Anogeissus Leiocarpus Research Articles

Impact of some savanna trees on soil quality on smallholder farms in a part of Kano, Nigeria

Soil nutrient decline has become a major issue of concern to researchers in the semi-arid region of Nigeria. This condition is further exacerbated by worsening climate and declining environmental quality, amplified by huge population pressure on limited resources. This research investigates the impact of some key savanna tree species on soil quality on smallholder farms in a part of Kano, Nigeria. The results indicate that many indigenous tree species are deliberately left on these smallholder farms in a practice that may be referred to as agroforestry. Inventory of these trees indicates that Vitellaria paradoxa at 25%, Parkia biglobosa at 20%, and Anogeissus leiocarpus at 12%, and Faidherbia albida at 8% are the dominant tree species on smallholder farms in the study area. Laboratory analysis of soil quality at different distances - 2m, 6m and beyond 6m – around the inventoried trees on smallholder farms in the area indicated statistically significant differences in available soil minerals, at 0.02. Eighty-three percent of the farmers corroborated that crops close to trees perform better, in a social survey conducted on some 400 smallholder farmers in the study area. The study recommends: (1) deliberate promotion and regeneration of tree species, most especially leguminous, on smallholder farms; (2) more researches to determine and establish the specific distance(s) at which soil mineral elements are profoundly influenced by trees, and quantifying the actual soil mineral elements that may be made available by each of the different tree species. Keywords : Agroforestry; Indigenous; Savanna; Smallholder

Safety evaluation of Bon-santé cleanser® polyherbal in male Wistar rats.

BackgroundThe potential harm of medicinal herbs has been recently observed following herbal toxicity studies after ingestion of polyherbal remedies. This was the rationale for the food and drug regulatory agency decision for thorough safety evaluation of herbal medicines. Androgenic, antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory potentials as well as chemical compositions of extracts of massularia acuminata, terminalia ivorensis, anogeissus leiocarpus and macuna pruriens respectively have been documented. Thus, Bon-santé cleanser® (BSC) is formulated from these medicinal plants with the intention to boost body hormones and energizes the body. Considering the wide usage of BSC, we investigated on its safety in male Wistar rats.MethodsThirty-two male Wistar rats weighing 201.9 ± 7.5 g were grouped into four treatment groups of eight per group. Group I, (control) received distilled water (10 ml/kg). Groups II-IV received 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg of BSC per oral respectively. Each group was treated for sixty days.ResultsAcute toxicity test, in male Wistar albino mice, showed that LD50 was 600 mg/kg via i.p. while 4 g/kg was nonlethal after oral administration in mice. Hepatic and renal biomarker enzymes were unaltered in all rats. Increased in PCV (p <0.05) was observed at 500 mg/kg. BSC modulates antioxidants biomarkers following sub-chronic administration and increased serum Na+ (p >0.05). BSC at 1000 mg/kg caused mild inflammation of the liver and heart but not kidneys histologically.ConclusionsBSC has been found to be relatively safe in Wistar rats. Although, our findings indicate that herbal therapy with BSC should be done with caution as a mild alteration in the liver and heart architectures were observed.

Estimation Of The Thermochemical And Solubility Properties Of Some Nigerian Softwood

The abundance of softwoods in Nigeria makes them readily available and their renewability is also an advantage in generation of any product that has usefulness in scientific application. All the softwood samples investigated were soluble in hot concentrated H2SO4. From a measured quantity of each Nigerian softwood powder consumed in their destructive distillation, the results showed that: Tetrapleura tetraptera had appreciable quantities of wood charcoal with a maximum value of 5.2g, Allanblackia floribunda, Afzelia bella and Afrormosia laxiflora each with 4.5g also had high quantities of wood charcoal. Afzelia bipindensis, Cassipourea barteri and Khaya ivorensis each produced 3.00cm3 pyroligneous acid volume. Tar volumes of 0.25cm3 as the highest value was observed in each of Monodara tenuifolia, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Amphimas pterocarpoides, Afzelia bipindensis and Cassipourea barteri. The volumes of wood gas emitted were high. The maximum wood gas emitted showed values of 998 and 980cm3 from Afzelia bipindensis and Sacoglottis gabonensis. These thermochemicals have agricultural, industrial and domestic values.

Influence of climatic factors on tree growth in riparian forests in the humid and dry savannas of the Volta basin, Ghana

The paper demonstrates the prospects and applications of dendrochronology for understanding climate change effects on riparian forests in the savanna landscape. Riparian trees in savannas have a potential for dendro-climatic studies, but have been neglected hitherto. We examined ring-width series of Afzelia africana (evergreen) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (deciduous) to study the influence of climatic factors on the growth of riparian trees in the humid (HS) and dry (DS) savanna zones of the Volta basin in Ghana. A total of 31 stem discs belonging to A. africana and A. leiocarpus were selected from HS and DS to establish species-specific local chronologies of tree growth. Each individual of A. africana and A. leiocarpus from the two savanna sites showed distinct growth rings. Cross-dating of individual tree-ring patterns was successful using standard dendrochronological techniques. The mean annual growth rates of A. africana in the HS (1.38 ± 0.09) and DS (1.34 ± 0.08) were not statistically different. Furthermore, mean annual growth rate of A. leiocarpus in the DS (3.75 ± 0.27) was higher than in the HS (2.83 ± 0.16) suggesting that species in drier environment can have higher growth rates when sufficient soil moisture is available. The growth rates of both species at the same sites were different, which might indicate different water use strategies. High correlations of individual tree-ring series of A. africana and A. leiocarpus trees at HS and DS suggest a strong climatic forcing controlled by the seasonal movement of the inter-tropical convergence zone. The annual growth of A. africana and A. leiocarpus at both the HS and DS was significantly correlated with local temperature and precipitation. The negative correlations of the growth of the two tree species to global sea surface temperatures were however, indications that the growth of riparian forests can be impacted during El Nino-Southern Oscillation years. The result of our study shows that riparian trees in the humid and dry savanna zones of West Africa can be successfully used for dendrochronological studies.

English

During the dry season, most plants and grasses dry up and ruminants are left with fewer plants to graze on. The plants available during such periods have relatively lower moisture contents and higher antinutritional factors because of the dry nature of the soil and prevalent atmospheric conditions. Increased levels of antinutritional factors above acceptable values, could have a detrimental effect on the metabolic and health status of animals grazing on such plants. This research work sought to determine the phytochemicals present and the levels of some antrinutritional factors in plants (Acacia senegal, Parkia biglobosa, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Acacia sieberiana, Vitellaria paradoxum, Tamarindus indica, Ficus carica, Ziziphus spinachristi Dichrostachus cinerea, Ziziphus mucronata) commonly grazed upon by ruminants in this region, to educate farmers and policy makers on the safety of these plants for ruminant nutrition. The plants were collected and identified, while phytochemical and anti-nutritional profiles were analyzed using standard spectrophotometric procedures. Quantitative antinutritional factors analysis showed that the level of oxalate varied from 15 to 180 mg/100 g, phytic acid from 23.51 to 53.41 mg/100 g and tannins from 0.486 to 1.850 mg/100 g, which are within internationally accepted permissible limits. Results of qualitative phytochemical analysis showed that flavonoids, tannin, cardiac glycosides and steroids were present in all the plants, while anthraquinones were absent. The results suggest that the browse plants in this location contain anti-nutrients at relatively low levels which make these plants safe for ruminant consumption. Key words: Plants, antinutritional factors, phytochemicals, grazing ruminants

In vitro antioxidant activities of African birch (Anogeissus leiocarpus) leaf and its effect on the α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties of acarbose

Abstract Objective This study sought to determine the antioxidant activities of African birch leaf, to assess its interaction with key enzymes relevant to type 2 diabetes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) and to evaluate its effect on acarbose in vitro. Methods One milligram per milliliter of aqueous extract of African birch and acarbose were separately prepared. At the same time, both the African extract and acarbose solution (50:50 v/v) were thoroughly mixed until homogeneity was attained. The phenolic phytoconstituents and antioxidant properties of African birch leaf were subsequently determined. Finally, the effects of African birch extract, acarbose solution and a mixture of acarbose and African birch extract on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities were assessed in vitro. Results The results showed that African birch extract demonstrated a remarkable antioxidant effect, as exemplified by its radical scavenging abilities, Fe2+ chelating ability and prevention of lipid peroxidation. Acarbose had significantly (p Conclusion The additive and synergistic actions of the combination of African birch extract and acarbose solution suggest effective, complementary and alternative strategies towards the management/treatment of hyperglycaemia associated with type 2 diabetes.

Determination of antibacterial activity, total phenolic, flavonoid and saponin contents in leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill and Perr

Objective: To ascertain the antibacterial property and quantify the contents of the total phenolics, flavonoids and saponins in leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC.) Guill and Perr. Methods: Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by the method described by Harborne in 1999. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was used for assaying the antibacterial activity. Folin-Ciocalteau reagent and aluminium chloride colorimetric methods were employed for the estimation of the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, respectively. Vanillinacetic acid and perchloric acid mixture was employed in the determination of the total saponin content. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and steroids in the methanolic extract while alkaloids were absent. Only steroids were identified in the n-hexane extract. The methanolic leaf extract was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris while the n-hexane was inactive. The total phenolic content obtained was (47.75 ± 0.12) mg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract, the total flavonoid content was (121.50 ± 0.11) mg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, while the total saponin content was (63.42 ± 0.15) mg ginsenoside Rb 1 equivalent/mg extract. Conclusions: The leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus have high contents of saponins and

Toxicity Test on Anogeissus leiocarpus Plant with Potential for use as Tea Substitute

Powdered leaves of Anogeissus leiocarpus were extracted with ethanol and fractionated with Pet-ether, N-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, and Ethanol using partition technique. The extracts and fractions were tested for toxicity on brine shrimp larvae and phytochemically screened for the presence of secondary metabolites. Brine shrimp test result showed that the fraction of ethyl acetate was found to be more toxic with LC 50 of 0.0017mg/ml. The fraction obtained from chloroform was found to be moderately toxic with LC 50 of 18.58 mg/ml to brine shrimps. Concentrations of 10, 100, 1000 in mg/ml of extracts were administered. The lethal concentrations (LC 50 ) at lower concentrations (10mg/ml) were less toxic and are highly toxic at higher concentrations. The Phytochemical screening of the fractions revealed the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Reducing sugars, and Tannins. Thus it is appropriate to use the plant as a tea substitute. Key words: Anogeissus leiocarpus, brine shrimp, Toxicity, Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Reducing sugars, Tannins, Ethanol, Pet-ether, N-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform, Methanol.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Basis for the Ethnomedicinal Use of Root Extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus as an Antidiabetic in Eastern Nigeria

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Basis for the Ethnomedicinal Use of Root Extracts from Anogeissus leiocarpus as an Antidiabetic in Eastern Nigeria

Effects of Aqueous Root Bark Extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill &amp; Perr and Terminalia avicennioides Guill &amp; Perr on Redox and Haematological Parameters of Diethylnitrosamine-Administered Rats

Background: This study investigated the protective effects of aqueous extracts of Anogeissus leiocarpus (DC) Guill &amp; Perr (Combretaceae) and Terminalia avicennioides Guill &amp; Perr (Combretaceae) root barks, as well as their 1:1 (w/w) mixture on liver redox and haematological parameters of diethylnitrosamine-treated rats. Methods: Rats were orally administered distilled water, diethylnitrosamine (30 mg/kg body weight once a week on weeks 3 and 4), curcumin (200 mg/kg body weight), extracts and 1:1 mixture (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg body weight) for 4 weeks. Malondialdehyde, markers of oxidative stress and hematological indices were evaluated. Results: The extracts and their mixture significantly (P&lt;0.05) reversed the diethylnitrosamine-induced alterations in the levels of liver malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutathione, vitamin C and platelet counts. The other haematological parameters (red blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, lymphocyte count and neutrophil count) were not affected by diethylnitrosamine and extracts. Conclusion: The extracts possess antioxidant, hepatoprotective and haemoprotective activities that compared well with curcumin. These activities were better exhibited by the mixture than the individual extracts.

Characterization of antibacterial flavonoids and stilbenes of the root extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus by UHPLC-MS-QTOF

Characterization of antibacterial flavonoids and stilbenes of the root extract of Anogeissus leiocarpus by UHPLC-MS-QTOF

Gravimetric sorting to improve germination of Anogeissus leiocarpa seed lots

Anogeissus leiocarpa is an important economical and cultural species which is used for dyeing cotton fabric and for reforestation and restoration plantings in West Africa, where it is protected. Its natural regeneration is nearly non-existent and the species is continually exploited. Hence, propagation has emerged as an alternative to its conservation, although limited by the very low germination of its seeds. We aimed to increase the quality of seed lots to support community forestry, investigating how mechanical gravimetric and immersion seed sorting influence germination rate, and we correlated germination responses with physical characteristics to better typify a quality seed lot. For immersing, water was the best separation medium, resulting in a seed lot with 19% germination against 9% for the unsorted seeds. Mechanical sorting through air-flows allowed separating initial seed lots into sorted lots that were on average 4% by weight of the initial, unsorted seed lot. The final sorted batches had 89% germination and an additional sulphuric acid pre-treatment improved germination of these seeds to 100%, which has never been obtained for this species before. The gravimetric mechanical and immersion sorting are efficient in separating out highly viable seeds and could be used for large seed lots.

English

Riparian forest buffers (RF) are integrative part of the savanna agricultural landscape. However, they are under threat of deforestation from agricultural intensification. To ascertain the impact of the deforestation, this study used remote sensing techniques and field inventorying to assess riparian woody plant diversity on farmland (FA) and forest reserve (FR) along Tankwidi rivercourse in the Sudanian savanna of Ghana. Post-classification analysis of Landsat images revealed a reduction in forest cover from 1986 (23%) to 2014 (7%) in the river basin. Ground survey of sixty randomly selected plots (500 m2 per plot) equally divided between FA and FR along the river in a 50 m buffer zone showed a reduction in the number of woody species (diameter &ge; 5 cm) from FR (40) to FA (19). Anogeissus leiocarpus and Mitragyna inermis were the most abundant species in both FR and FA. Shannon-Wiener Index for species diversity reduced from FR (2.5&plusmn;0.09) to FA (1.8&plusmn;0.14). Within FR, there were more species (58%)&nbsp;in the lower diameter class (5 to 15 cm) than the higher diameter classes (15 to 50 cm) suggesting successful regeneration. The reverse was observed in FA where the individuals in the lower diameter class were fewer (26%) than the higher diameter classes. Reduction in species density from FR (355&plusmn;21) to FA (146&plusmn;11) will increase the surface exposure of the riparian area in farmland to heighten risks to climate disasters such as fires and flooding. Managing the risks will not be possible unless a conscious effort is made to educate farmers on the roles of RF, replanted to enhance diversity or riparian buffer excluded from farming for vegetation recovery. &nbsp; Key words: Riparian buffer, biodiversity, Sudanian savanna, agricultural watershed.

Plant diversity and carbon stock in sacred groves of semi-arid areas of Cameroon: case study of Mandara Mountains

The Mandara Mountain eco-region is one of the most important mountain areas of Cameroon. It is often considered as a refuge for several plant and wildlife species. This area is fragile and vulnerable, and faces severe threats from land use change, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, desertification and climate change. Recent studies in sacred groves portrayed these land use types as indigenous strategies which can help to address these environmental problems. Understanding the plant diversity and carbon storage of these land use types in Mandara Mountain can be a good step towards their sustainable management for the delivery of diverse ecosystem services. In this perspective, we established a total of 10 nested circular plots of 1257 m2 each, in the sacred grove of the Mouhour village in Mandara Mountain, and all trees and shrubs with average diameter at breast height (dbh) ≥ 2.5 cm were counted. Tree biomass was estimated on the basis of DBH and understory biomass using destructive method. A total of 182 woody plants were measured, belonging to 21 species, 18 genera and 12 families. The richest family is Combretaceae with 5 species, followed by Caesalpiniaceae and Mimosaceae (3 species each). The analysis of species diversity indexes shows a relative important biodiversity and the vegetation structure showed a high occurrence of small-diameter of plant species. Mean aboveground carbon stock of 31.13 ± 10.8 tC/ha was obtained in the study area. Isoberlinia doka showed the greatest carbon stock (5.7 tC/ha) followed by Boswellia dalzielii (3.9 tC/ha), Acacia senegal (3.5 tC/ha), Anogeissus leiocarpus (3.3 tC/ha) and Terminalia laxiflora (3.1 tC/ha). These results suggest that the sacred groves of Cameroon dry lands need to be taken into account in national environment protection policies as an alternative to respond to international agreements related to biodiversity conservation, combatting desertification and climate change. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v4i2.12659 International Journal of Environment Vol.4(2) 2015: 308-318

INDIGENOUS USES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENTS OF PLANTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF MENSTRUAL DISORDERS AND AFTER- CHILD BIRTH PROBLEMS IN ABEOKUTA SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OGUN STATE, NIGERIA

A survey of plants used for the treatment of menstrual disorders and after-child birth problems was conducted in Abeokuta South Local Government. Hundred (100) questionnaires were administered using multi stage sampling method on traditional herbal practitioners. Ethnobotanical information such as, plants and plant parts used, methods of extraction used and mode of administration of the herbal preparations of these plants were requested. Also, phytochemical contents of the most frequently mentioned plants were determined. Data were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with probability set at p<0.05 and descriptive statistics. Results revealed that a total of fifty-six (56) plants belonging to 37 families were mentioned. The most frequently mentioned families are Euphorbiaceae, Leguminoceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Araceae and Combretaceae. Sesamum indicum, Dioclea sarmentosa, Clausena anisata, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Alafia barteri, Tetrapleura tetraptera, Daniella oliveri, Lannea egregia and Alstonia boonei were the most frequently mentioned plants used in the treatment of menstrual disorders and after-childbirth problems. Leaves (34%), fruits (7%), flowers (3%), tubers (2%), stem-barks (28%), seeds (11%) , roots and barks (2%) and roots (13%) were the plants reported being used for the remedy of these disorders. Decoction (54%), squeezing (9%), grinding/squeezing (14%), paste (4%), exudation (4%), cooking (4%), soaking/ decoction/infusion (4%), and heating to ashes (4%) were the methods of extracting the bioactive principles of the plants using water (79%) as major solvent. Significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the quantities of  tannins recorded in the leaves of Sesamun indicum, Dioclea sarmentosa, Clausena anisata, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Alafia barteri. Similar observations were found in the quantities of saponnins, alkaloids, flavonoids and phenol. Highest values of tannins (0.32mg/g), saponnins (1.07mg/g), alkaloids (5.16mg/g), flavonoids (3.12mg/g) and phenol (0.09 mg/g) were determined in the leaves of  Clausena anisata, Sesanum indicum, Dioclea sarmentosa and Alafia barteri. Across the roots of these plants, similar amount of tannins and saponnins were quantified. This observation varied significantly when compared with alkaloids, flavonoids and phenol quantified in the roots of plants. Highest tannins (1.67mg/g) and saponnins (3.33 mg/g) were recorded in the roots of Dioclea sarmentosa, alkaloids (4.33 mg/g) and flavonoid (6.33 mg/g) in Anogeissus leiocarpus while phenol (1.33 mg/g) was recorded in roots of Sesanum indicum.  Key words: Menstrual Disorders, Childbirth Problems, phytochemical contents, Traditional practitioners, Indigenous plants

Tree-ring: a suitable implement for spatial and temporal fire distribution analysis in savanna woodland and dry forest

Based on 120 stem discs collected during 3 months of fieldwork along a 12 km route, the history of fires in the Wari Maro Forest (09°10′0 N–02°10′0E) over the past century in savanna woodland and dry forest was reconstituted. Three major ecological areas are characterized: one highly burnt zone located between two relative less burnt areas. By analyzing tree rings, 246 fire scars were identified. The scars were caused by 51 fire years, occurring at a mean interval of 2.23 years. From 1890 to 1965, only 6 years with fires were recorded from sampled trees. Since 1966, no year has passed without fire. The fire frequency point scale reached 14 years. This was the case of Burkea africana, which has been identified as a species tolerant to fire and could be planted to create a natural firewall. In contrast, Anogeissus leiocarpa is highly sensitive to fire, and in a dry forest ecosystem that burns seasonally, it requires a special conservation plan. Two new concepts are described: the rebarking of trees after fire and Mean Kilometer Fire Interval. The first concept was tested with Daniellia oliveri (Rolfe) Hutch & Dalz trees, and the second concept was used to evaluate spatial fire distribution. We demonstrate that savanna woodland and dry forest were subject to a degradation process caused by destructive fires related to vegetation cover clearance and illegal logging.

Ethnobotanical study of plants used against malaria in Sélingué subdistrict, Mali

Ethnopharmacological relevancePlants have contributed to food security and disease treatments to rural populations in sub Saharan Africa for many centuries. These plants occupy a significant place in the treatment of diseases, such as malaria. In Mali, malaria is the leading cause of medical consultation and death. This infection is particularly dangerous for pregnant women and children under 5 years. The general aim of this research was to collect data on the knowledge of traditional health practitioners on malaria in the Sélingué area; particularly to document how traditional healers conceptualize and diagnose malarial disease and to collect and identify medicinal plants or other substances used for their health and well-being. Materials and methodsAn ethnobotanical survey was conducted on simple and complicated malaria in six villages in Sélingué subdistrict in a period of 2 months. The ethnobotanical data was collected by means of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. In total 50 traditional healers were interviewed. ResultsTwo concepts of malaria (simple and complicated malaria) were cited and 97 plants used to treat malaria were identified. Decoctions and bathing (whole body) proved to be the most commonly used mode of application. Food attitudes and mosquitoes are perceived to be the most important causes of the disease. Trichilia emetica, Mitragyna inermis, Sarcocephalus latifolius, Cassia sieberiana, Cochlospermum tinctorium, Anogeissus leiocarpa, Guiera senegalensis and Entada africana were quoted as the most used in the treatment of malaria. ConclusionKnowledge about malaria and traditional treatment practices exist in Sélingué subdistrict. Herbal remedies are commonly used by people for the treatment of malaria because they are believed to be cost-effective and more accessible. Many of the plant species used for the treatment of malaria have not been well documented as well as their phytochemical and antimalarial activity.

English

Trypanosoma brucei brucei, a haemo-protozoan parasite causes African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT). Khaya senegalensis (KS) and Anogeissus leiocarpus (AL) are medicinal plants used either individually or in combination by local farmers in Northern Nigeria in the treatment of many diseases including trypanosomiasis. There is however, no information on the efficacy of the plants used in combination. In this study, the antitrypanosomal activity of combined methanolic stem bark extracts of K. senegalensis and A. leiocarpus were determined in vivo using suppressive and repository tests. The combined extracts were administered at 250 mg/kg to T. b. brucei infected rats in ratios 1:4, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2 and 4:1 (K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus). Diminor&reg; (3.5 mg/kg) was positive control and Tween-80 the negative control. Trypanocidal activity was recorded in all four ratios with the highest in the 4:1 ratio for both tests. All ratios in repository test had varying levels of prophylactic activity which were significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than the negative control group. Chemo-prophylactic activity in the 4:1 ratio compared (p&gt;0.05) favorably with the positive control. The extracts however had significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) parasite suppressive activity compared to Diminor&reg; (100%). The 1:4 combinations had the lowest activity (4.35%). In the repository test, packed cell volume (PCV) levels varied in the groups with an increase as the quantity of K. senegalensis in the dose increased. The results therefore show that the antitrypanosomal activity and haemolytic effects of the extracts was dependent on the ratio of K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus. A higher quantity of K. senegalensis provided a more effective prophylaxis and normal PCV. The use of a threefold quantity of K. senegalensis to A. leiocarpus in the local management of animal trypanosomiasis is therefore suggested. &nbsp; Key words: Antitrypanosoma, suppressive test, repository test, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus. &nbsp

Constituents of leaf, stem bark and root volatile oils of &lt;i&gt;Anogeissus leiocarpus&lt;/i&gt; DC. Guill. &amp; Perr.

We report volatile compounds in Anogeissus leiocarpus, which is scarce in literature. Here in Nigeria leaf, stem bark and root essential oils were obtained by hydro-distillation using Clevenger-type apparatus, analyzed by GC and GC-MS. 88% leaf oil comprised of eleven compounds, with abundance of z-9-octadecenoic acid (29.0), n-hexadecanoic acid (21.4), n-octadecanoic acid (12.7), methyl-7E-7-octadecenoate (8.5), and methylhexadecanoate (5.4). Thirteen compounds amount to 80% of the stem bark oil, its significant compounds being z-9-octadecenoic acid (22.8), n-hexadecanoic acid (20.8), methyl-9z-octadecenoate (12.4), methylhexadecanoate (7.8) and eicosane (4.1). Fourteen compounds make-up 91% of root oil, dominated by methyl-7E-7-octadecenoate (18.1), n-hexadecanoic acid (17.6), methyl linoleate (16.2), z-9-octadecenoic acid (15.7) and methylhexadecanoate (14.2). Leaf, stem bark and root oils are characterized by the following classes of compounds respectively (%): fatty acids [65.8, 43.6, 36.7]; esters [17.9, 20.2, 49.9]; hydrocarbons [3.2, 15.7, 1.7]; leaf and root oils contain terpenoids [1.1, 1.1]; dl-arabinose (sugar) is in stem bark oil. Methylhexadecanoate and hexadecanoic acid are common to the three oils. They can serve as chemotaxonomic markers characteristic for this species. Compositions of Anogeissus leiocarpus three oils vary, are unique and of different chemo-types. This report is first of its kind in literature for ‘axlewood’ plant. Keywords : Combretaceae, Anogeissus leiocarpus, essential oil, GC-MS.

Ethno-Veterinary Knowledge Synthesis using Medicinal Plants Livestock Gastrointestinal Parasites Control in West and Central Africa

Traditional veterinary knowledge like all other traditional knowledge systems is handed down orally from generation to generation and used in most African countries it may disappear. In the two last decade, many studies especially in developing countries were undertaken to save it. For the purpose of contribute to traditional knowledge save, an inventory of medicinal plants used as anthelmintic especially in livestock helminthes control in West and Central Africa was done. Fifty eight (58) medicinal plants species belonging 33 families were mentioned as used to treat helminthosis of livestock. Families from Combretaceae (6species), Rubiaceae (4species), Euphorbiaceae (3species), Mimosaceae (4species) Caecalpiniaceae (7species), Moraceae (3species), Meliaceae (4 species) were the most representative. Also species such as Bridelia ferruginea (2 citation), Combretum glutinosum, Mitragyna inermis, Xanthoxylumzanthoxyloides, Vernonia amygdalina, Securidacalonge pedunculata, Maytenus senegalens, Khaya senegalensis, Daniellia oliveri, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Carica papaya, Anogeissus leiocarpus, Piliostigma reticulatum. This study has showed that African flora was various and rich into anthelmintic plants which could be used to replace with synthetic drugs.