrants periodic assessment of depression among high-risk mothers, using a validated tool, for early diagnosis and management.

Effectiveness of Empowerment Programme on Stress and Coping among Antenatal Mothers with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

Effectiveness of Empowerment Programme on Stress and Coping among Antenatal Mothers with Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy