Anonymous Source Research Articles

Overwriting Time with Space: Memory and Forgetting in Chateaubriand's René

In Rene, published in 1801 but set in 1727, Chateaubriand traces the geographical displacements and temporal excavations of a Frenchman who has forsaken his native French soil and social milieu for a new life in America among the Natchez tribe of Louisiana. Embedded within a narrative of incessant wandering reported to us by an anonymous source, the text depicts Rene in the act of recounting his story to the Natchez chief, Chactas, and a French missionary, Father Souel. Rene appears haunted by a past that he cannot articulate. On the one hand, the narrative's trajectories seem to be generated by Rene's desire to run away from something: at a critical moment in the tale, the displaced protagonist confesses to having a secret, one which has driven him from his birthplace. Yet as the narrative proceeds, Rene's highly ambivalent negotiations of the space and time of his travels betray both an escape from and a search for something. Throughout the narrative, Chateaubriand's protagonist portrays himself as haunting the places of the dead and contemplating the memorial and historical functions of a very particular object. The narrative unfolds as a labyrinthine navigation of the edifices and phenomena of memory and forgetting, whose complexities come to be embodied by the troubled--and troubling--figure of the tomb. Indeed, everywhere he looks, Rene finds a tomb-like object that triggers for him an interrogation of his own place in the world. Rene appears to be looking for his past. As his reflections on tomb-like structures and his attempts to read them will demonstrate, however, he is also struggling to forge a future space and time, one in which to see himself. Rene is looking for a space that is both real and imaginary and, to draw on Foucault's theory of espaces autres, (1) or spaces, (2) one which is both related to all places and outside of them all, a utopia and a heterotopia. As a material object having a concrete existence in real time and space, meant to signify a body that once existed but does no longer, the figure of the tomb as articulated in Chateaubriand's Rene furnishes a stunning example of a space that is both real and imaginary, one which certain of Foucault's terms can help us to understand. At every turn, the places of the living depicted in Rene are eclipsed by the tomb, a real object marker which also acquires a virtual status. As Michael J. Call has noted in his intriguing study of Chateaubriand, the first paragraph [of Rene] contains a strong repetition of the concept of burial. (3) Burial sets the tone for all of the action to come. Indeed, the anonymous narrator who introduces Rene's story to the reader frames the Frenchman's wanderings in Louisiana (which has also been studied as one of Chateaubriand's other spaces) as motivated by a desire to bury something, captured in the word s'ensevelir: Depuis la chasse du castor, ou le Sachem aveugle raconta ses aventures a Rene, celui-ci n'avait jamais voulu parler des siennes. Cependant Chactas et le missionnaire desiraient vivement connaitre par quel malheur un Europeen bien ne avait ete conduit a l'etrange resolution de s'ensevelir dans les deserts de la Louisiane (4) (167, my emphasis). [Since the beaver hunt, when the blind sachem had told his adventures to Rene, the young man had consistently refused to talk about his own. And yet both Chactas and the missionary keenly desired to know what sorrow had driven this wellborn European to the strange decision of retiring into the wilderness of Louisiana (5) (85, my emphasis).] As a starting point from which to explore the concept of burial evoked by the verb s'ensevelir, the French dictionary Le Petit Robert offers the following definition of ensevelir: mettre dans une sepulture, or to place in a tomb. Taking into account the verb's definition in the nineteenth century may enhance our reading further. Larousse's Grand dictionnaire universel du XIXe siecle provides the definition envelopper d'un linceul, en parlant d'un mort. …

Secure and Anonymous Source Routing Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Wireless ad hoc network is formed by a group of mobile hosts that communicate through radio transmissions. In the hostile environment, this kind of network is vulnerable to traffic analysis which allows the adversary to trace the routing messages and the sensitive data packets. So, anonymous routing protocol for ad hoc networks is an important thing and has attracted more and more attention recently. In this paper, we propose a novel, secure, and anonymous source routing, called SADSR (Secure and Anonymous Dynamic Source Routing) based on DSR. During the routing request of the SADSR, in order to hide the identity, the source node uses its current pseudonym to sponsor the routing request. And it uses the hash value of the changing share key between the source and destination as the tag of the destination. Meanwhile, it employs an initialized Bloom Filter as the routing record table to record the route. When the intermediate nodes receive the routing request, it randomly chooses a secret key and adds its identity into the Bloom Filter with seeding the secret key. So, when the destination node receives the routing request, the Bloom Filter has recorded the route information. Because the feature of the pseudonym employed in our scheme, the destination node can authenticate the source node and updates their share secret key when it replies to the routing request. During the routing reply phase, the intermediate node can determine whether it is the router by checking the Bloom Filter in the reply packet. The router applies the pseudonym based signature to protect the message during the routing reply phase, which makes sure that the neighborhood node en route can authenticate the upstream node and does not disclose its identity. SADSR also contains the routing maintenance and secure anonymous data transmission which are separately used by the end-to-end validate mechanism and HMAC strategy. The performance of security and anonymity of SADSR is analyzed by both in theory and simulation. Compared to the other anonymous routing protocols, SADSR is not only an anonymous routing protocol, but also a secure one. It can provide authentication and integrity, anonymous neighborhood, identity anonymity, and route anonymity. The simulation results using NS-2 indicate that though SADSR is a secure and anonymous routing protocol, but the efficiency of SADSR is close to the secure routing protocol SDSR and anonymous routing protocol AnonDSR.

A Probabilistic Multicast with Universally Composable Anonymity in MANETs

Current anonymous routing protocols do not provide anonymous mechanism for multicast in MANETs and have only had ad-hoc anonymity analysis. This paper proposes a new scheme called probabilistic multicast with universally composable anonymity. One-Time key pair is used to keep a route record in privacy during route discovery processes. Gossip-Scheme, secret DH path and Bloom Filter are adopted to realize anonymous source multicast during transmission of data packets. Finally, the protocol is analyzed based on the UC (universally composable) framework and its performance is evaluated by simulation. The analysis and simulation results show

‘When You Walk Through These Doors, You Can Be Anything You Want’: Authenticity, Fantasy and Neoliberal Ideology in Hotel Babylon

The prime-time television drama, Hotel Babylon, now entering its third season on BBC1, is based on a popular book by Imogen Edwards-Jones (2005) about the glamorous lifestyles, and the licentious, crooked and often bizarre behaviour of staff and guests in a five-star London hotel. Jones based her book on information derived from an anonymous source in the luxury hotel industry. 'All of the following is true', the book's cover blurb assures us.

Joan Burritt, RN, DNSc

Joan Burritt, RN, DNSc

Trade-offs in probabilistic packet marking for IP traceback

There has been considerable recent interest in probabilistic packet marking schemes for the problem of tracing a sequence of network packets back to an anonymous source. An important consideration for such schemes is the number of packet header bits that need to be allocated to the marking protocol. Let b denote this value. All previous schemes belong to a class of protocols for which b must be at least log n , where n is the number of bits used to represent the path of the packets. In this article, we introduce a new marking technique for tracing a sequence of packets sent along the same path. This new technique is effective even when b = 1. In other words, the sequence of packets can be traced back to their source using only a single bit in the packet header. With this scheme, the number of packets required to reconstruct the path is O (2 2 n ), but we also show that Ω(2 n ) packets are required for any protocol where b = 1. We also study the trade-off between b and the number of packets required. We provide a protocol and a lower bound that together demonstrate that for the optimal protocol, the number of packets required (roughly) increases exponentially with n , but decreases doubly exponentially with b . The protocol we introduce is simple enough to be useful in practice. We also study the case where the packets are sent along k different paths. For this case, we demonstrate that any protocol must use at least log(2 k − 1) header bits. We also provide a protocol that requires ⌈log(2 k + 1)⌉ header bits in some restricted scenarios. This protocol introduces a new coding technique that may be of independent interest.

WHAT DID THE MONTANISTS READ

Could the Montanists have included any of the Nag Hammadi writings among the “infinite number” of writings that Hippolytus of Rome reports they considered authoritative?Hippolytus, Haer. 8.19 (ed. Marcovich, 338). Heresiological sources give us little information regarding what might have been included within a Montanist canon. We know from the Church Fathers that the New Prophecy possessed its own inspired writings.Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.20.3 (SC 41:120); Didymus, Trin. 3.41 (PG 39:84); and later, Jerome, Ep. 41(“Ad Marcellam”); Pacian of Barcelona, Ep. 1 ad Symp. 2. Indeed, in the fourth century Eusebius charges them with having created “new scriptures”Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 6.20.3 (SC 41:120); see also 5.18.5 in which Apollonius reports that the Montanist Themiso composed a new “catholic” epistle. In 5.16.17 Eusebius's anonymous source refers to “a work according to Asterius Urbanus” to introduce an oracle.—presumably the collections of oracular statements that Hippolytus claims circulated under the names of Montanus, Prisca and Maximilla, and about which the bishop of Rome complains that “they allege that they have learned more from these than from the law, and the prophets and the Gospels.”Hippolytus, Haer. 8.19; see also Epiphanius, Pan. 48.7 on the Montanists' mistaken theological interpretations of the scriptures. On the other hand, Eusebius's late contemporary, Epiphanius, makes it clear that members of the New Prophecy did not reject more traditional scriptures.See Epiphanius, Pan. 48.7 and Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 5.17.3 on the Montanist use of the Hebrew Scriptures, including Gen 2:21, Num 12:7, Isa 1:2 and 6:1, and Ezek 4:8–12—all passages that justify ecstatic prophecy. The Christian canon was not yet fixed before the fourth century, making the categories of “canonical” versus “non-canonical” unhelpful here. Christine Trevett, Montanism: Gender, Authority and the New Prophecy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) 132, suggests that the Montanists most likely knew and used the popular Shepherd of Hermas—part of many early canons although rejected as too recent a composition by the Muratorian Canon—as well as the non-canonical Apocalypse of Peter. For their barbs against their theological opponents, they adopted Matthew's castigation of “prophet-slayers”;Compare, for instance, Eusebius, Hist. eccl. 5.16.12 with Matt 23:34. The Anonymous also quotes Matt 7:15; Apollonius quotes Matt 10:9–10 and 12:33. they also certainly favored Paul, upon whom they appeared to have drawn to justify their stance on prophecy, and—certainly by the fourth century—the Gospel of John, for their notion that Montanus himself was the Paraclete or “Spirit of God.”An overview of the subject can be found in F. E. Vokes, “The Use of Scripture in the Montanist Controversy,” in Studia Evangelica: Papers Presented to the International Congress of the Four Gospels in 1957 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 1959) 317–20. For a refutation of the widely-held assumption that the Montanists drew upon the Gospel of John to assert that Montanus was the Paraclete, see Ronald E. Heine, “The Role of the Gospel of John in the Montanist Controversy,” SecCent 6 (1987) 1–19. See also Trevett, Montanism, 129–31, who remains uncommitted as to whether or not the Montanists used the Fourth Gospel, but who emphasizes the importance of Paul. Their use of the Book of Revelation has been widely debated, but seems likely.Trevett, Montanism, 130ff. The argument for the primacy of Revelation in Montanist circles was first made by Hans von Campenhausen in Ecclesiastical Authority and Spiritual Power (trans. J. A. Baker; Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1969) 47–48; see also W. M. Calder, “Philadelphia and Montanism,” BJRL 7 (1923) 309–54. But could the Montanists have read—and considered authoritative—any of the writings now preserved in the Nag Hammadi Library?

The Author[’s] Remains: Foucault and the Demise of the “Author-Function”

FOUCAULT AND THE DEMISE OF THE AUTHOR-FUNCTION In What Author, Michel Foucault quotes Samuel Beckett: What matter who's speaking, said, what matter who's speaking? (Foucault 1977b, 115). Foucault cites this statement in reference to that characterizes contemporary writing, indifference that reveals an opening where writing subject endlessly (116). Yet this introduced in decidedly non-indifferent way: though statement proclaims itself as anonymous-what matter who's speaking, said . . .-its source explicitly identified in Foucault's text as Beckett.1 Why does Foucault name his source for indifference that has expressed, when this indifference signals death of author? Why not attempt to preserve potential anonymity implied by purposeful identification of original author as unknown, lost, or intentionally hidden behind word someone? Perhaps because, despite Foucault's own indications to contrary, it does (still) matter speaking; because if it was simply someone, few might be willing to listen in way they would to Beckett, or to Foucault himself.2 There may also be another dimension to Foucault's name-dropping, to his citation of Beckett as author: in tracing to anonymous source Beckett's (and his own) statement of author's demise, Foucault points to lack at what supposed to be origin of idea. Someone has said it, though the signs of [the author's] particular have been cancelled out (Foucault 1977b, 117). The author's particular individuality has been sacrificed in murderous process of writing itself, his identity a victim of his own writing. Foucault's repetition of Beckett's repetition of anonymity of above-cited question works to enact point that at origin of cited quote no author in particular-there only empty place-holder, authorial role with anonymous playing it.3 Yet this place-holder, space where author expected and looked for, still significant. If there no proper name to fill this space, it labeled merely as someone-signaling, in Foucault's terms, continued existence of author-function. The author-function remains alive and well, though Foucault seems to hope for its demise along with author, for disappearance of place-holder still indicated by insistence that someone has said, what matter who's speaking? We may be witnessing death of author as specific individual into movements of text, but author-function remains to degree that we speak of author at all, even as only anonymous someone. That Foucault looks towards day when even that last vestige of author-function disappears expressed in last line of What Author?, where now silent, replaced by little more than murmur of indifference: `What matter who's speaking?' (Foucault 1977b, 138). This time, there murmur without author, without even expectation of one that would result in insistence that had uttered it. But working to bring about demise of author-function not easy task, and it not clear how it might best be brought about. Foucault seems at times to suggest strategy of anonymity on part of author, succumbing to one's own death as author at hands of text. To accept and further effacement of his or her identity, author might refuse to be named as author at all. Though such gestures seem to be indicated at times throughout Foucault's writings, in this essay I argue that they may not produce desired change in institutions and individuals calling for author for texts. Further, how might we reconcile Foucault's occasional calls for authorial anonymity with his tendency to reiterate in interviews what his concerns are and what he trying to say-thereby indicating who he is as author? …

Male Victims of Sexual Abuse: An Analysis of Substantiation of Child Protective Services Reports

ABSTRACT This research seeks to understand why reports involving female victims of sexual abuse are substantiated at a significantly higher rate than reports involving male victims. Both descriptive analyses of the child, case, and investigatory process variables in the Child Protective Services (CPS) reports and a discriminant function analysis (done separately for male and female victims) to identify which variables distinguish between substantiated and unsubstantiated reports find relatively few differences. Female victims are older and these reports are more likely to come from mandated reporters whereas reports involving male victims are more likely to come from an anonymous reporter. Given the greater reliability of reports from mandated reporters and the difficulty of investigating a report from an anonymous source, we suggest that educating mandated reporters about the signs of sexual abuse in male children may result in more reports from mandated reporters and consequently in a higher substantiation rate.

The Original Condemnation of Asian Montanism

The object of this article is to describe the social and theological setting of primitive Montanism within second-century Asia in order to account for its appearance and its subsequent condemnation. According to an anonymous source employed by Eusebius the prophecy appeared in the middle of the second century under the leadership of a recent convert called Montanus, and the faithful of Asia gathered and condemned the movement at its outset. Clearly this is a propagandist account but we may accept its broad outlines none the less, in that there was a prophetic movement in which Montanus was a prime mover, and which failed to receive acceptance in the wider Asian Church.It should be made clear that this article restricts itself to the earliest period of the prophecy and therefore to primary sources which are directly germane to that period. These sources are both preserved by Eusebius, and consist of an unnamed writer known as the anonymous, and an otherwise unknown Apollonius. A further possibly ancient source is employed by Epiphanius, but we shall observe below that its understanding of prophecy is hardly consistent with a second-century Asian origin, whereas both the anonymous and Apollonius reveal their Asian provenance in their extant writings. Although there is a degree of bias in the presentation of the charges, we should none the less accept that there is a factual basis behind the assertions of the opponents, and that their opposition was motivated by a genuine belief that the prophecy did not conform with the tradition and the succession of the Church.

Environmental Tobacco Smoke

To examine the tobacco industry's public and private responses to rising concern over the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS).Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W), the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer.All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers.Privately, B&W and BAT began conducting research related to ETS in the mid 1970s. BAT researchers appear to have determined that sidestream smoke produces irritation, that it contains toxic substances including N-nitrosamines, and that it is "biologically active" (eg, carcinogenic) in laboratory tests. During the 1980s, the primary purpose of BAT's research related to ETS was to develop a new cigarette that emitted less irritating and less biologically active sidestream smoke. Publicly, the tobacco industry has denied that exposure to ETS has been proven dangerous to health. It has criticized the methodology of published research on ETS, even when some of its own consultants have privately acknowledged that the research was valid. In addition, the industry has funded scientific research with the stated purpose of anticipating and refuting the evidence against ETS. The tobacco industry's strategy regarding passive smoking has been remarkably similar to its strategy regarding active smoking. It has privately conducted internal research, at least some of which has supported the conclusion that passive smoking is dangerous to health, while it has publicly denied that the hazards have been proven.

Nicotine and Addiction

To learn how nicotine has been regarded by a major tobacco company. Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W), the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. During a period of 22 years (1962 to 1984), employees of B&W and BAT conducted research and commented on the pharmacology of nicotine. They consistently regarded nicotine as the pharmacological agent that explained tobacco use. In the early part of the period under study, officials of the companies wrote about nicotine addiction explicitly. Inhalation of cigarette smoke by the consumer was recognized throughout the period as necessary for the normal function of a cigarette. The documents contain little indication that research was conducted on either the taste or the flavor of nicotine. The documents reveal an intention on the part of B&W and its corporate parent to affect the function of the body with nicotine.

Lawyer Control of the Tobacco Industry's External Research Program

To examine the involvement of tobacco industry lawyers in the selection of tobacco industry scientific research projects and to examine how the research was used to influence public policy. Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation, the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. The involvement of tobacco industry lawyers in the selection of scientific projects to be funded is in sharp contrast to the industry's public statements about its review process for its external research program. Scientific merit played little role in the selection of external research projects. The results of the projects were used to generate good publicity for the industry, to deflect attention away from tobacco use as a health danger, and to attempt, sometimes surreptitiously, to influence policymakers.

Environmental tobacco smoke. The Brown and Williamson documents.

To examine the tobacco industry's public and private responses to rising concern over the health effects of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). Documents from Brown and Williamson Tobacco Corporation (B&W), the British American Tobacco Company (BAT), and other tobacco interests provided by an anonymous source, obtained from Congress, and received from the private papers of a former BAT officer. All available materials, including confidential reports regarding research and internal memoranda exchanged between tobacco industry lawyers. Privately, B&W and BAT began conducting research related to ETS in the mid 1970s. BAT researchers appear to have determined that sidestream smoke produces irritation, that it contains toxic substances including N-nitrosamines, and that it is "biologically active" (eg, carcinogenic) in laboratory tests. During the 1980s, the primary purpose of BAT's research related to ETS was to develop a new cigarette that emitted less irritating and less biologically active sidestream smoke. Publicly, the tobacco industry has denied that exposure to ETS has been proven dangerous to health. It has criticized the methodology of published research on ETS, even when some of its own consultants have privately acknowledged that the research was valid. In addition, the industry has funded scientific research with the stated purpose of anticipating and refuting the evidence against ETS. The tobacco industry's strategy regarding passive smoking has been remarkably similar to its strategy regarding active smoking. It has privately conducted internal research, at least some of which has supported the conclusion that passive smoking is dangerous to health, while it has publicly denied that the hazards have been proven.

Enteric media: pre-poured or in-house?

(1) To evaluate the performance of in-house and pre-poured commercially available enteric agar by challenge with a large number of positive clinical specimens. (2) To set the standard (critical independent evaluation) which new products should reach. (3) To publish this information, so that others can make informed decisions about enteric media. Thirteen media of anonymous source were challenged with "known" positive stool samples. In-house desoxycholate citrate agar performed best for overall pathogen isolation rates, for shigella isolation rates, and for most pathogens available on primary culture. Desoxycholate citrate agar made by our own laboratory yielded the most pathogens and proved the most effective.

Fernando of Cordova: a biographical and intellectual profile (review)

Reviews 159 exclusion from the affairs of the realm of some of the established nobility, particularly families with Norman connections who had been prominent under Baldwin n, and especiaUy Hugh of Jaffa. There are many other studies in this collection which have not been mentioned, including all eight which appear in the second part of the volume and which deal with the 'Lordships', i.e., baronies, of the Kingdom. Many of these also impact on the reigns of Baldwin II, Fulk, and Melisande. The volume wUl be an indispensable addition to the libraries of all scholars of the Crusades. John H. Pryor Department of History University of Jerusalem Monfasani, John, Fernando of Cordova: a biographical and intellectual profile (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 82, Part 6), Philadelphia, The American Philosophical Society, 1992; paper; pp. x, 116; R.R.P. US$18.00. John Monfasani presents with enormous erudition all the information he has gathered over twenty years on the life and work of Fernando of Cordova. This wUl certainly be the definitive treatment since it is difficult to imagine another scholar considering the topic worthy of the effort. In fairness to Monfasani he admits in his preface that he never intended to write a book about Fernando of Cordova but discovered that he had too much material for even a large article. I wonder! The volume contains almost 50 pages of appendices, and the 50 pages of text are half covered in notes. I can understand why Fernando attracted Monfasani's attention, because Fernando likewise enjoyed displaying his erudition. Fernando of Cordovafirstcame to the attention of the world as a result of Lorenzo Valla's letter of recommendation to King Alfonso of Aragon in 1444. He had established areputationas a Wunderkind, having degrees in each of the four university faculties: arts, theology, medicine, and law. He furthermore claimed proficiency in Arabic, Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, and Latin, as well as expertise in painting and playing and making all musical instruments. From such a promising start his career petered out in the service of cardinals and the papacy. His patrons in R o m e werefirstcardinal Juan Carvajal, then cardinal Bessarioh, and finally cardinal Francisco della Rovere, w h o became Pope Sixtus IV in 1471. Fernando's theological 160 Reviews writings demonstrated Scotist themes and arguments and supported the realists against the nominalists, while his largest extant philosophical work, De artificio omnis et investigandi et inveniendi natura scibilis, claimed establish the method of discovering everything that is knowable naturally. His more mundane works supported papal power, both spiritual and temporal, defended the lavish lifestyle of cardinals, and justified his own financial privileges as a Papal subdeacon. He died in 1486 and has an enormous tomb in the cloister of S. Maria di Montserrat on the via Giulia. A. Lynn Martin Department of History The University of Adelaide Moorhead, John, Theoderic in Italy, Oxford, Clarendon, 1992; cloth; pp. viii, 300; R.R.P. A U S $ 100.00. King Theoderic the Ostrogoth, who ruled in Italy from 493-526, has had a very good press: from the anonymous sixth-century Italian source which states that for thirty of these years he did nothing wrong ('Nihil enim perperam gessit'), to the medieval Germanic tradition (wherein Dietrich von Bern was equated to Theoderic of Verona, one of his capitals), and to this book, which concludes that 'his achievement was immense' (pp. 251 and 256). Above all, in Theoderic's reign Italy knew peace. When his Gothic forces, which sometimes had Roman commanders, fought beyond Italy, they generally won. He maintained the Roman system of government, bureaucracy, and taxation and legislated for the Goths. 'Edictum suum, quo ius constituit', in the source quoted previously, might be pushed even harder in attributing the Edict of Theoderic to him (p. 76). He supported drainage of the Pontine Marshes and, if there had been trains to be made to run on time, he would have done his best. The Roman equivalent, the public post, continued to function in his time. As Moorhead twice says in his conclusion, when Theoderic's reign looked backwards to antiquity, it did not do so across a gap. Several factors combine...

Anonymous Sources in News Stories: Justifying Exceptions and Limiting Abuses

As discussion intensifies, and critics exploit what they see as a serious press abuse of anonymous sources, this article explores current practices and policies, as well as examines justification for and danger of anonymous source usage. Seven guidelines are listed and discussed which may help editors and reporters decide whether to use the anonymous source: editor authorization, just cause, last resort, fullest possible identification, proportionality, just intentions, and second source verification.

The Brontë Parsonage Museum

AbstractAbstractMy Report for the past year is a very brief one though, in fact, more acquisitions were made by purchase or gift than for many years past. In the autumn, through purchase from an anonymous source, several valuable items came into our possession. Among them a portrait in oils of Charlotte Brontë painted by J. H. Thompson and a portrait of William Brown by Branwell Brontë; also a number of pencil drawings by Charlotte. From the Executors of the late Mrs. Reginald Smith came Patrick Brontë's gold watch and interesting portraits of the Duke of Wellington and W. M. Thackeray. Another interesting acquisition is a fragment from a diary written by Emily in 1837 on Branwell's twenty-fourth birthday; on part of the page is a sketch by Emily of Anne and herself sitting at a table.