Anomalies In Sea Research Articles

SEA LEVEL TREND AND VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA

Abstract. Sea level rise due to climate change is nonuniform globally, necessitating regional estimates. Spatial-temporal behaviour of sea level anomalies (SLAs) in the South China Sea (SCS) was investigated over 24 years period from 1993 to 2016. Based on the spatial distribution of monthly and seasonal mean SLAs in the SCS, the strong regularity of SLAs performed maybe mainly predominantly driven by monsoonal wind. Variations of SLA were different in each month, which was the largest in July and December, and the smallest in April. Positive sea level linear trends were estimated in most cases. The averaged sea level trend in the SCS showed a rise of 4.42 ± 0.25 mm/year from 1993 to 2016. Further investigations are expected from muliti-resources such as ENSO, wind stress, and vertical land movement data.

Seasonal forecast of sea ice extent in the Barents sea

Earlier, the authors established a close relationship between the temperature of water coming from the North Atlantic and the sea ice extent (SIE) in the Barents Sea, which accounts for up to 75 % of the inter-annual variability of the monthly SIE from January to June. In turn, temperature variations of the incoming Atlantic water are affected from anomalies of sea surface temperature (SST) in the low latitudes of the North Atlantic. These dependences served as the basis for the development of a forecast method. The empirical orthogonal functions decomposition of the SIE set from January to June for 1979–2014 was used. The main component of decomposition reflects 83 % of the inter-annual variability of SIE from January to June. Regression model of forecast is based on the relation of the main component with SST anomalies taking into account the delay. Comparison of prognostic and actual values of the climatic component for each of the 6 months showed the correctness of forecasts with a lead time of 27 to 32 months is 83 %, and for the prediction of the initial values of SIE 79 %. Appealing to the second predictor — SST anomalies in the Norwegian Sea allowed to improve the quality of the forecast of the observed values of SIE. At the same time, the forecast advance time was reduced to 9–14 months.

Mechanisms of Ocean Heat Anomalies in the Norwegian Sea

AbstractOcean heat content in the Norwegian Sea exhibits pronounced variability on interannual to decadal time scales. These ocean heat anomalies are known to influence Arctic sea ice extent, marine ecosystems, and continental climate. It nevertheless remains unknown to what extent such heat anomalies are produced locally within the Norwegian Sea, and to what extent the region is more of a passive receiver of anomalies formed elsewhere. A main practical challenge has been the lack of closed heat budget diagnostics. In order to address this issue, a regional heat budget is calculated for the Norwegian Sea using the ECCOv4 ocean state estimate—a dynamically and kinematically consistent model framework fitted to ocean observations for the period 1992–2015. The depth‐integrated Norwegian Sea heat budget shows that both ocean advection and air‐sea heat fluxes play an active role in the formation of interannual heat content anomalies. A spatial analysis of the individual heat budget terms shows that ocean advection is the primary contributor to heat content variability in the Atlantic domain of the Norwegian Sea. Anomalous heat advection furthermore depends on the strength of the Atlantic water inflow, which is related to large‐scale circulation changes in the subpolar North Atlantic. This result suggests a potential for predicting Norwegian Sea heat content based on upstream conditions. However, local surface forcing (air‐sea heat fluxes and Ekman forcing) within the Norwegian Sea substantially modifies the phase and amplitude of ocean heat anomalies along their poleward pathway, and, hence, acts to limit predictability.

Investigation of the Causes of the Longitudinal and Solar Cycle Variation of the Electron Density in the Bering Sea and Weddell Sea Anomalies

AbstractThis paper investigates and quantifies the longitudinal, solar cyclical, and diurnal variation of the ionosphere peak electron density observed by six ionosondes located between 18 and 151°E near 60°N. Embedded within this region is the Bering Sea anomaly (BSA) where the midnight peak electron density exceeds the midday peak electron density in summer. The BSA is a region West of Alaska extending from approximately 100° to 200° east geographic longitude and 55° to 70° north geographic latitude at its widest. By comparing a physical model with ionosonde data from the 1970s and 1980s, it is found that longitudinal changes in the neutral winds and neutral densities are the most likely explanation for the electron density variation between 18 and 151°E near 60°N. Longitudinal differences in magnetic declination and inclination are small and have a negligible effect on the electron density behavior. Our definition of and the behavior of the BSA are analogous to the Weddell Sea anomaly (WSA), a region in the Southern Hemisphere where the midnight peak electron density also exceeds the midday peak electron density in summer. Although the overall BSA electron density is a factor of 2 smaller than that in the WSA, the two anomalies have similar midnight to midday electron density ratios. It is found that the BSA gets stronger with increasing solar activity, while the WSA gets weaker. It is also demonstrated that including vibrationally excited N2 in an ionosphere model is crucial for producing the observed midnight to midday electron density ratios.

The Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Red Sea From 35 Years of Satellite and In Situ Observations

AbstractFalling between the dynamics of the seasonal cycle and expressions of longer‐term trends, the interannual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Red Sea has not received enough attention. With multiple decades of satellite SST observations with spatial resolution capable of resolving patterns of variability within the Red Sea, the time has come for a description and diagnosis of the observed interannual variability of SST in this important semienclosed sea. While interannual variability of SST occurs throughout the Red Sea in both summer and winter, the greatest variability is found in the northern Red Sea during winter. Objective analysis reveals two dominant statistical modes of interannual variability of Red Sea SST: a whole‐sea mode described by general warm or cool anomalies throughout the Red Sea (∼60% of total variance), and a meridional gradient mode of opposing SST anomalies in the northern and southern Red Sea (∼20% of total variance). The warm phase of the whole‐sea mode corresponds to warm surface air temperature anomalies extending across the broader region and local surface wind anomalies opposite to the mean low‐level circulation. The whole‐sea mode is found to be a regional response to remote forcing by the East Atlantic/Western Russia (EAWR) pattern. The gradient mode, on the other hand, is a manifestation of superimposing (and statistically independent) remote impacts of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) whereby ENSO drives SST anomalies in the southern Red Sea and the NAO drives SST anomalies in the northern Red Sea.

The seawater osmium isotope record of South China Sea: Implications on its history and evolution

The South China Sea is the largest marginal basin in the world, and is located in the confluence of three major tectonic plates (Pacific-Philippine Sea, Indo-Australia, Eurasia). Its tectonic history and evolution throughout the Cenozoic has been the subject of much discussion with regards to its mechanism, timing, and relationship to neighboring geological features. We conducted the first Re-Os isotope study of the South China Sea cores recovered from ocean drilling (ODP-Ocean Drilling Program and IODP-International Ocean Discovery Program) and from Philippine oil exploration wells in order to investigate whether or not the basin's tectonic evolution will be reflected in the seawater Os isotope record. These cores represent the northern and southern conjugate margins of the South China Sea, and should have complementary records of the tectonic events in the basin. We found three important negative anomalies in the South China Sea's seawater Os isotope record at 35–33Ma, 26–23Ma, and ~13–6Ma, which are temporally related to tectono-magmatic events. At the northern margin, the record starts with the lowest (187Os/188Os)i values of 0.37 and 0.32 for the oldest samples, which then progresses to more radiogenic values for younger sediments. The trend is consistent with the start of seafloor spreading at ~33Ma that saw the peak in the flux of mantle-derived material, which later slowed down until the second peak between 26 and 23Ma. However, these unradiogenic values also mark the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and more likely implies South China Sea connectivity to global ocean circulation since pre-Oligocene. In both margins, slight to marked decrease in (187Os/188Os)i values deviate from the global trend and coincides with the ridge jump at ~23Ma. In the southern conjugate margin, (187Os/188Os)i show a general decreasing tendency opposite that of the northern margin and the global trend starting from Mid- to Late Miocene (~13–6Ma). Mass balance modeling suggests that the two younger negative excursions may be accounted for by mantle and hydrothermal Os inputs of ~372mol/my at ~23Ma and post ~13Ma. We suggest that the post ~13Ma protracted decrease in (187Os/188Os)i values for the southern margin reflects localized input of mantle-derived lithogenic Os from the Luzon Arc combined with post-spreading magmatic intrusions, and possibly gradual changes in paleoceanographic condition at the southern East Sub-basin.

On the spatial coherence of the Atlantic Water inflow across the Nordic Seas

AbstractThe covariability of the Atlantic Water (AW) branches in the Nordic Seas is investigated over the period 1979–2012 using an eddy permitting model. A noticeable circulation change is found in the mid‐1990s. Prior to the mid‐1990s, the leading mode of variability defines a large‐scale pattern, with concomitant variations in the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow in the Faroe‐Shetland Channel (FSC), the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current (NwASC), the AW inflow to the Barents Sea, and the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). After the mid‐1990s, the covariability between the NwASC and the AW inflow in both the FSC and the WSC is lost. Consequently, the northern Barents Sea circulation anomaly pattern, which is present throughout the full period, becomes the leading mode of circulation in the northern Nordic Seas after the mid‐1990s. The circulation change of the mid‐1990s appears to be linked to a weakening of the southwesterly wind anomalies in Norwegian Sea, as the northern center of action of the first mode of sea level pressure weakens. Passive tracer experiments suggest that this circulation change may be accompanied by increased heat transfer from the AW current to the interior Nordic Seas. This in turn may have limited the influence of the recently observed AW warming in the Iceland‐Scotland Passage on the NwASC downstream.

Interannual and Decadal Sea Surface Height Variability Over the Northwest Atlantic Slope

The Northwest Atlantic continental slope features strong interactions among the western boundary currents of the subpolar and subtropical gyres, and, thus, the sea-level variability over the slope may be an indicator for the large-scale ocean circulation. In this study, temporal and spatial sea-level variability in the Northwest Atlantic continental slope has been investigated based on a satellite altimetry dataset and a temperature and salinity dataset. The altimetric results from 1993 to 2012 are compared with steric height anomalies relative to 1500 m, calculated from the temperature and salinity dataset. This study shows significant interannual and decadal sea-level variability, with prominent regional differences and varying linkages to large-scale atmospheric and oceanic variability in the North Atlantic. Both the altimeric and steric height anomalies in the western Labrador Sea are negatively correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index primarily via wintertime deep convection. The altimetric height anomalies in the Laurentian Fan have a weak (insignificant at the 95% confidence level) positive correlation with those in the Labrador Sea, while the steric height anomalies have a negative correlation. The thermosteric (halosteric) height anomalies in the Labrador Sea are negatively (positively) correlated with the winter NAO index, while those in the Laurentian Fan are not correlated with the winter NAO index. The along-slope differences in the interannual and decadal variations of the sea surface height anomalies imply that there is an interior pathway of the southward-flowing Labrador Sea intermediate water toward the central North Atlantic basin before reaching 55 ˆN.

New constraints on deglacial marine radiocarbon anomalies from a depth transect near Baja California

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that radiocarbon activities (Δ14C) in the low‐latitude, middepth Pacific and Indian Oceans were anomalously low during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1, ~17.8–14.6 ka) and the Younger Dryas (YD, ~12.8–11.5 ka), coincident with intervals of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and declining atmospheric Δ14C. However, a full explanation of these events remains elusive due to sparse and sometimes conflicting data. Here we present new 14C measurements on benthic and planktic foraminifera that, in combination with previously published measurements, enable us to reconstruct the Δ14C depth gradient near Baja California. Vertical profiles were similar to present during the Last Glacial Maximum and Bølling/Allerod (14.6–12.8 ka) but display a pronounced middepth (~700 m) Δ14C minimum during HS1 and the YD. The latter observation, along with a comparison to other regional reconstructions, appears to rule out intermediate waters from the north or from directly below as proximate sources of aged 14C‐depleted ocean carbon during deglaciation and point instead to changes in the composition of Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters. Simple mixing constraints require Equatorial Pacific intermediate waters to be only slightly lower in Δ14C than at Baja California, in contrast with previous observations of extremely low Δ14C at Galapagos Rise. While the latter may have been influenced by localized releases of geologic (14C‐dead) CO2, the smaller and more widespread deglacial Δ14C anomalies in the Arabian Sea and North Pacific seem to require a source of aged carbon in the glacial deep Southern and Pacific Oceans for which there is growing evidence.

Different Responses of Sea Surface Temperature in the South China Sea to Various El Niño Events during Boreal Autumn

Abstract This study investigates variations of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS) during developing autumn of various El Niño events. The warm SST anomalies are observed in the SCS for canonical El Niño and El Niño Modoki I, whereas the cold SST anomalies are found for El Niño Modoki II. The ocean heat budget analyses show that the latent heat flux change induced by various types of El Niño events is a major contributor to the SCS SST variations. An anomalous anticyclone resides near the Philippine Sea for canonical El Niño and El Niño Modoki I, which induces the southerly wind anomalies over the SCS and thus weakens the climatological northeasterly in boreal autumn. The weakened surface wind speed reduces heat loss from the ocean, leading to a warmer state in the SCS. However, for El Niño Modoki II, the anomalous anticyclone shifts westward to the west of the SCS, and thus the northeasterly wind anomalies appear in the SCS. The northeasterly anomalies enhance the climatological northeasterly monsoon, increase the wind speed, and increase heat loss from the ocean, thus resulting in a cooling in the SCS. The anomalous anticyclone associated with El Niño events also increases shortwave radiation. The increases of the shortwave radiation can also contribute to the SCS warming for canonical El Niño and El Niño Modoki I in addition to the warm effect from the latent heat flux. Because the cooling effect from the latent heat flux is larger than that of the shortwave radiation for El Niño Modoki II, the SCS for El Niño Modoki II tends to be cool.

Responses of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomalies in the South China Sea

Abstract. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS) and their influences on global atmospheric circulation were studied. The results of a simple atmospheric model suggested that the SCS SST anomalies can induce several barotropic wave trains from the SCS to other regions such as North America, high latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere and the Mediterranean. The baroclinic stream function anomalies from the simple model showed an anticyclonic vortex pair in the Asian continent and the northern and southern Indian Ocean and a cyclonic vortex in the North Pacific and the southwestern Pacific. It is suggested that the spatial pattern of SST anomalies in the SCS can affect the magnitude of stream function anomalies, although it cannot affect the spatial pattern of atmospheric circulation.

Sea surface temperature anomalies in the South China Sea during mature phase of ENSO

Based on the 18-year (1993–2010) National Centers for Environmental Prediction optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (SST) and simple ocean data assimilation datasets, this study investigated the patterns of the SST anomalies (SSTAs) that occurred in the South China Sea (SCS) during the mature phase of the El Nino/Southern Oscillation. The most dominant characteristic was that of the outof-phase variation between southwestern and northeastern parts of the SCS, which was influenced primarily by the net surface heat flux and by horizontal thermal advection. The negative SSTA in the northeastern SCS was caused mainly by the loss of heat to the atmosphere and because of the cold-water advection from the western Pacific through the Luzon Strait during El Nino episodes. Conversely, it was found that the anomalous large-scale atmospheric circulation and weakened western boundary current during El Nino episodes led to the development of the positive SSTA in the southwestern SCS.

Two wind-driven modes of winter sea ice variability in the Barents Sea

The interannual variability of the winter sea ice area in the Barents Sea is investigated using SMMR-SSM/I data and a coupled ocean–sea ice model over the period 1979–2012. Our analysis reveals that the sea ice area in the northern and eastern parts of the Barents Sea do not covary. This contrast in behavior allows us to associate two distinct modes of variability with these two regions, with the variability of the overall Barents Sea ice cover being predominantly captured by the northern mode. Both modes show a dominant, near in-phase response to the surface wind, both being associated with different spatial patterns. The northern mode emerges in response to northwesterly wind anomalies which favor the export of ice and surface polar water from the Arctic between Svalbard and Franz Josef Land. Atlantic Water temperature anomalies, formed concomitantly with northerly wind anomalies in the vicinity of the Barents Sea Opening, also influence the northern mode in the following winter. These temperature anomalies are linked to local convergence of the oceanic heat transport. The delayed influence of the ocean on the sea ice is found primarily in the northeastern Barents Sea and occurs through the re-emergence of the Atlantic water temperature anomalies at the surface in the following fall and winter. An ocean-to-atmosphere feedback initiated by October SST anomalies in the central Barents Sea is further identified. This feedback is hypothesized to enhance the sea ice response in the northern Barents Sea by promoting the formation of meridional wind anomalies. In contrast, the eastern mode of variability of the Barents Sea ice mainly responds to wind anomalies with a strong zonal component, and is less influenced by the Atlantic Water temperature variability than the northern mode. While our results clearly highlight a role of the ocean in the Barents Sea ice variability, this role appears to be more spatially restricted following the sudden northward retreat of the ice margin in 2004. In particular, the sudden drop in the sea ice area in 2004 could not be linked to earlier Atlantic water changes in the Barents Sea Opening.

Long‐term change in precipitation structure over the karst area of Southwest China

ABSTRACTThis research analyses the long‐term changes in the precipitation structure over the karst area of southwest China, as recorded by 153 national meteorological stations from 1959 to 2009. Study results are as follows: (1) The karst area of southwest China is categorized into six similar precipitation clusters, including two low‐rainfall clusters located in the western and northern areas and four high‐rainfall clusters distributed in the eastern and southern areas. (2) Although the decreasing trend of annual total precipitation is weak, autumn precipitation decreases significantly over the whole study area. The autumn total precipitation decreases significantly at 51% of the stations because the autumn wind and water vapor flux of the study area gradually decreased, and the autumn low‐latitude and mid‐latitude sea surface temperature (SST) of East Asia continues to rise and gradually leads to positive sea anomalies. (3) The number of rainy days decreases at 85.6% of the stations, especially in the central and southeastern regions of the area. Consequently, almost 53% of the total stations are characterized by an increasing precipitation intensity. (4) The occurrence time of the accumulated percentage precipitation in the western mountain areas is usually later than that in the eastern coastal areas, and the occurrence date of accumulated percentage precipitation (DAP) seems to occur increasingly earlier over the whole study area. (5) Light rain occurs more frequently (76% of annual total rainy days) and contributes 25% to annual total precipitation, whereas although heavy rains such as storms occur less frequently at 3% of annual total rainy days, it contributes almost 19% to annual total precipitation. (6) The occurrence and contribution of wet periods (WPs) decrease with an increase in their duration. WPs with short durations (e.g. 1–4 days) tend to be the predominant precipitation events.

Inter-annual sea level variability in the southern South China Sea

The South China Sea (SCS) is the largest marginal sea in the western Pacific Basin. Sea level anomalies (SLAs) in the southern South China Sea (SSCS) are assumed to be governed by various phenomena associated with the adjacent parts of the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. We have used monthly sea level anomalies obtained from 12 tide gauge stations of PSMSL and UHSLC and merged and gridded AVISO products of SLAs (sea level anomalies) derived from satellite altimeter. We find that IOD-influenced inter-annual variations are found only in the southwestern and southeastern coastal regions of SSCS. Our analysis reveals that inter-annual regional sea level drops are associated with positive phase of the IOD, and the rises with negative phase of the IOD. SLA variations at decadal scale in the southeastern and northern Gulf of Thailand correlate with Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO). Multiple linear regression analysis of inter-annual SLAs and climate indices shows that IOD induced inter-annual variations dominate in the southwestern SCS and it contributes to about ~40% of inter-annual sea level variation. Meanwhile, ENSO contributes to around ~30% variation in sea level in the southwestern and ~40% variation in the southeastern SSCS. The present study also suggests that inter-annual SLA variations in the SSCS can occur by ENSO and IOD induced changes in wind stress curl and volume transport variations.

Effects of northern and southern components of the East Asian winter monsoon variability on SST changes in the western North Pacific

AbstractThe present study investigates the impacts of the two components of the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) variability on sea surface temperature (SST) changes in the western North Pacific. When the EAWM is stronger than normal, significant negative SST anomalies form in the East Asian marginal seas and subtropical western North Pacific and persist from winter to the following spring. It is found that winter‐spring SST anomalies in the Yellow Sea and the Japan Sea have a close association with the northern component of the EAWM variability, whereas the southern component has a large impact on SST changes in subtropical western North Pacific. The two components induce SST anomalies through both surface heat flux and oceanic advection changes. The surface latent heat flux is predominantly responsible for SST changes. The oceanic advection has a secondary contribution to the SST change in subtropical western North Pacific associated with the northern component and in the Japan Sea associated with the southern component. The surface latent heat flux anomalies associated with the northern component are induced through changes in both wind speed and sea‐air humidity difference, and those associated with the southern component are induced mainly through changes in sea‐air humidity difference north of 20°N. The SST anomalies induced by the northern component are mostly independent of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). While ENSO has a large effect on the SST anomalies in open oceanic regions, the southern component has a dominant contribution independent of ENSO to the SST anomalies in the marginal seas.

Physical Mechanisms of Summer Precipitation Variations in the Tarim Basin in Northwestern China

Abstract The Tarim basin (TB) in northwestern China is one of the most arid regions in the middle latitudes, where water is scarce year-round. This study investigates the variations of summer precipitation in the TB and their association with water vapor fluxes and atmospheric circulation. The results suggest that the variations of summer precipitation in the TB are dominated by the water vapor fluxes from the south and east, although the long-term mean water vapor mostly comes from the west. The anomalous water vapor fluxes are closely associated with the meridional teleconnection pattern around 50°–80°E and the zonal teleconnection pattern along the Asian westerly jet in summer. The meridional teleconnection connects central Asia and the tropical Indian Ocean; the zonal teleconnection resembles the “Silk Road pattern.” The two teleconnections lead to negative height anomalies in central Asia and positive height anomalies in the Arabian Sea and India and in northern central China. The anomalous pressure gradient force, caused by these height anomalies, leads to anomalous ascending motion in the TB and brings low-level moisture along the eastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau and water vapor from the Arabian Sea passing over the Tibetan Plateau to influence precipitation development in the study region.

Improved satellite altimeter mapped sea level anomalies in the Mediterranean Sea: A comparison with tide gauges

The new gridded Mediterranean sea level anomaly product recently released by AVISO (DT14) is evaluated and compared with the earlier version (DT10) at which it is aimed to substitute. Differences between the two products are found along coastal regions, where the new version captures more variability (up to 10% more) and trends locally differ by up to 1mm/yr for the altimetric period. Coastal tide gauge observations have therefore been used as the basis for quantifying changes in DT14. Correlation and variance reduction in available monthly tide gauge time series are improved in more than 80% of the selected sites by up to 0.2 and 5cm2, respectively. This resulted in an overall higher skill to recover coastal low frequency (with periods larger than a few months) sea level signals. Results for higher/lower order percentiles were also explored and showed different performances depending on the site, although with a slight overall improvement. A comparison with tide gauges on a daily basis using wavelet analysis reveals that altimetry gridded products are not capable of recovering higher frequency (a few days) coastal sea level signals despite some advances have been achieved thanks to the daily temporal sampling of DT14.

ORTA KARADENİZ TOPLUMUNDA DENTAL ANOMALİLERİN GÖRÜLME SIKLIĞI

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of dental anomalies in the Middle Black Sea population.Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out on panoramic radiographies of 3795 patients (2357 female, 1438 male). Patients who attended the Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziosmanpasa University to treatment for various dental problems, were from 15 to 60 years old. Radiograpies were evaluated in terms of tooth impaction, lower incisor tooth agenesis, tooth transposition and supernumerary tooth. 3. molar tooth was excluded from the study.Results: The total prevalence of dental anomalies which were evaluated in the study was diagnosed % 6.58 (%6.27 female, %7.09 male). The prevalence of tooth impaction, lower incisor tooth agenesis, transposition and supernumerary tooth were detected %4.29 (%4.28 female, %4.31 male), %1.10 (%1.10 female, %1.11 male), %0.28 (%0.38 female, %0.13 male) and %0.89 (%0.50, %1.52), respectively. The prevalence of transmigrated canines was also detected %0,13 (%0,12 female, %0,14 male). In supernumerary tooth group, statistically significant gender difference was noted and there was no statistically significant gender difference in other groups.Conclusions: The most frequently ocurred dental anomaly which was evaluated in the study was tooth impaction and lower incisor tooth agenesis, supernumarary tooth, transposition have followed, respectly. Dentists must be aware of situations which can not be detected by only clinical examination and radiograpic examination doesn’t must be neglected.ARASTIRMA MAKALESI

Relative contribution of ENSO and East Asian winter monsoon to the South China Sea SST anomalies during ENSO decaying years

AbstractPresent study investigates respective contributions of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) to two periods of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the South China Sea (SCS), one subsequent to the ENSO mature phase and the other in the following summer, during 1982–2010. It is found that the SST anomalies in the first period are related to the EAWM and the ENSO impact independent of EAWM is weak, which differs from previous studies. The SST anomalies in the second period are mainly due to the ENSO effect. A heat budget analysis shows that changes in shortwave radiation and wind‐related surface latent heat flux as well as horizontal advections are the processes leading to the EAWM‐related SST anomalies in the first period. The ENSO‐related SST anomalies in the second period are contributed by shortwave radiation and latent heat flux anomalies as well as meridional advection and vertical upwelling processes near the southeast coast of Indochina Peninsula. The ENSO contribution to the SCS SST anomalies in the first period is larger before than after the late 1970s. This is attributed to an earlier development of ENSO events that is followed by larger equatorial central and eastern Pacific SST anomalies in boreal summer and, subsequently, larger North Indian Ocean SST anomalies around October. Consequently, anomalous surface anticyclone over the SCS is stronger, leading to larger surface heat flux anomalies and thus a larger SST increase around October before than after the late 1970s.