Genital Warts Research Articles

Human papillomavirus vaccination in low- and middle-income countries: progression, barriers, and future prospective.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that, if does not go away, can cause health problems like genital warts and cancer. The national immunization schedules for individuals before sexual debut, significantly decreased HPV-associated mortality and it will be affordable. However, immunization programs remain vulnerable to macroeconomic factors such as inflation, fiscal policy, employment levels, and national income. This review aims to investigate the association between national income in lower-middle-income countries to explore recent advances and potential issues, as well as how to deal with challenges.

Facilitators and barriers to voluntary medical male circumcision as an HIV prevention strategy in Kavango East, Namibia.

Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a strategy used to try to limit new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, as it has the potential to reduce HIV and/or AIDS transmission from women to men by up to 60%. However, in spite of efforts by the Ministry of Health and Social Services, only a few men in Namibia have been circumcised. The objective of this study was to explore and describe the facilitators of, and barriers to, medical male circumcision for HIV prevention in Kavango East, Namibia. A qualitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual design was employed. The accessible population in this study comprised 18 health professionals who were selected for the study using a purposive sampling technique. Participants reported numerous barriers to VMMC in Namibia. Barriers to VMMC included 'myths' and misconceptions attached to VMMC, age limitations, fear of pain and stigma associated with HIV, small VMMC team and long distances from health facilities. Facilitators to VMMC included family support, having experienced genital sores and genital warts or phimosis and paraphimosis. The study revealed that a number of barriers must be overcome before VMMC before the desired number of men take advantage of VMMC. Multiple factors act as constraints to VMMC, including fear, myths and misconceptions, small VMMC teams and the long distance between clients' homes and VMMC services.Contribution:The study's findings can be used to develop targeted interventions and strategies that can be used by VMMC providers to address the identified barriers.

Protein-DNA Interactions Regulate Human Papillomavirus DNA Replication, Transcription, and Oncogenesis.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of alpha papillomaviruses that cause various illnesses, including cancer. There are more than 160 types of HPV, with many being "high-risk" types that have been clinically linked to cervical and other types of cancer. "Low-risk" types of HPV cause less severe conditions, such as genital warts. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have shed light on how HPV induces carcinogenesis. The HPV genome is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule that is approximately 8 kilobases in size. Replication of this genome is strictly regulated and requires two virus-encoded proteins, E1 and E2. E1 is a DNA helicase that is necessary for replisome assembly and replication of the HPV genome. On the other hand, E2 is responsible for initiating DNA replication and regulating the transcription of HPV-encoded genes, most importantly the E6 and E7 oncogenes. This article explores the genetic characteristics of high-risk HPV types, the roles of HPV-encoded proteins in HPV DNA replication, the regulation of transcription of E6 and E7 oncogenes, and the development of oncogenesis.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases-An Update and Overview of Current Research.

A rise in the rates of sexually transmitted diseases, both worldwide and in Germany, has been observed especially among persons between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Since many infections are devoid of symptoms or cause few symptoms, the diseases are detected late, may spread unchecked, and be transmitted unwittingly. In the event of persistent infection, the effects depend on the pathogen in question. Manifestations vary widely, ranging from pelvic inflammatory disease, most often caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (in Germany nearly 30% of PID) or Neisseria gonorrhoeae (in Germany <2% of PID), to the development of genital warts or cervical dysplasia in cases of infection with the HP virus. Causal treatment does exist in most cases and should always be administered to the sexual partner(s) as well. An infection during pregnancy calls for an individual treatment approach, depending on the pathogen and the week of pregnancy.

Treatment of condylomata acuminata caused by low-risk human papillomavirus with chloroquine phosphate gel.

To observe the stability and therapeutic effect of chloroquine phosphate gel on human condylomata acuminata (CA) caused by low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). The appearance, viscosity, pH, chloroquine concentration, deethylchloroquine concentration and content uniformity of chloroquine phosphate gel were examined for 24 months, the gel met the quality standards throughout the 24-month observation. A nude mouse model harboring CA xenografts was used to observe the therapeutic effect of this gel on CA in vivo. After 14 days of gel administration, compared with the control group, the treatment group had significantly smaller warts and significantly reduced DNA copy numbers of HPV6 and HPV11 in the wart tissues. Immunohistochemistry analysis of p53 protein expression in the wart tissues of the treatment group was significantly increased. Chloroquine phosphate gel was stable and effective against CA, possibly through the promotion of p53 protein expression to induce apoptosis, leading to the involution of warts.

Correlates of Parental Consent to Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake by Their Adolescent Daughters in ZAMBIA: Application of the Health Belief Model.

Parental consent for adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine uptake is important; however, refusal is prevalent. Therefore, this study aimed to understand factors associated with parental consent for their adolescent daughter's HPV vaccination. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, between September and October 2021. We recruited parents from different social settings. The means and standard deviations or median and interquartile ranges were used as appropriate to summarise continuous variables. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were fitted with robust estimation of standard errors. The odds ratios are presented with 95% CI. Mediation analysis was conducted using a generalised structural equation model. The study enrolled 400 parents, mean age 45.7 years [95% CI, 44.3-47.1]. Two hundred and fifteen (53.8%) parents reported consenting to their daughters' HPV vaccination, and their daughters received it. None of the health belief model (HBM) construct scores showed an independent association with parental consent. Higher, compared to lower wealth index (AOR; 2.32, 95% CI: 1.29-4.16), knowing someone with genital warts (AOR = 2.23, 95 CI: 1.04-4.76), cervical cancer screening uptake (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.03-3.62) were associated with increased odds of parental consent. This study highlights factors influencing parental consent for their daughters' HPV vaccination. Ongoing sensitisation programs are important to improve their decision-making.

Digital Anal Rectal Examination Usage Among Individuals at Increased Risk for Anal Cancer.

Multiple organizations recommend an annual digital anal rectal examination (DARE) for people at highest risk for anal cancer. The authors assessed DARE usage among sexual minority men and transgender women. Community-recruited and asymptomatic individuals from a mid-sized US city were enrolled into the Prevent Anal Cancer Self-Swab Study, a longitudinal clinical trial of anal cancer screening. Self-reported data from the baseline survey were used to assess usage of DARE in the last year and during the lifetime. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and CIs for factors associated with each outcome were determined using multivariable logistic regression. Among 241 participants, median age was 46 years (interquartile range, 33-57 years), 27.0% were living with HIV, and 24.5% reported a previous diagnosis of anal warts. A total of 13.7% (95% CI = 9.4%-18.0%) of individuals reported a DARE in the previous year, whereas 53.9% (95% CI = 47.7%-60.2%) reported a DARE during the lifetime. The following were associated with a DARE in the previous year: increasing age (aOR = 1.04; 95% CI = 1.01-1.08 for each additional year), any previous anal cytology (aOR = 2.62; 95% CI = 1.19-5.80, compared with no previous test or no knowledge of a test), and preferred receptive position during anal sex (aOR = 4.93; 95% CI = 1.17-20.86 compared with insertive). Despite guidelines recommending an annual DARE, it was uncommonly reported. There is an urgent need to understand barriers to conducting DARE among individuals most vulnerable to anal cancer and their health care providers.

Mechanisms of action of Fu Fang Gang Liu liquid in treating condyloma acuminatum by network pharmacology and experimental validation

BackgroundCondyloma acuminatum (CA) is a sexually transmitted disease characterized by the anomalous proliferation of keratinocytes caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Fu Fang Gang Liu liquid (FFGL) is an effective externally administered prescription used to treat CA; however, its molecular mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to identify and experimentally validate the major active ingredients and prospective targets of FFGL.MethodsNetwork pharmacology, transcriptomics, and enrichment analysis were used to identify the active ingredients and prospective targets of FFGL, which were confirmed through subsequent experimental validation using mass spectrometry, molecular docking, western blotting, and in vitro assays.ResultsThe network pharmacology analysis revealed that FFGL contains a total of 78 active compounds, which led to the screening of 610 compound-related targets. Among them, 59 overlapped with CA targets and were considered to be targets with potential therapeutic effects. The protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that protein kinase B (Akt) serine/threonine kinase 1 was a potential therapeutic target. To further confirm this result, we performed ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) assays on HPV 18+ cells after FFGL exposure and conducted enrichment analyses on the differentially expressed genes that were screened. The enrichment analysis results indicated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway may be a key pathway through which FFGL exerts its effects. Further in vitro experiments revealed that FFGL significantly inhibited the activity of HPV 18+ cells and reduced PI3K and Akt protein levels. A rescue experiment indicated that the reduction in cell viability induced by FFGL was partially restored after the administration of activators of the PI3K/Akt pathway. We further screened two active components of FFCL that may be efficacious in the treatment of CA: periplogenin and periplocymarin. The molecular docking experiments showed that these two compounds exhibited good binding activity to Akt1.ConclusionFFGL reduced HPV 18+ cell viability by inhibiting key proteins in the PI3K/Akt pathway; this pathway may represent an essential mechanism through which FFGL treats CA. Periplogenin and periplocymarin may play a significant role in this process.

Hemolysis and acquired methemoglobinemia associated with lidocaine and benzocaine topical application: a case report

BackgroundTopical anesthetics are commonly used over the counter, and one of the adverse effects of these medications is methemoglobinemia, which is a serious and life-threatening condition.Case presentationWe describe a 25-year-old Persian male presenting with generalized weakness, dizziness, headache, and cyanosis. In addition, he had genital warts starting 3 weeks ago, which were self-treated with podophyllin, resulting in itching and pain. He used over-the-counter topical anesthetics, including benzocaine and lidocaine, to reduce the symptoms. According to the lab data, signs and symptoms of methemoglobinemia and hemolysis were diagnosed. Considering the hemolysis, ascorbic acid was used for treatment. The patient was discharged after 5 days with normal arterial blood gas and pulse oximetry and no signs and symptoms.ConclusionThis case highlights that self-administration of some topical anesthetics may lead to potentially fatal conditions.

HPV Vaccination for Cervical Cancer Prevention in Switzerland

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is responsible for almost all cases of cervical cancer worldwide. It is also responsible for a variety of other cancers including penile; vaginal; vulvar; anal; and oropharyngeal cancers at the base of the tongue and tonsils. There are a very large number of these HPVs, which are classified into groups from high to low risk based on their oncogenic potential. Every year in Switzerland, over 260 women develop cervical cancer, and nearly 90 of them will die from the disease. Cervical cancer affects young women and is the fourth most common cancer in women between the ages of 20 and 49 years. Among the high-risk HPV types, HPV-16 and -18 are the most common and most carcinogenic ones. Together, these two HPV types are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases in developed countries. HPV-6 and -11 are directly responsible for 90% of genital warts. There are two effective public health interventions to prevent this cancer: screening and vaccination. The present entry provides an overview of current literature in order to present these preventative approaches and consider their use within a Swiss context. It is hoped that, going forward, this will encourage the implementation and uptake of such interventions.

A Rare Case of Behçet Disease Presenting with sepsis, Pulmonary Embolism and Right Ventricular Thrombus

Behçet Disease is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that manifests as recurring mouth ulcers and a number of systemic symptoms, such as genital ulcers, eye disease, skin lesions, arthritis, genital warts and gastrointestinal, neurologic, or vascular disease. Both men and women are equally affected by it, and it is most frequent along the historic Silk Road, which runs from eastern Asia to the Mediterranean region. The majority of people begin to exhibit symptoms between the ages of 20 and 40. (1) We describe a rare case of a 21-year-old man with two right ventricular masses and pulmonary embolism due to a not yet diagnosed Behçet’s disease.

531 Prevalence of condyloma acuminata in sexual and gender diverse populations: A retrospective cohort study

531 Prevalence of condyloma acuminata in sexual and gender diverse populations: A retrospective cohort study

Microwave hyperthermia represses human papillomavirus oncoprotein activity and induces cell death due to cell stress in 3D tissue models of anogenital precancers and cancers

Hyperthermia is a well-accepted cancer therapy. Microwaves provide a very precise, targeted means of hyperthermia and are currently used to treat plantar warts caused by cutaneous-infective human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Other HPV genotypes infecting the anogenital mucosa cause genital warts or preneoplastic lesions or cervical cancer. Effective, non-ablative therapies for these morbid HPV-associated lesions are lacking. The molecular consequences of microwave treatment were investigated in invitro cultured three-dimensional HPV-positive cervical tumour tissues, and tissues formed from HPV-infected normal immortalised keratinocytes. Microwave energy delivery to tissues was quantified. Quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR was used to quantify mRNA expression. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence immunostaining was used to assess protein expression. Microwave energy deposition induced sustained, localised cell death at the treatment site. There was a downregulation in levels of HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7 alongside a reduction in cellular growth/proliferation and induction of apoptosis/autophagy. HSP70 expression confirmed hyperthermia, concomitant with induction of translational stress. The data suggest that microwave treatment inhibits tumour cell proliferation and allows the natural apoptosis of HPV-infected cells to resume. Precision microwave delivery presents a potential new treatment for treating HPV-positive anogenital precancerous lesions and cancers. Funding was through an Innovate UK Biomedical Catalyst grant (ID# 92138-556187), a Chief Scientist Office grant (TCS/19/11) and core support from Medical Research Council (MC_ UU_12014) core funding for the MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research.

Condyloma acuminata: An evaluation of the immune response at cellular and molecular levels.

Condyloma acuminata (CA) is a benign proliferative disease mainly affecting in non-keratinized epithelia. Most cases of CA are caused by low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV), mainly HPV 6 and 11. The aim of the current study was to highlight the candidate genes and pathways associated with immune alterations in individuals who did not spontaneously eliminate the virus and, thus, develop genital warts. Paraffin-embedded condyloma samples (n = 56) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CD1a, FOXP3, CD3, CD4, CD8, and IFN-γ. The immunomarkers were chosen based on the evaluation of the innate and adaptive immune pathways using qPCR analysis of 92 immune-related genes, applying a TaqMan Array Immune Response assay in HPV 6 or HPV 11 positive samples (n = 27). Gene expression analysis revealed 31 differentially expressed genes in CA lesions. Gene expression validation revealed upregulation of GZMB, IFNG, IL12B, and IL8 and downregulation of NFATC4 and IL7 in CA samples. Immunohistochemical analysis showed increased FOXP3, IFN-γ, CD1a, and CD4 expression in CA than in the control tissue samples. In contrast, CD3 and CD8 expression was decreased in CA lesion samples. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HPV-positive patients compared with HPV-negative patients seem to reflect the elevated immunogenicity of HPV-positive CA lesions. Host defense against HPV begins during the early stages of the innate immune response and is followed by activation of T lymphocytes, which are mainly represented by CD4+ and regulatory T cells. The low CD8+ T cell count in CA may contribute to this recurrent behavior. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism of host defense against HPV infection in CA.

Human Papilloma Virus: An Unraveled Enigma of Universal Burden of Malignancies.

HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, has been the primary causative agent of genital warts and cervical cancer worldwide. It is a sexually transmitted infection mainly affecting women of reproductive age group, also infecting men and high-risk group individuals globally, resulting in high mortality. In recent years, HPV has also been found to be the major culprit behind anogenital cancers in both gender and oropharyngeal and colorectal cancers. Few studies have reported the incidence of HPV in breast cancers as well. For a few decades, the burden of HPV-associated malignancies has been increasing at an alarming rate due to a lack of adequate awareness, famine vaccine coverage and hesitancy. The effectiveness of currently available vaccines has been limited to prophylactic efficacy and does not prevent malignancies associated with post-exposure persistent infection. This review focuses on the current burden of HPV-associated malignancies, their causes and strategies to combat the growing prevalence of the cancers. With the advent of new technologies associated with treatment pertaining to therapeutic interventions and employing effective vaccine coverage, the burden of this disease may be reduced in the population.

Effectiveness and safety of topical application of diphenylcyclopropenone versus podophyllin in treatment of genital warts.

Many therapeutic modalities are available for treating genital warts; however, the effectiveness of both diphenylcyclopropenone and podophyllin is still controversial. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of diphenylcyclopropenone and podophyllin in treating genital warts. This study included 57 patients, divided randomly into two groups. Group (A): diphenylcyclopropenone (n = 29). Group (B): podophyllin 25% (n = 28). In group (A), sensitization was done with 2% diphenylcyclopropenone. Then, after 1 or 2weeks, treatment started with a weekly application of diphenylcyclopropenone solutions ranging between 0.001 and 1% until clearance, or for a maximum of 10 sessions. In group (B), podophyllin 25% was applied weekly until clearance or for a maximum of 6weeks. Higher clearance was achieved in group A, with 19 of 29 (65.5%) patients, than in group B, with 9 of 28 (32.1%) (p-value = 0.004). Also, effectiveness increases with young age in group A. Shorter wart duration was associated with better response in both groups (p-value = 0.005). No serious adverse effects occurred in either group. No recurrence was detected in group A, while seven patients (77.8%) had recurrence in group B after 1year of follow up. Diphenylcyclopropenone shows a higher success rate than podophyllin in treating genital warts and a lower recurrence rate.

Abstract 4179: Anal cancer risk factors and utilization of cancer preventive strategies in people living with HIV in Puerto Rico

Abstract Introduction: Anal cancer (AC) risk is greatly elevated among persons living with HIV (PLWH), particularly men who have sex with men (MSM). The incidence of anal cancer among PLWH in Puerto Rico is 60.5 per 100,000 in MSM. Smoking and sexual behaviors may enhance anal cancer risk among PLWH. Therefore, we describe the prevalence of risk factors for AC, overall and by sexual risk group (MSM, women, and men who have sex with women [MSW]). We also evaluated receipt of cancer preventive strategies: HPV vaccination and AC screening, among a sample of PLWH in Puerto Rico. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted (Sept 2020 - Dec 2021) among PLWH ≥26 aged in Puerto Rico (n=212). Participants answered a phone interview that collected information on relevant characteristics. AC risk factors evaluated were current smoking, age of sexual initiation (≤15 years), lifetime anal sex, 10 or more lifetime sexual partners, history of AIDS, genital warts, and HPV infection. HPV vaccination and AC screening status were also evaluated. The overall and sexual risk group specific prevalence of AC risk factors and preventive behaviors were described. In addition, the prevalence ratio (PR) of the variables of interest, comparing the sexual risk groups, was estimated with 95% confidence intervals using Poisson regression. Results: Mean age of participants was 52.8 ± (SD=10.2); 44.1% were MSM, 23.2% were MSW, and 32.7% were women. Most PLWH had public health insurance (84.4%), an education level of high-school or less (45.7%), and 9.5% had a history of intravenous drug use. Regarding the prevalence of AC risk factors, 58.3% had 10 or more lifetime sex partners, 51% had their first sexual relationship at age ≤15 years, 29.3% were current smokers, and 75.8% of women had history of anal sex. In addition, 20.8% reported being diagnosed with AIDS, 16.5% had a history of genital warts, and 12.0% had HPV infection. Only 7.5% reported HPV vaccination and 52.2% reported ever having had an anal pap test. MSM had the highest prevalence of risky sexual behaviors, although no statistical difference was seen in the PRs. For preventive strategies, women (PR: 3.13, 95% CI 1.52-6.46) and MSM (PR: 3.42, 95% CI 1.70-6.90) had higher prevalence of anal pap uptake than MSW. Conclusion: Persons living with HIV in Puerto Rico had high prevalence of current smoking use and risky sexual behavior. Despite their increased risk of AC, and only over half had been screened for AC. Continued education and awareness about AC risk factors, smoking cessation, and importance of prevention strategies are important among PLWH. Citation Format: Sandra I. Garcia-Camacho, Jeslie M. Ramos-Cartagena, Marievelisse Soto-Salgado, Vivian Colon-Lopez, Karen J. Ortiz-Ortiz, Ashish A. Deshmukh, Ana P. Ortiz. Anal cancer risk factors and utilization of cancer preventive strategies in people living with HIV in Puerto Rico. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4179.

MP15-06 REASSESSMENT OF RISK AND VACCINE EFFICACY THROUGH GENOTYPING ANALYSIS OF GENITAL WARTS: ARE GENITAL WARTS TRULY BENIGN?

You have accessJournal of UrologyCME1 Apr 2023MP15-06 REASSESSMENT OF RISK AND VACCINE EFFICACY THROUGH GENOTYPING ANALYSIS OF GENITAL WARTS: ARE GENITAL WARTS TRULY BENIGN? Eun Jae Kim, Jae Chul Lee, Don Hee Lyu, Useok Choi, Kang Sup Kim, Bong Hee Park, Hong Chung, Won Yeol Cho, Chang Hee Han, and Sangrak Bae Eun Jae KimEun Jae Kim More articles by this author , Jae Chul LeeJae Chul Lee More articles by this author , Don Hee LyuDon Hee Lyu More articles by this author , Useok ChoiUseok Choi More articles by this author , Kang Sup KimKang Sup Kim More articles by this author , Bong Hee ParkBong Hee Park More articles by this author , Hong ChungHong Chung More articles by this author , Won Yeol ChoWon Yeol Cho More articles by this author , Chang Hee HanChang Hee Han More articles by this author , and Sangrak BaeSangrak Bae More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000003235.06AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to re-evaluate the risk by analyzing the virus that caused genital warts through the genotype analysis of human papillomavirus performed during the treatment of genital warts, and to investigate the possibility of responding to each vaccine type. METHODS: From January, 2020 to June 2021, three urology clinics and hospitals were visited and the results of patients diagnosed with genital warts and HPV genotyping analysis were analyzed. According to the provided results, it was divided into 'high risk' and 'low risk', and if they coexist, it was classified as 'mixed'. Each was analyzed according to the number of lesions and whether or not there was a second recurrence. In addition, it was analyzed whether it was possible to completely cope with each type of vaccine. Analysis was also performed according to the patient's age, site, and recurrence. RESULTS: The analysis results of a total of 692 patients were confirmed. The average age was 33 years, 671 males and 21 females. There were 356 (51.44%) cases in the pure low-risk group, 233 (33.67%) cases in the mixed group, and 103 (14.88%) cases in the pure high-risk group. By major virus, type 6 was the most common with 400 cases (57.8%), and type 11 was identified with 138 (19.94%), 16 with 51 (7.37%), and 52 with 48 (6.94). There were 302 patients who were completely cured by the 4-valent vaccine and 348 patients with 9-valent vaccine, showing an increase in coping ability against additional viruses by 15.2% when changing from 4-valent to 9-valent. Of the 262 recurrence cases, pure low 139 (53.05%), pure high 44 (16.79%), mixed 79 (30.15%), and primary lesion were 430 cases, pure low 217 (50.46%), pure high 59 (12.77%), mixed 154 (33.48%). CONCLUSIONS: Type 6 was the most common type, but in the 20-35 year old group, more than 50% of the genital warts were identified as a mixed. An additional effect of 15.2% can be expected when changing from a quadrivalent to a nine-valent. There was no difference in relapse according to the risk, but in the case of a single lesion, the possibility of the high-risk group was high. Source of Funding: None © 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 209Issue Supplement 4April 2023Page: e193 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2023 by American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Eun Jae Kim More articles by this author Jae Chul Lee More articles by this author Don Hee Lyu More articles by this author Useok Choi More articles by this author Kang Sup Kim More articles by this author Bong Hee Park More articles by this author Hong Chung More articles by this author Won Yeol Cho More articles by this author Chang Hee Han More articles by this author Sangrak Bae More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Mucocele on the tongue misdiagnosed as condyloma acuminatum

Mucocele on the tongue misdiagnosed as condyloma acuminatum

HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS - ORAL INFECTION –A REVIEW

Human papilloma virus is the most common sexually transmitted infection and persistent HPV is associated with high risk of cervical cancer, genital warts and also oral mucosa. The benign clinical manifestation of HPV infection are oral papilloma / condyloma and focal epithelial hyperplasia. The association between Human papilloma virus [HPV] types and oral lesions have been shown in many studies. The purpose of the study is to highlight the persistent infection of HPV ( which tend to become malignant), transmission of HPV, oral signs and symptoms of infection and their treatment.