Anonymous Source Research Articles

(297) Assessment of the Accuracy of Chatgpt on Testosterone Management Uncovers the Limits of Generative Artificial Intelligence

Abstract Introduction Testosterone has become an increasing cultural touchstone. It is estimated that one third of men on testosterone replacement are not testosterone deficient and that another large percentage of men who would qualify for treatment do not receive it. This is likely partially due to the significant amount misinformation and disinformation available online. Recently there has been an explosion of interest in generative artificial intelligence (AI). Given the sensitive nature of questions regarding sexual health, many men may see generative AI as an anonymous, confidential, and accurate source of information. Specifically, OpenAI’s ChatGPT is the most used generative AI that offers an easy to navigate conversation-based resource where patients may inquire about many topics including sexual health concerns. This study aims to validate ChatGPT responses to questions about testosterone and evaluate the references used for its claims. Objective To evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT responses to common questions about testosterone therapy and the sources substantiating claims. Methods Questions regarding testosterone function and therapy were created based on American Urological Association (AUA) Care Foundation brochures for patient education on testosterone. ChatGPT was prompted to respond to these questions during a single interactive session with the ending phrase, “include references,” to evaluate the sources of responses. Responses were then separated into individual statements made by the AI and their associated references. Each response was evaluated for accuracy by matching the AI generated statements to AUA guidelines and published AUA resources. References were evaluated on the accuracy of the authors, article, journal, and date of publication based on the PubMed index, Google Scholar, and the cited journal’s website. Results A total of 9 questions were posed to the generative AI. The interactive session with ChatGPT yielded 53 separate statements backed by 21 references. The majority of queries yielded true statements by matched criteria to AUA guidelines (50/53, 94.3%). The references provided by the generative AI were drawn primarily from peer-reviewed journals (15/21, 71.4%); hospital websites (3/21, 14.3%), unknown sources (2/21, 9.5%) and AUA guidelines (1/21, 4.8%). The mean impact factor for the cited peer reviewed journals was 27.2 (SD 60.5). A majority of references were found to be legitimate sources (13/21, 61.9%). However, 4 (19.0%) included citation errors and 4 (19.0%) references were found to be fabricated by the AI. The question yielding the most fabricated references (3/4, 75%) was “How do I boost my testosterone levels naturally?” Conclusions We found that ChatGPT offers a reliable conversation-based resource where patients may receive accurate information in response to their testosterone related questions. However, when queried about topics with fewer references, the large language model fabricated sources with real reputable authors and real journals. This is highly concerning as the general public would not be able to differentiate between real and fake information. Patients should be counseled with caution, and guardrails should be put in place for the safety of patients using large language models for medical information. Disclosure No.

Data Collaboration: the Aftermath of Operation Sirli

Abstract This article analyses the collaboration between the French external services and the Egyptian government of President Sissi. In a first part, it recounts the revelations of the Disclose journalists in 2021 and their interview with an anonymous source, as well as the follow-up investigation in 2023 by the European Consortium of Independent Journalists. In the second part, the two authors comment on the relationship between data cooperation and counter-terrorism activities, the way in which the sale of arms and spying tools undermines the legitimacy of cooperation, and the way in which the French government has used the argument of defence of secrecy to prevent investigative journalists from investigating the issue.

Supplementary Files for Santiago & Oller

The Excel file presented here contains the exact records used in computing the various statistical results reported in the paper by Santiago and Oller at DOI https://doi.org/10.56098/ijvtpr.v3i1.73. They have not been changed in any way except to remove elements added to blank cells, evidently by Medicare authorities. Also, 37 antirely blank records had to be deleted in order to make the counting functions and ordinary scrolling and data sorting functions work as they normally do in Excel. The Medicare data for Connecticut showing up to 7 doses of COVID-19 injectable fluids were sorted and stacked in such a manner as to enable the counting and statistical comparisons across the various subsamples referred to in the Santiago and Oller paper. Those computational processes were applied only to make the normal Excel functions for ordinary scrolling, counting, creating tables, and charting results feasible. Again, Santiago and Oller express gratitude to Steve Kirsch and his anonymous source(s) for the Medicare data published here. All of the results reported by Santiago and Oller were obtained from these data and are easily replicable by anyone with the requisite statistical and algebraic skill set.

Башкирская рукопись «Усерган таварихы»

Introduction. Bashkortostan is one of Russia’s major center of Arabic-script publications and manuscripts. The latter include quite a number of handwritten documents that contain valuable material on the history of the region. The article examines one of such texts — an understudied historical document titled ‘Usergan Tavarikhy’. Goals. The work aims to provide a brief review of the manuscript’s content and focuses on data directly related to Bashkir history. Materials. The paper analyzes one anonymous Arabic-script Turki-language manuscript of Usergan Tavarikhy stored at Ufa Federal Research Centre (Scientific Library, Rare Book Section). Results. The anonymous source proves quite rich in material describing most important periods in the history of the region. The author tends to focus on external factors that had had their impacts on Bashkir history, such as the spread of Islam, Mongol invasion and embassy to Genghis Khan, relations with Nogais under the rule of the Nogai Horde, and the beginnings of Russia’s period. The document begins with legends about saints and prophets. A significant part of the manuscript deals with genealogies of the Golden Horde rulers introduced in the form of diagrams and supplemented with comments. Conclusions. The Usergan Tavarikhy manuscript is certainly a valuable historical source that examines not only the past of Bashkirs but rather covers far more extensive geographic areas. And despite the document is widely known as ‘tawarikh’, its content makes it closer to the historical and functional genre of tarikhname.

#FreeBritney and the Pleasures of Conspiracy

#FreeBritney and the Pleasures of Conspiracy

To Identify or Not to Identify? That…Depends on the Context: Testing a Model of Receiver Responses to Anonymous Communication

It is not difficult to find a number of situations that involve opportunities for anonymous communication, especially in various forms of online interaction. The research reported here tests key propositions from the receiver response model (RRM) of anonymous communication. We conducted an experiment manipulating the context of a message from an anonymous source and examining its effects on perceived source anonymity, perceived ability and desire to identify the source, and intentions to identify the source. Participants expressed less desire to identify an anonymous source and perceived less ability to identify the source in a mass communication context than an interpersonal context. Desire and ability were positively associated with intentions to identify the source. Perceived anonymity was not different between the two contexts, but was positively associated with desire and negatively associated with ability to identify the anonymous source.

Implementation of Category of Evidentiality in Analytical Article of English-Language Quality Press

The ways of explication of evidentiality in analytical articles of the English-language press are investigated. 30 articles of newspapers “The Washington Post”, “The Guardian”, “The Independent” for 2021 are analyzed. The classification of evidential values is presented on the basis of two indicators: the source of information and its degree of reliability. Three types of evidentiality have been identified: direct evidentiality (there is a clear indication of the source of information); impersonal evidentiality (lack of an identified source of information); author’s evidentiality (based on the author’s conclusions). The results of the study showed a significant superiority of direct evidentiality (74 %), realized through the precise indication of the source of information and the use of the author’s “we”. It was revealed that impersonal evidentiality is not typical for an analytical article (6 %). This is due to its specific characteristics: the desire for objectivity and transparency of the data provided. It is noted that this type of evidentiality is realized through adverbs, indicating an anonymous source and using collective nouns. It is shown that the author’s evidentiality is found in 20 % of cases and is realized through filler words, main sentences like that means, adverbs, impersonal sentences using verbs of perception, constructions “to be + adjective with a probability value”, modal verbs.

Anonymous Cluster-Based Source Location Protection in Underwater Pipeline Monitoring Operations

Submarine pipelines are among the most efficient methods of marine oil transportation, and they are widely used in offshore oil exploitation. However, the complex environment of the ocean and malicious attackers may damage the pipeline. They can be efficiently monitored by deploying a multiplicity of sensor nodes, organized in <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">underwater acoustic sensor networks</i> (UASNs). UASNs is located near oil wells, so that UASNs can sense, broadcast, and receive data surveying the status of the submarine infrastructure timely. Inevitably, UASNs may experience security problems, owing to the open nature of the underwater environment. To address these security issues, this paper proposes a new source location privacy protection scheme based on an offshore oil acquisition platform. In the proposed scheme, the nodes are defined as pipeline and environment locations, and are allocated to different clusters. The concept of forming anonymous clusters by exchanging the identities of a source and a cluster head is introduced to determine fake confounding sources. In addition, a data fragmentation method is devised to reduce the energy consumption resulting from fake packet transmission. Particularly, we propose the deployment of disguised AUVs that collect data from fake sources, as to conceal and protect the location of the actual sources. Simulation results show that the safety time of the network is increased by about 6%. Due to the adoption of the data fragmentation method, the energy consumption of nodes is also decreased.

IDS-attention: an efficient algorithm for intrusion detection systems using attention mechanism

Network attacks are illegal activities on digital resources within an organizational network with the express intention of compromising systems. A cyber attack can be directed by individuals, communities, states or even from an anonymous source. Hackers commonly conduct network attacks to alter, damage, or steal private data. Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are the best and most effective techniques when it comes to tackle these threats. An IDS is a software application or hardware device that monitors traffic to search for malevolent activity or policy breaches. Moreover, IDSs are designed to be deployed in different environments, and they can either be host-based or network-based. A host-based intrusion detection system is installed on the client computer, while a network-based intrusion detection system is located on the network. IDSs based on deep learning have been used in the past few years and proved their effectiveness. However, these approaches produce a big false negative rate, which impacts the performance and potency of network security. In this paper, a detection model based on long short-term memory (LSTM) and Attention mechanism is proposed. Furthermore, we used four reduction algorithms, namely: Chi-Square, UMAP, Principal Components Analysis (PCA), and Mutual information. In addition, we evaluated the proposed approaches on the NSL-KDD dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that using Attention with all features and using PCA with 03 components had the best performance, reaching an accuracy of 99.09% and 98.49% for binary and multiclass classification, respectively.

Seeking Evidence of The MAGA Cult and Trump Derangement Syndrome: An Examination of (A)symmetric Political Bias

Three studies sought to explore the existence of (a)symmetric bias regarding Donald Trump. In Study 1, participants read one of three statements expressing different degrees of favorability toward electing the President of the United States via a National Popular Vote attributed to Trump or an anonymous source. In Study 2, participants read one of two statements either favoring or disfavoring the name change of the Washington NFL franchise, and the statement was attributed to either Trump or an anonymous source. In Study 3, Trump and Biden voters were asked to rate their support or opposition to counting all the votes in battleground states when continued counting was expected to either help Trump or Biden. Results for all three studies supported the asymmetric bias hypothesis. Trump supporters consistently showed bias in favor of the interests and ostensible positions of Trump, whereas Trump’s detractors did not show an opposing bias.

The Anonymous Source for Marcion's Gospel in British Library, Add. 17215: An Identification and Analysis

For over a century, studies on Marcion have cited a quotation attributed to him in a fragmentary Syriac manuscript: London, British Library, Add. 17215 (fols. 30–3). An English translation of the relevant passage appeared in 1893, but no subsequent study has returned to the Syriac text itself. While this text has hitherto been cited as an anonymous Syriac source, this article identifies it as a letter by Jacob of Serugh (d. 520/1) and offers preliminary remarks on the implications of this identification for future research on Marcion's Gospel and his thought.

\u201cFriendly reminder: hi! It is that time again \u263a\u201d: understanding PMTCT care text message design preferences amongst pre- and post-partum women and their male partners

BackgroundPrevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services in Kenya can be strengthened through the delivery of relevant and culturally appropriate SMS messages.MethodsThis study reports on the results of focus groups conducted with pre and postnatal women living with HIV (5 groups, n = 40) and their male partners (3 groups, n = 33) to elicit feedback and develop messages to support HIV+ women’s adherence to ART medication, ANC appointments and a facility-based birth. The principles of message design informed message development.ResultsRespondents wanted ART adherence messages that were low in verbal immediacy (ambiguous), came from an anonymous source, and were customized in timing and frequency. Unlike other studies, low message immediacy was prioritized over customization of message content. For retention, participants preferred messages with high verbal immediacy—direct appointment reminders and references to the baby—sent infrequently from a clinical source.ConclusionOverall, participants favored content that was brief, cheerful, and emotionally appealing.

The strange case of the transient HBL blazar 4FGL J1544.3−0649

ABSTRACT We present a multifrequency study of the transient γ-ray source 4FGL J1544.3−0649, a blazar that exhibited a remarkable behaviour raising from the state of an anonymous mid-intensity radio source, never detected at high energies, to that of one of the brightest extreme blazars in the X-ray and γ-ray sky. Our analysis shows that the averaged γ-ray spectrum is well described by a power law with a photon index of 1.87 ± 0.04, while the flux above 100 MeV is (8.0 ± 0.9) × 10−9 photon cm−2 s−1, which increases during the active state of the source. The X-ray flux and spectral slope are both highly variable, with the highest 2–10 keV flux reaching (1.28 ± 0.05) × 10−10 erg cm−2 s−1. On several observations, the X-ray spectrum hardened to the point implying as SED peak moving to energies larger than 10 keV. As in many extreme blazars the broad-band spectral energy distribution can be described by a homogeneous one-zone synchrotron-self-Compton leptonic model. We briefly discuss the potential implications for high-energy multimessenger astrophysics in case the dual behaviour shown by 4FGL J1544.3−0649 does not represent an isolated case, but rather a manifestation of a so far unnoticed relatively common phenomenon.

"The variabilities of a specific Gorj county song. Comparative analysis of two versions"

Traditional music is characterized by: oral transmission, collective specificity, syncretic substrate, anonymous source, etc. These elements generate another phenomenon specific to this music, namely: the transformations that a traditional song can undergo when it leaves an area, a region even a performer and is “replanted” in another area / region or it is reinterpreted by another person. This scientific study monitors this transformation through the comparative analysis of a song from the Oltenia region, Gorj County, sung by two of the most famous voices of traditional music and folklore in Romania: Maria Lătărețu and Maria Tănase. Following the analysis, conclusions are specified, regarding the differences in the underlying structure, melodic structure, rhythmic structure, etc

Real-time traffic accidents post-impact prediction: Based on crowdsourcing data

Traffic accident management is a critical issue for advanced intelligent traffic management. The increasingly abundant crowdsourcing data and floating car data provide new support for improving traffic accident management. This paper investigates the methods to predict the complicated behavior of traffic flow evolution after traffic accidents using crowdsourcing data. Based on the available data source, the traffic condition is divided into four levels by congestion delay index: severely congested, congested, slow moving and uncongested. Four types of accidents are consequently defined based on the occurrence of each level. A hierarchical scheme is designed for identifying the most congested level and sequentially predicting duration of each level. The proposed model is validated using traffic accident data in 2017 from an anonymous source in Beijing, China by embedding three machine learning algorithms, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM) and neural network (NN), in the scheme. The results show NN outperforms the other two models when the assessment is conducted in absolute differences. Meanwhile, RF has a slightly better performance than SVM, especially when predicting the short-period congestion of severely congested level at the first time. By continuously updating the traffic condition information, significant improvement in accuracy can be acquired regardless of the exact model used. This study shows that emerging crowdsourcing data can be used in a real-time analysis of traffic accidents and the proposed model is effective to analyze such data.

Media literacy and fact checking: part two

This is the second part of the author’s study from the Michigan State University, devoted to the problems of identification and description of the disinformation crisis in the media and social media. The modern media field is increasingly filled with false information. The term “fake news” today in- cludes a wide range of manipulative technologies: “computational propaganda”, “puppet networks”, “troll armies”, anonymous source, alternative fact, gossip, deceit, rumors, false context, etc. Problems are exacerbated at a high pace. The development of technological processes and the shift in global com- munication discourse to social networks and the Internet. The purpose of the article is to study the history and evolution of the disinformation crisis, which is a serious threat to open societies around the world. The author proposes to activate critical thinking among young people, to teach the audience to intellectually recognize and process fake news, to understand the need for a critical and independent analysis of incoming news and background information. The author also believes that media literacy helps to understand the role of the media in society, as well as the acquisition of important research and expression skills needed by the audience. Media literacy skills also include the ability to access media, analyze content, evaluate messages, and create media for communication and expression. Learning how to verify facts is an important component of media literacy training, a way to protect against manipulation and fake news.

ARGUMENTATION IN BUSINESS PUBLICATIONS (BASED ON THE MATERIALS PUBLISHED IN THE “KOMMERSANT”)

The article highlights and analyzes special methods of argumentation used in Russian business publications on a significant theoretical and empirical basis. The study reveals the logic of such argumentation and its effectiveness for representing the issues covered by business media. The article establishes the interrelationship between the features presented and the professional standards used in business publications to ensure objectivity, accuracy of information transmission, completeness and depth of analysis, and balance of opinions presented in the materials. The analysis and the conclusions are illustrated by the materials published in the newspaper “Kommersant”, the flagship of Russian business journalism, over the period from October 2019 to March 2020, with a total of more than 100 publications. The materials are devoted to various issues of economic development in Russia and the Ural Federal district, and are written in various genres and employ different composition techniques. Content analysis has become the main method of research. It is a method of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the content of certain documents in order to identify or measure various facts and trends reflected in these documents. The following types of “special” argumentation peculiar to business journalism publications have been discovered: expert argumentation, anonymous source argumentation, statistical data argumentation, analogy argumentation, infographics argumentation, “argumentative” methods of authored syntax, background argumentation, and authoritative argumentation. Identification of the typical features of argumentation in the materials of business media allows the researcher to see the tendencies in the development of mass media related to the business segment, and to observe the further formation of professional standards of business journalism in this development. The results obtained from this study can be useful for both practicing business journalists and students of journalism and philological departments.

Media literacy and fact checking: part one

The modern media field is increasingly filled with false information. The term “fake news” today includes a wide range of manipulative technologies: “computational propaganda”, “puppet net-works”, “troll armies”, anonymous source, alternative fact, gossip, deceit, rumors, false context, etc. Problems are exacerbated at a high pace. The development of technological processes and the shift in global communication discourse to social networks and the Internet. The purpose of the article is to study the history and evolution of the disinformation crisis, which is a serious threat to open societies around the world. The author proposes to activate critical thinking among young people, to teach the audience to intellectually recognize and process fake news, to understand the need for a critical and independent analysis of incoming news and background information. The author also believes that media literacy helps to understand the role of the media in society, as well as the acquisition of important research and expression skills needed by the audience. Media literacy skills also include the ability to access media, analyze content, evaluate messages, and create media for communication and expression. Learning how to verify facts is an important component of media literacy training, a way to protect against manipulation and fake news. This issue publishes the first part of the author’s study.

The Tale of the Theban Scholastikos, or Journeys in a Disconnected Sea

This article takes the under-used anonymous Roman source, the Tale of the Theban Scholastikos, to argue for a distinct Late Antique phase in the history of the western Indian Ocean. This late third- or fourth-century account of a Roman’s journey to India and eventual return from captivity, has been too easily dismissed as inaccurate or mined for decontextualised details. The present study, by contrast, situates the tale within both its immediate epistolary context and seeks to offer a new interpretation of its global-scale setting. It offers a survey of the regions likely referred to in the text - the Roman Empire, the Aksumite Empire, south India and Sri Lanka -, alongside examination of related textual and archaeological data. The picture presented of these regions is, in turn, situated within the wider framework of a ‘global hierarchy of value’ proposed by Michael Herzfeld in 2004, and applied for the first time to Late Antiquity. What emerges is an initial framing of the western Indian Ocean in Late Antiquity as a space in which long-distance connections continued from earlier centuries, and in some places even thrived, but were systematically devalued, politically and ideologically, with concrete effects for those involved.

Mpact of Political Freedom and Uncertainty Avoidance on Anonymous Source Use in Media

mpact of Political Freedom and Uncertainty Avoidance on Anonymous Source Use in Media