Anonymous Questions Research Articles

Burnout among European IBD specialists: a survey supported by ECCO

Background: Burnout remains a significant health concern within the healthcare sector. Numerous studies have explored burnout among gastroenterologists. However, as far as we are aware, there is currently no documented research specifically focused on burnout for specialists in the field of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Objective: The aim of our study was to assess the extent of burnout, its determinants, and to analyze potential risk factors among European healthcare professionals who provide care to patients with IBD. Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional pilot study involving healthcare professionals responsible for the treatment of patients with IBD. A total of 102 participants (56.9% male, average age 48 ± 10.6) completed the anonymous multiple question open web survey. The survey consisted of four distinct psychological constructs (burnout, depression, somatization, and well-being), along with inquiries associated with sociodemographic, health-related, and work-related factors. Results: In our study, we observed that 47.1% of professionals specializing in IBD experienced burnout. When considering all three factors of burnout simultaneously, 5.9% of participants fell within the moderate range. Among these, depersonalization (DP) was the most prevalent factor, with 48% at a medium level and 47.1% at a high level. Depression, somatization, and well-being correlated with emotional exhaustion (EE) and DP, while only depression correlated with personal accomplishment (PA). Furthermore, age, physical activity, total time spent in healthcare, and time spent as an IBD specialist were correlated with EE. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that depression was the most dominant predictor of both PA and DP. In terms of work-related factors, we observed that having endoscopic access had a detrimental impact on burnout, while the presence of a dedicated IBD outpatient unit and opportunities to participate in multidisciplinary meetings had a positive effect on mitigating burnout. Conclusions: Our pilot study underscores the importance of burnout among IBD professionals in Europe, with a specific emphasis on DP. Subsequent studies may help to uncover the way underlying factors contribute to burnout, potentially laying the foundation for international support and prevention initiative programs.

УПОТРЕБЛЕНИЕ АЛКОГОЛЯ СРЕДИ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ГОРОДСКИХ ПОДРОСТКОВ-ШКОЛЬНИКОВ

Significance. Alcohol use (alcoholization) is one of the most common health risks that starts to develop in adolescence. The purpose of the study is to identify characteristics of alcohol use among modern urban adolescent schoolchildren. Material and methods. Alcohol use among urban adolescent schoolchildren aged 15-17 years was studied as part of the monitoring of consumption of psychoactive substances (PSA): alcohol, tobacco, narcotic substances in 2019-2020. The sampling of adolescents was guided by the method of multi-stage selection: from typological and random to continuous anonymous questioning. The study covered 12 cities from 6 Federal Districts of the Russian Federation. 14084 teenagers were examined including 6535 (46.4%) boys and 7549 (53.6%) girls. Statistical data processing included calculation of absolute and relative indicators. To calculate the statistical significance of differences in indicators, the nonparametric Pearson test (χ2) was used. Results. On average, the prevalence of alcohol use in adolescents in the surveyed cities equaled to 37.0 per 100 adolescents of the corresponding sex and age (p<0.001) among boys and 49.0 - among girls. Adolescents who frequently drink alcohol (twice a month or more often) are a “risk group”, the share of this group equals to 6.7 in boys and 7.83 in girls per 100 adolescents (p<0.01). The main motives for alcohol use in adolescents are traditional events - holidays and family celebrations - 49.1% of boys and 53.8% of girls. The number of those who first try alcohol under 12 years has decreased with the peak in the debut shifting to 13-16 years. Awareness of adolescents about dangers of alcohol is insufficient. Only about 60% consider alcohol unhealthy. Conclusion. Alcohol use among modern adolescents is characterized by a lower prevalence and a postponed first introduction to alcohol.

Anonymity with Intent? 'We lordis hes chosin a chiftane mervellus'

This paper considers an anonymous, untitled poem, opening “We lordis hes chosin a chiftane mervellus,” known in only one text, in the Bannatyne Manuscript (fols 78v–79r), among “ ballatis full of wisdome and moralitie.” Its enigmatic nature and place among the moral ‘ballatis’ have gone largely unstudied. Focus on the author’s identity (with William Dunbar seen as likely) has excluded the interesting question of possible deliberate anonymity. The poet’s Franco-Scots linguistic agility, and careful play of political interests (Scottish, French and English) are striking, the more so because, unusually, “We lordis” can be dated with some precision to a period within the minority of James V (1513–c. 1526/28). Through “We lordis,” written when government leadership was contested and loyalties were constantly shifting, we can study closely and fruitfully the connections that a poem might make and the poetic methods that were judged most useful to further those objectives.

ОПЫТ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ПОТРЕБНОСТЕЙ И ВОЗМОЖНОСТЕЙ ПСИХОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ РОДИТЕЛЯМ В ГОРОДСКОЙ СРЕДЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ГОРОДА КРАСНОЯРСКА)

Statement of the problem. The changes that are actively taking place in society are reflected in the needs of the population in obtaining qualified psychological assistance. There has been a tendency to increase the focus of modern parents on education in terms of development, upbringing and education of children. The question arises of specifying the content of necessary psychological assistance to parents, as well as the possibilities of obtaining it in the conditions of an actively developing million-plus city. The purpose of the study is to assess the volume and content of potentially necessary psychological assistance to parents in the city of Krasnoyarsk and the correspondence to their real scale and possibilities for obtaining it. Methodology (materials and methods). Analysis and generalization of theoretical data of foreign and Russian scientists, monitoring of the market of psychological and pedagogical services for the city of Krasnoyarsk in the field of information and navigation resources, social networks, anonymous questioning of parents raising preschool children. Research results. The low awareness of the Krasnoyarsk parent community about the possible reasons for contacting psychologists, about the various ways of obtaining psychological assistance (in-person, remotely), about the location of organizations providing psychological and pedagogical services was revealed. The main channels for parents to receive information about the possibilities of obtaining help from a psychologist, as well as the conditions that determine their choice in favor of a particular organization or specialist (location, recommendations, waiting time for an appointment, cost and format of the service) are clarified. A review of the organizations represented in the city of Krasnoyarsk providing services of a psychological and pedagogical spectrum was carried out. Conclusion. The possibilities for parents to receive psychological assistance in the city of Krasnoyarsk were analyzed, parents were found to be poorly aware of the possibilities of obtaining assistance in terms of psychological support for children, as well as the needs and specifics of this type of assistance. The authors concluded that in order to meet the needs of parents living in a million-plus city in services related to education, upbringing, and development of children, it is necessary to create a single organizational, scientific, methodological and informational-analytical space for the provision of psychological, pedagogical, medical, and social assistance.

Online rheumatology school as an alternative to traditional educational technologies for patients

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many patients with rheumatic diseases were left without specialized care and information support, however, the current level of digitalization makes it possible to transfer the training and education of patients and their relatives to an online format. Objective: to analyze the experience of holding a rheumatological school in an online format as a method of improving the medical literacy of the population.Patients and methods. A cross-sectional study was performed by voluntary anonymous questioning of 157 patients who, from September 2020 to November 2021, took part in the online school on rheumatology held at the Clinical Rheumatology Center "New Hospital" (Yekaterinburg). All patients filled out an online questionnaire that included 15 questions related to age, place of residence, motivation of students, sources of information about the school, assessment of the form and content of lectures, quality and novelty of the information provided, and degree of doctor’s credibility.Results and discussion. Analysis of the results of the survey demonstrated the interest of patients in obtaining high-quality medical information on rheumatology problems, a positive assessment of the format and content of the online school, its positive role in clarifying the essence of the disease and related problems.Conclusion. Online schools for patients seem to be a relevant and promising area of medical prevention.

Anonymous Gamete Donation in Iran: Lineage Revisited

AbstractAssisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) were legitimized in Iran through the rulings (fatwa) of some of the Shia Islamic jurists, who, in allowing third‐party gamete donation, specified that the resulting child will belong to its biological parent from whom it will take its lineage and inherit. However, three decades on and in practice, the recipients of gamete are increasingly resorting to seeking third‐party gamete from anonymous donors, an act which defies the above rulings. Currently, a proposal including legalizing anonymous gamete donation is examined by the parliament and the question of anonymity remains in flux. This article examines the factors leading to the emergence of the preference by both the infertile couples and the practitioners for anonymous donation. It further examines the implications of anonymous gamete donation for lineage and biological relatedness, which form the cornerstone of family and kinship, and which are paramount in Islam and in Iranian culture.

Удовлетворенность родителей доступностью льготного лекарственного обеспечения несовершеннолетних

The health and well-being of children is in the first place in the social policy of any state. In relation to children with chronic diseases, a lot of state support measures are being developed, including preferential drug provision. At the same time, the availability and volume of benefits for each particular child can affect the further prognosis of the disease, the social and economic efficiency of the measures taken. The purpose of the study was to identify the reasons for parents' dissatisfaction with the availability and quality of the organization of preferential drug provision for minors. The study was conducted by anonymous questioning of 455 parents of children admitted for inpatient treatment at the FSBEI HE SPb SPMU and the G.I. Turner in 2020, belonging to the preferential category. The study showed that there are restrictions at all stages of the provision of drug benefits. Most parents have low awareness of the child's right to benefits, as well as low legal activity in situations where the child's right is violated. A third of parents prefer not to use the benefit, fearing obstacles to its implementation. For children eligible for a federal benefit, the availability of drug coverage is significantly higher than for children with a regional benefit.

ASSESSMENT OF THE INFORMATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL SPECIALISTS OF THE SMOLENSK REGION ABOUT DRUGS USED IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION

Introduction. When treating patients in childhood and adolescence, control over adherence to treatment falls entirely on the parents. In this regard, the information about medicinal products that the patient receives from pharmaceutical specialists is of particular value. The aim. To assess the awareness of pharmaceutical specialists in the Smolensk region about antihypertensive drugs used in children and adolescents. Materials and methods. In 2020, a sociological study was conducted by the method of anonymous questioning among the employees of pharmacies in the Smolensk region. The work design is a prospective study. Results. The study involved 109 pharmaceutical workers, of which 95.4% are women, aged 35 years, with a higher pharmaceutical education and a specialty in pharmacy. Most of the respondents had 5 to 10 years of work experience as a pharmacist. Pharmacy employees prefer reliable information sources in 84.4% of cases. When self-assessing the degree of familiarity of specialists with the group of antihypertensive drugs, the average score of the respondents was 3.8. 57.7% of the surveyed respondents correctly indicated all groups of antihypertensive drugs. Conclusion. When assessing the awareness of pharmaceutical specialists in the Smolensk region about antihypertensive drugs used in children and adolescents, it was found that there is insufficient knowledge of the range of these groups and the importance of additional education for pharmaceutical workers in this area.

Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

The relevance of the study of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can be explained by the persistence of unfavorable dynamics of the disease, even despite the achieved success in the pharmacotherapy of this pathology. In 2016, World Health Organization (WHO) ranked COPD as the third leading cause of death worldwide, far exceeding the experts' predictions, who believed that such an increase in the death rate would occur by 2030. This study aimedto determine the level of senior medical students' knowledge in the management of patients with COPD, based on the method of anonymous questioning.This research work describes the results of the second stage of the ASCO project (Assessment of Senior Medical Students in the Field of COPD) conducted in 2017-2019 among 338 senior medical students from six large cities of Russia and Ukraine. The survey revealed the average level of knowledge among senior medical students, based on the average level of correct answers (56.6%) obtained in the study. The best results were obtained for the questions about COPD risk factors, influenza vaccine prevention, and pneumococcal vaccine prevention in COPD patients. The worst results were recorded on the questions about the severity of COPD clinical symptoms, the choice of initial therapy for COPD with advanced symptoms, a high risk of exacerbations, and the moderate exacerbation of COPD. The obtained results indicated an insufficient level of students' basic knowledge in questions regarding etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of COPD.

ИНТЕРНЕТ-МЕМЫ С НАЦИОНАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИМ ПОДТЕКСТОМ В ВОСПРИЯТИИ МОЛОДЕЖИ

Now the Internet is one of the main means of social communication and information interchange, which is carried out within the framework of the information field created with special technologies. Undoubtedly, in the hands of skilled manipulators the Internet can turn into a rather powerful and dangerous psychological weapon attacking people’s mind. One of such means of mass influence is the meme with national and political content. These comic pic-tures with laconic posts have become the cause for initiation of numerous legal proceedings. The purpose of the re-search is to investigate the opinion range that reflect peculiarities of the youth reaction concerning the Internet-meme with the national and political background and their tolerance level. The scientific novelty of the work is that the author examines the features of Internet memes with national connotations and approaches to identify offensive connota-tions in them. Besides, to reveal the degree of influence of the Internet-memes on recipients and their personal assess-ment of this information and communication phenomenon, anonymous questioning was carried out. The meme is a joke, sneer or criticism expressed by means of certain language means: more often, it is a picture with a laconic phrase spread throughout the Internet by various means. It usually causes particular interest and emotional response in the recipients. It has a certain urgent and topical problem in its background. Thus, the Internet-meme represents certain latent mechanism of speech influence. The basis for criminal prosecution for distributing memes online is primarily Ar-ticle 282 of the Criminal Code of the RF concerning extremism. At present, approaches to linguistic examination of memes are just being developed; it is often hard to prove the presence of offensive and extremist implications in the media object. The analysis of the studied information allows to establish that a meme whose propagation can cause legal proceedings and which represents certain danger to our society should possess the following characteristics: 1) aggression appeal, 2) offensive content, 3) propagation via mass-media and the Internet, 4) net relapse. The carried out experiment leads to the conclusion that Internet-memes are psychological means effective enough to influence peo-ple. Nevertheless, its influence is not equivocal and depends on the recipient’s mood. Undoubtedly, the issue of drawing up criteria for the linguistic analysis of memes to determine their danger to society is extremely relevant.

Is anonymity dead?

Critical research into the gig economy frequently relies on using platform interfaces, platform mobile applications or websites, as intermediaries to contact and recruit participants. Yet, these methods are accompanied by significant ethical implications that are rarely considered. In this article, we look at the organisational features of platform interfaces for research and explore the ways in which, through their intensive knowledge about their users, they present additional challenges to researchers’ abilities to (a) conduct independent research – for example by influencing the participant recruitment process and (b) establish and maintain respondent anonymity and researcher transparency. Our analysis is based on an international study of platform workers which investigates working conditions and fairness in the gig economy in both geographically tethered gig work and cloudwork. We argue that the ethical boundaries of doing research through platform interfaces are shaped not only by researchers, but also by the platforms whose interfaces researchers use. Establishing and protecting the anonymity of research participants provides an acute example of this, as platforms have the potential to scrutinise the activities of researchers on their interfaces, and capture information shared between researchers and participants. The question of anonymity arises also in the reverse order: when platforms share personal information on workers, at a level not required by researchers. After building our argument, we propose a set of suggestions for promoting ethical research in the study of gig economy platforms.

Self-diagnostic of the competence of scientific-pedagogical worker: aspect of educational work

The article deals with the problem of self-diagnostic of the competence of a scientific-pedagogical worker: aspect of educational work. Based on the analysis of approaches to monitoring in education and diagnostic in education, it was found that the interest in the issues of quality of higher education, objective assessment of the activities of subjects and structural units of higher education, as well as innovative approaches to the management of quality of education, in particular, through the management of quality of activities of scientific and teaching staff is growing. On the basis of scientific generalizations and the results of empirical studies, significant signs of monitoring and diagnostics in higher education system are highlighted and it is determined that educational monitoring and diagnostic in higher education should be considered as a kind of regular observation process using certain signs, indicators, criteria, factors and scales. On view of the analysis of information sources, it was found that pedagogical diagnostic is used in such objects of educational environment as: training sessions; individual work of students; teaching methods; curricula and programs; forms of education; technology of organization of the educational process; schedule of classes; qualimetry of teachers; study of advanced teaching experience; methodical work; practical training, etc. Namely here it gives a tangible increase in efficiency. The essence of the concept of “self-diagnostic of educational work of a scientific-pedagogical worker” is formulated. Taking into account the worked out sources of information and own pedagogical experience, as well as interviews with students, the key directions of self-diagnostic of the educational work of a scientific and pedagogical worker are determined. Four key organizational and pedagogical conditions for self-diagnostic of a scientific-pedagogical worker in educational work are stated. The methodology of self-diagnostic of a scientific-pedagogical worker for educational work is substantiated. A questionary of an anonymous survey of students on self-diagnostic of the state of educational work by a scientific-pedagogical worker is presented. The main ways of improving the skill of a scientific-pedagogical worker in educational work are determined on the basis of the results of anonymous questioning of students.

Охота на куликов на Камчатке и ее влияние на популяции видов, внесенных в Красную книгу России.

The first in Russia large-scale study on the impact of hunting on wader populations was carried out in Kamchatka in 2019. The main research method was anonymous hunters questioning. In Kamchatka Krai, about 3.400 hunters take part in the wader hunt. Of the 402 hunters, who participated in the anonymous questioning, 55 % were hunting Whimbrels in the current season; 9 %, other large and medium-size wader species; 14 %, smaller waders. The total of about 45.000 waders are shot annually in Kamchatka, including 37.000 Whimbrels 1.600 waders of other large species, and 6 thousand waders of smaller species. From the species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation, up to 20 Oystercatchers, 100 Far Eastern Curlews, 200 Bar-tailed Godwits, 300 Grater Knots, and 100 Red Knots are shot. Hunting smaller waders is not popular, but it causes the death of up to 12.000 thousand smaller waders, with Spoon-billed Sandpiper also occasionally killed. Special educational activities for hunters and hunting officers are required for conservation of wader populations included in the Red Data Books of the Russian Federation; first, a special field guide of waders in the Far East should be published. It is also necessary to restore the Moroshechnaya River sanctuary reserve, liquidated in 2009 yet included in the official list of areas of international importance for waders on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway.

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a multicenter survey in China.

Safety of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: a multicenter survey in China.

Meeting reports

Metabolism of ageing was a joint venture between the Biochemical Society and British Society for Research on Ageing (BSRA). Originally planned to be held in Birmingham in 2020, the on-going pandemic necessitated a move to a virtual format, with emphasis on providing a forum for early-career researchers to present and network. We had over 100 delegates join the online talks and networking sessions from across the globe including Australia and the West Coast of the USA, despite the time differences.Over the course of the 3 days of the meeting, we heard many fascinating talks from both junior and more senior scientists on how changes in metabolism impact on health during ageing. The meeting opened with a plenary talk by Nektarios Tavernarakis from the FORTH Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology in Crete, Greece, on the role of dysfunctional mitochondria in ageing and neurodegeneration. Sessions then followed on cellular metabolism and ageing, metabolism and the ageing immune system, metabolism and the ageing brain, and nutrition, exercise and interventions that impact on metabolism and ageing. A second plenary talk by John Speakman from the University of Aberdeen/Chinese Academy of Sciences focused on factors that confound metabolic studies on ageing in mammals such as body temperature and body composition.Alongside the more traditional format of a scientific meeting, we also ran an interactive early career researcher (ECR) session on public engagement and a public seminar on intergenerational care. Both events were well received with great feedback from the attendees. We also heard from our meeting sponsors, BBSRC, about UKRI funding opportunities for ageing research.Prizes were awarded for the two best posters presented at the meeting and the best ECR oral presentation was awarded the Korenchevsky Prize from the BSRA. The standard of student/ECR presentations was extremely high. All the talks stimulated interesting and lively discussions and it was great to see so many participants actively engaged in the virtual networking space. And some of the tools used to encourage ECR participation in discussions in this virtual setting, e.g., anonymous online questions, will be actively encouraged in future in-person meetings.

Awareness and use of mouthguards in risk sports by Spanish children between 6 and 18 years of age.

To investigate awareness and frequency of use of mouthguards in children and adolescents who engage in high-risk sports in various federated sports clubs in different provinces of Catalonia (Spain). A total of 207 athletes aged between 6 and 18 years who belonged to one of the various official sports clubs across Catalonia (Spain) took part in the study. The participants completed a survey that included 13 anonymous questions to assess their awareness and use of a mouthguard while engaging in high-risk sports, the person who recommended its use, and among other variables, the dental history of sports-related injuries. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test; Fisher's exact test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to determine the relationships among the variables. A p-value of 0.05 and a 95% reliability were considered statistically significant. Use of a mouthguard as a preventive measure in sport was very low. One of the main reasons for this was the large amount of disinformation about this type of protection. It would be beneficial to enforce mandatory use of mouthguards in all high-risk sports.

Stress resistance and adaptive capacities of cardiovascular system of graduating teenagers with different level of studying load

The analysis of stress resistance and adaptive reactions of cardiovascular system was conducted according to the level of heart rate variability of graduating teenagers regardless of their studying load. The survey was held in Dnipro (Ukraine) based on a method of anonymous questioning using a personally developed and standardized questionnaire. 84 teenagers that are students of the 11th form of comprehensive schools and lyceums were asked. 22 children of relevant age from different countries made up a comparison group, among them an online survey was conducted by means of similar English-language questionnaire in Google-form. The assessment of heart rate variability of 46 graduates was given, using a cloud technology of automated interpretation of ECG (PRECISE). Statistical processing was conducted using the application program Statistica 6.0 for Windows. Decreasing of stress resistance and significant violations of adaptive cardiovascular reactions in teenagers of graduating classes in Dnipro was set, especially in lyceum students as a result of insufficient rest of students. During the educational period significant violation of adaptive capabilities takes place in 65.6 % of lyceum students: exhausting of functional organism’s reserves with decline in RMSSD to (17.2±1.9) meters per second, Total power to (607.25±11.9) meters per second has been observed in half of the students. At the same time, 85.3 % of the comprehensive school students have sufficient adaptive and worse resource capacities of an organism. For the first time it was highlighted that the autonomous nervous system among the examined teenagers operates in the imbalance regime of its sympathetic and parasympathetic link with a prevalence of sympathicotonia among the 50 % of lyceum students during a recessional period, 56.3 % during an educational period, while vagotonia and eutonia prevail among the comprehensive school students, not depending on the school year period. It was found out that physical activity promoted increased body resistance to stress factors. The efficient determination of heart rhythm variability (PRECISE diagnostics) was proven to control the functional state and adaptive capabilities of graduates’ cardiovascular system.

Assessment of labor intensity indicators and factors affecting fatigue in civil aviation pilots based on the results of a questionnaire

Introduction. An essential feature of the professional activity of pilots of civil aviation aircraft is the high intensity of work due to pronounced emotional, intellectual, and sensory loads, unique work modes. The study aims to assess the intensity of work and the prevalence of factors affecting fatigue among civil aviation pilots according to an anonymous online questionnaire. Materials and methods. Experts surveyed 667 members of the flight crews in remote anonymous online questioning. We developed the questionnaires under the criteria for assessing the intensity of work, assessing the risk factors for fatigue development according to the ICAO recommendations, and analyzing the pilot's activity algorithm. The researchers used descriptive statistical methods to analyze the survey data. Results. The working conditions of pilots according to 7 indicators of tension correspond to class 3.2: a high level of intellectual loads (72-100% of pilots), a large number of overlapping time zones (18%), the maximum duration of concentrated observation (70.7%), a high density of signals and messages (29.9%), a significant number of objects of simultaneous observation (18.9%), a high degree of risk to one's own life and responsibility for the safety of others (98%), as well as a rough working day (79%). According to the totality of indicators, the general class of labor intensity corresponds to the highest degree (class 3.3). The factors affecting the fatigue of pilots include rare rest between flights (44.6% of respondents), intermittent sleep (59.9%), not always a full sleep before the night flight shift (85.9%). According to the survey results, the share of pilots who have spontaneous sleep during the flight is 74.3%, and frequently delayed reaction to usual, non - standard, or extreme stimuli and signals is 12.3%. Conclusions. The obtained data of the questionnaire survey confirm the results of psychophysiological studies that have shown that the level of the labor intensity of pilots is "super-intense or extreme." Therefore, considering the prevalence of factors affecting fatigue among the crew members, and based on the understanding of the fundamental problems noted by the pilots, it is necessary to develop measures and management solutions to minimize the risk factors for fatigue development.

ON THE PROBLEM OF DETERMINING THE LEVEL OF SATISFACTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE ALTAI REGION WITH MEASURES OF SOCIAL PROTECTION

xSocial protection of the population is assigned a huge role, because in order to develop and prosper,the state must embody law and justice, the support of its population. The stability of society, its sustainabledevelopment, and, as a result, its national security depend on the state of the social sphere, the effectivenessof the policy pursued by the state in the sphere of social support of citizens. However, in connection with theevents of 2020, namely the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection, it can be stated that unemploymentin the Altai Territory has increased almost 2.2 times compared to last year. The level of migration outflow ofthe population from the region has increased more than 2 times. Also, in modern conditions, a cumbersome,costly and insufficiently effective system of measures of state social assistance in the form of various benefits,one-time payments provided on the basis of federal and regional social programs to families and citizens indifficult life situations has become a serious problem. Hence, we put forward a hypothesis about a drop in thedegree of satisfaction of citizens with social services. To confirm our hypothesis, we conducted an empiricalstudy — anonymous questioning of respondents regarding the problems of the state of social protection ofthe population in the Altai Territory.

THE IMPORTANCE AND ATTITUDE OF ADOLESCENTS TO SMOKING

Tobacco use is an important public health problem. According to various authors, the prevalence of smoking varies considerably. In the average large Russian cities of adolescence and adolescence, 37% of boys and 25.5% of girls smoke. Objective of the study: to study the prevalence and causes of smoking among schoolchildren. Research methods: anonymous questioning of students in grades 7-11 of a comprehensive school. The results of the study demonstrate the need to raise awareness of the child population about the health risks of smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke, as well as to promote a healthy lifestyle.