Performance Anodes For Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Recycling of waste silicon powder from the photovoltaic industry into high performance porous Si@Void@Carbon anodes for Li-ion battery

To enhance the performance of lithium-ion battery anodes, this study leverages recycled diamond wire-cut silicon particles, a byproduct of the photovoltaic sector. These particles undergo purification through acid wash and pyrolysis to eliminate contaminants, thereby serving as potential anode materials. The inherent challenge with silicon involves its significant volumetric expansion during lithiation and delithiation, which hampers its viability for commercial applications. Addressing this, the research introduces a facile approach by synthesizing porous silicon (pSi) via the Ag-assisted chemical etching method. Subsequently, a distinctive yolk-shell porous silicon@void@carbon (pSi@V@C) structure is created using a sacrificial template approach, ensuring the formation of voids between the porous silicon core and the carbon shell. This configuration mitigates the detrimental effects of silicon's volume expansion while enhancing electrical conductivity through the carbon shell. The pSi@V@C composite exhibits promising electrochemical performance, demonstrated by an initial discharge capacity of 1826 mAh g-1 and a Coulombic efficiency of 68.6% at 0.1Ag-1. Remarkably, it maintains a capacity of 821.8 mAh g-1 after 550 cycles at 1Ag-1, with a retention rate of 90.4%.

Transient freezing strategy of metastable lithium titanate for high performance lithium-ion battery anodes under high pressure

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a solid-solution or single-phase intercalation mechanism are considered to be excellent candidates for fast charging and addressing range anxiety, as they have few kinetic energy barriers apart from ion diffusion. In this regard, we capture metastable lithium titanate using High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) synthesis technique under thermodynamic control in only 30 min. Compared with most conventional synthesis methods in the field, the preparation time is only 1.6–3.6% of them. Interestingly, stable and controllable structural defects can be induced under high pressure. Additionally, the HPHT-induced “fracture” structure significantly improves the kinetics of electrolyte storage and exhibits a remarkable pseudocapacitance of up to 89.1%. After 1000 cycles at 10 C, it still retains a reversible capacity of 165 mAh g−1 with a capacity retention rate of 97%. The capture of metastable phase by HPHT technology provides a new perspective and approach for material optimization and design.

Boosting the high-rate performance of lithium-ion battery anodes using MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposite interfaces.

Herein, a mesoporous MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposite was fabricated using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-assisted hydrothermal synthesis method by maintaining only the non-stoichiometric ratio of Mn and Co (2 : 6), leading to an extra phase of Co3O4 coupled with MnCo2O4. Microstructural analysis showed that the obtained sample has a uniform nanowire-like morphology composed of interconnected nanoparticles. The stoichiometric ratio (2 : 4) was maintained to synthesize pure MnCo2O4 for comparative analysis. However, the obtained structure of pure MnCo2O4 was found to be irregular and fragile. After their employment as anode-active materials, the nanocomposite electrode showed superior high rate capability (1043.8 mA h g-1 at 5C) and long-term cycling stability (773.6 mA h g-1 after 500 cycles at 0.5C) in comparison to the pure MnCo2O4 electrode (771.5 mA h g-1 at 5C and 638.9 mA h g-1 at 0.5C after 500 cycles). It was believed that the extra phase of Co3O4 may also participate in the electrochemical reactions due to its high electrochemically active nature. Benefiting from the appealing architectural features and striking synergistic effect, the integrated MnCo2O4/Co3O4 nanocomposite anode exhibits excellent electrochemical properties and high cycle stability for LIBs.

Forming SnS@C/MoS2 nanotubes with high specific surface area via self-sacrificing template method as superior performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

1) The coated carbon from Sn-MOF carbonization with the nanosheet architecture improves the specific surface area; 2) the heterojunction between SnS and MoS2 provides active sites; 3) the surface carbon provides a large number of active sites.

Effect of rapid thermal annealing on the charge storage kinetics of conductive N-doped SnO2 thin film anodes for Li-ion batteries

This study focuses on the fabrication of a flexible thin film electrode composed of N-doped tin oxide (SnO2: N). The fabrication process involves sputtering SnO2 onto a Cu foil sheet using radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering, conducted under an N2 atmosphere. The deposited thin films are subsequently exposed to annealing treatment using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at temperatures ranging from 200 to 400 °C. The primary objective of this study is to get an understanding of the effects of N-doping, annealing temperature on the growth of SnO2: N. as well as the influence of film thickness on the crystallographic state. We evaluate their thin-film anode performance for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The specific capacity of the as-deposited SnO2 thin films standing at 859 mAh g−1 when measured at 1 mA g−1. This enhanced capacity is attributed to the limited crystal growth in ultrathin SnO2, a factor that effectively combats electrode degradation while simultaneously improving the lithium-ion diffusion coefficient and electron kinetics of the electrode. However, the SnO2: N film that undergoes annealing at 400 °C demonstrates remarkable cyclic retention, reaching 82 %. This improvement is due to the enhanced electrical conductivity resulting from annealing, which prevents the aggregation of tin (Sn) and effectively accommodates the volume changes that occur in prolonged cycles. Additionally, this synchronized approach involving sputtering and RTA is proving to be a simple, efficient, and scalable method. It holds the potential to emerge as a valuable strategy to produce anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Fe3O4 nanoparticles intercalated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for supercapacitor and lithium-ion battery anode performance

Fe3O4 nanoparticles intercalated reduced graphene oxide nanosheets for supercapacitor and lithium-ion battery anode performance

Simple ball milling-assisted method enabling N-doped carbon embedded Si for high performance lithium-ion battery anode

Si has been regarded as a hopeful advanced anode of lithium-ion batteries due to its features such as ultrahigh theoretical specific capacity and high natural abundance. But, it suffers from electrochemical irreversibility because of large volumetric change and poor conductivity during cycle. In spite of obtaining enhanced lithium storage performance after compositing with carbon materials, most of the reported Si/C composite anodes lack a simple preparation process. For the new anode materials, the simple preparation process is as important as showing high performance. Herein, an efficient simple method is developed to prepare a composite of N-doped carbon embedding Si nanoparticles (Si@C) to response to the above Si faced challenges. Its preparation process just consists of very simple ball milling and pyrolysis carbonization, showing great simplicity. The findings confirm that the combination of the ball-milling mixing and the use of PVP carbon precursor enables the optimal Si@C-2 composite to have a N-doped carbon embedding structure and a robust interface Si-O-C chemical bond bonding, hence obtaining enhanced conductivity, high electrochemical kinetics and superb structure stability during cycling process. Therefore, the Si@C-2 anode exhibits excellent performance, with 1542 and 794.7 mA h g−1 after 100 and 1000 cycles at 100 and 1000 mA g−1, respectively, superior to many reported Si/C composites. The simple, scalable preparation method and superb performances offer Si@C-2 great promising in advanced LIB anode applications.

Metal cation cross-linked 3D frameworks of Fe3O4 nanospheres encapsulated in graphene nanomesh with enhanced anode performance for lithium-ion batteries

Transition metal oxide (TMO) particles encapsulated in graphene shell has been reported to be an ideal lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) anode due to its well TMO particles volumetric adaptability upon cycling. In this paper, to further enhance the structural stability as well as electrochemical performance of Fe3O4-based electrodes for LIBs, 3D composite structures of Fe3O4 nanospheres (NSs) encapsulated in interconnected holey graphene nanosheets (Ca2+/p-rGO@Fe3O4) were fabricated by facile hydrothermal process using Ca2+ as crosslinker and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as etching agent. The composite was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR), and other test methods. The morphological and structural tests show that Fe3O4 NSs are homogenously embedded in the 3D framework of interconnected graphene nanomesh aerogels. Based on its unique structure, the Ca2+/p-rGO@Fe3O4 composite electrode delivers an initial discharge and charge capacities of 1288 and 783 mA h g−1, respectively, remarkable rate capability at current densities from 0.1 to 2 A g−1 and excellent cyclic stability with respect to that of its counterparts Ca2+/rGO@Fe3O4 electrode, p-rGO@Fe3O4 electrode and rGO@Fe3O4 electrode, which are prepared using a similar synthetic procedure but without the addition of H2O2 or CaCl2 or neither. It is proved that the synergistic effects of Ca2+-induced crosslinking reaction at the edge of GO nanosheets and in-plane pores on graphene coated on the surface of Fe3O4 can enhance the whole electrochemical performance of anode for LIBs.

N-SiOx/graphite/rGO-CNTs@C composite with dense structure for high performance lithium-ion battery anode

SiOx has become one of the most promising anode materials for lithium ion batteries due to its high specific capacity, abundant natural resources and suitable lithium insertion and extraction voltage. However, the low conductivity and the poor cycle performance seriously hinder its practical application. In here, a simple and effective method is proposed to disperse SiOx between carbon materials including flake graphite, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and then micron-sized N-SiOx/graphite/rGO-CNTs@C (N-SiOx/C@C) composite with dense structure is prepared by coating and pyrolysis of pitch. The synergistic effect of various carbon materials is beneficial to improve the conductivity of the material, and maintain the structural integrity during the cycle. The obtained N-SiOx/C@C anode exhibits high reversible capacity (980.2 mAh·g−1), excellent cycle stability (70 % capacity retention after 500 cycles at 0.5 A·g−1) and excellent rate performance (491.9 mAh·g−1 specific capacity of at 5 A·g−1). The strategy provided here effectively improves the electrochemical performances of SiOx, and the prepared materials show great application potential in the field of lithium ion batteries.

Tailoring the Microstructure of Porous Carbon Spheres as High Rate Performance Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Benefiting from their high surface areas, excellent conductivity, and environmental-friendliness, porous carbon nanospheres (PCSs) are of particular attraction for the anodes of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the regulation of carbon nanospheres with controlled pore distribution and graphitization for delivering high Li+ storage behavior is still under investigation. Here, we provide a facile approach to obtain PCSs with different microstructures via modulating the carbonization temperatures. With the processing temperature of 850 °C, the optimized PCSs exhibit an increased surface area, electrical conductivity, and enhanced specific capacity (202 mA h g-1 at 2 A g-1) compared to the PCSs carbonized at lower temperatures. Additionally, PCSs 850 provide excellent cyclability with a capacity retention of 83% for 500 cycles. Such work can pave a new pathway to achieve carbon nanospheres with excellent performances in LIBs.

Electron-rich hybrid matrix to enhance molybdenum oxide-based anode performance for Lithium-Ion batteries

Although MoO2-based electrodes have been intensively studied as potential candidate anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based on their high theoretical capacity (840 mAh g−1 and 5447 mAh cm−3), common issues such as severe volume variation, electrical conductivity loss, and low ionic conductivity, are prevalent. In this study, we demonstrate enhanced Li-ion kinetics and electrical conductivity of MoO2-based anodes with ternary MoO2-Cu-C composite materials. The MoO2-Cu-C was synthesized via two-step high energy ball milling where Mo and CuO are milled, followed by the secondary milling with C. With the introduction of the Cu-C hybrid matrix in MoO2 nanoparticles via the element transfer method using mechanochemical reactions, the sluggish Li-ion diffusion and unstable cycling behavior were significantly improved. The inactive Cu-C matrix contributes to the increase in electrical and ionic conductivity and mechanical stability of active MoO2 during cycling, as characterized by various electrochemical analyses and ex situ analysis techniques. Hence, the MoO2-Cu-C anode delivered promising cycling performance (674 mAh g−1 (at 0.1 A g−1) and 520 mAh g−1 (at 0.5 A g−1), respectively, after 100 cycles) and high-rate property (73% retention at 5 A g−1 as comparison with the specific capacity at 0.1 A g−1). The MoO2-Cu-C electrode is a propitious next-generation anode for LIBs.

Sulphonated graphene-encapsulated Fe2N in the PANI matrix as a high performance lithium ion battery anode

This study demonstrates the development of a promising heterostructure anode by a facile synthetic strategy of fabricating Fe2N in the scaffold of sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) embedded in a polyaniline (PANI) matrix. The hierarchically nanostructured anode material consolidates the high theoretical capacity, multielectron transfer capability, and high ionic diffusivity of Fe2N with the high conductivity and mechanical flexibility of the graphene framework. The PANI matrix serves not only as a glue to combine the Fe2N and SGO sheets but also provides additional conductivity, mechanical strength, and stability. The assembled heterostructure Fe2N-SGO/PANI-24 h delivers a reversible capacity of 864.1 mAh/g after 500 cycles, with an initial discharge capacity of 1204.8 mAh/g at a current density of 0.05 A/g, which is superior to the constituent components and other counterparts at the same current density. The pronouncedly enhanced performance of Fe2N-SGO/PANI-24 h compared to pristine Fe2N reveals that the PANI matrix and SGO boosted the capacity, buffered the volume variations, and kept the overall conductivity of the electrode during successive charge-discharge cycles. Furthermore, increasing the reaction time helped in the uniform distribution of Fe2N-SGO in the PANI matrix, which improves the overall performance.

Co3O4-C yolk-shell hollow spheres derived from ZIF-12-PVP@GO for superior anode performance in lithium-ion batteries

Co3O4-C yolk-shell hollow spheres derived from ZIF-12-PVP@GO for superior anode performance in lithium-ion batteries

Biomass Alginate Derived Oxygen-Enriched Carbonaceous Materials with Partially Graphitic Nanolayers for High Performance Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries with high reversible capacity, high-rate capability, and extended cycle life are vital for future consumer electronics and renewable energy storage. There is a great deal of interest in developing novel types of carbonaceous materials to boost lithium storage properties due to the inadequate properties of conventional graphite anodes. In this study, we describe a facile and low-cost approach for the synthesis of oxygen-doped hierarchically porous carbons with partially graphitic nanolayers (Alg-C) from pyrolyzed Na-alginate biopolymers without resorting to any kind of activation step. The obtained Alg-C samples were analyzed using various techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscope, to determine their structure and morphology. When serving as lithium storage anodes, the as-prepared Alg-C electrodes have outstanding electrochemical features, such as a high-rate capability (120 mAh g-1 at 3000 mA g-1) and extended cycling lifetimes over 5000 cycles. The post-cycle morphologies ultimately provide evidence of the distinct structural characteristics of the Alg-C electrodes. These preliminary findings suggest that alginate-derived carbonaceous materials may have intensive potential for next-generation energy storage and other related applications.

Red phosphorus/graphite composite as a high performance anode for lithium-ion batteries

Red phosphorus (RP) with a high theoretical specific capacity is considered as a promising anode material for high energy density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, poor conductivity of RP and huge volume expansion during charging-discharging processes hinder the application of RP as anode materials in LIBs. Composites of RP and carbon-based materials have been extensively fabricated as anode materials in LIBs to withstand volume expansion of RP and improve cycle performance. Here, composite of RP and graphite (RP/G) has been synthesized by a facile ball milling method with low-cost raw materials. Micro-size RP and graphite are ground to nanometer scale via ball milling. Covalent P-C and P-O-C bonds are formed between RP and graphite in the RP/G composite. The RP/G electrode in LIBs exhibits excellent cycling stability, a high reversible capacity of 2383 mAh/g after 100 cycles at a current density of 260 mA/g and a capacity retention of 1713 mAh/g after 600 cycles at a high current density of 1300 mA/g. The low-cost and facile synthesis strategy of the RP/G composite suggests promising applications of phosphorus and carbon-based materials as anode materials of high performance LIBs.

Yolk-shell SiO2 wrapped by reduced graphene oxide for high performance lithium-ion battery anode

In order to alleviate the rapid capacity attenuation caused by huge volume expansion and low electronic conductivity during SiO2 charge and discharge, the rGO@yolk-shell SiO2 structure is designed by using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as the conductive network and loading the carbon-coated SiO2 as the yolk-shell structure. The well-designed yolk-shell structure can slow down the volume change without destroying the carbon layer. The conductive networks of rGO, in conjunction with this carbon layer, contribute to the efficient electron transport pathway. When measured as anode material for lithium-ion batteries, rGO@yolk-shell SiO2 exhibits a long cycle performance of 616 mAh g−1 after 358 cycles at 0.1 A g−1.

Enhanced lithium storage capacitance of layered CoFe2O4&V2CT hybrid anode material synthesized by in-situ hydrothermal method

CoFe 2 O 4 &V 2 CT x hybrid material was synthesized as a high volumetric performance anode in lithium-ion batteries by an in-situ hydrothermal method. Multilayered V 2 CT x in the hybrid acts as a superior host for homogenous loading CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles due to the opened two-dimensional structure of MXene, favorable electrical conductivity and low Li + diffusion barrier. XRD results confirmed CoFe 2 O 4 &V 2 CT x hybrid had been formed, and SEM images showed the spherical CoFe 2 O 4 nanoparticles were randomly deposited on the surface of accordion-like morphology MXene. Being an anode material, it exhibited a good reversible capacity of 638.6 mAh g −1 with 97.8 % coulombic efficiency after 100 cycles at 1 C. In addition, ex-situ X-ray photoelectron spectra revealed that a redox reaction was involved in the Li + ions extraction/insertion process. Our work provides further insight into the hybrid application of the binary metal & layered MXene hybrids as high-performance anode electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Scheme 1. The graphical abstract. • CFO&V 2 CT x hybrid material were prepared the by in-situ hydrothermal method. • CFO&V 2 CT x hybrid exhibited a reversible capacity of 638.6 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 1 C. • Ex-situ XPS revealed a redox reaction was involved in the Li + ions extraction/insertion process.

Uniform integration of amorphous SnO2 nanoparticles encapsulated into the carbon matrix as enhanced electrochemical performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Uniform integration of amorphous SnO2 nanoparticles encapsulated into the carbon matrix as enhanced electrochemical performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

Plant-cell oriented few-layer MoS2/C as high performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

MoS 2 with layered structure and high theoretical capacity (670 mAh· g − 1 ) has attracted great attention as a potential anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the intrinsic low electronic conductivity and structural collapse during the lithiation/delithiation process hinder its practical application. In this study, a few-layer MoS 2 decorated biocarbon (MoS 2 /C) was exquisitely constructed employing petal cells as structure-directing agents. In the synthesis process, nucleation and growth of MoS 2 were restricted in the confined space of petal cells, and thus MoS 2 nanosheets (about 3–8 layers) grew vertically and dispersed uniformly on the petal-cell derived biocarbon matrix. The special structure effectively alleviates volume expansion and restack of MoS 2 during the lithiation/delithiation process, while the in situ generated biocarbon improves the conductivity of electrode, thus boosting electron transportation and Li + diffusivity. Moreover, theoretical calculations reveal the lower Li + migration barrier energies and improved Li + diffusion kinetics in MoS 2 /C hetero-layer. Consequently, the MoS 2 /C exhibits remarkable rate performance and cycle stability, showing a superior reversible capacity (951 mAh· g − 1 over 500 cycles at 100 mA· g − 1 ) much larger than bulk MoS 2 (108 mAh· g − 1 ) and biocarbon (355 mAh· g − 1 ). This study provides a convenient and effective strategy to design advanced electrodes for the next-generation energy storage and conversion systems.

Encapsulating Sn-Cu alloy particles into carbon nanofibers as improved performance anodes for lithium-ion batteries

The SnCu-SiO2 @CNFs composite nanofibers are successfully fabricated by electrospinning and subsequent heat treatments, in which the Sn-Cu alloy particles are uniformly confined in carbon nanofibers (CNFs) in the presence of SiO2. The characterization results show that incorporating SiO2 into the CNFs matrix can mitigate the problem of the phase separation between Sn-Cu alloy particles and CNFs and increase the fibrous structural integrity of the composite electrodes. Importantly, the SnCu-SiO2 @CNFs-1.0 composite electrode displays the improved electrochemical performance when the amount of Cu(Ac)2 is controlled at 1.0 mmol, in which the discharge specific capacity of the electrode not only delivers 501.8 mAh/g after 100 cycles at 100 mA/g, but also retains 467.4 mAh/g after rate cycles when the current density is abruptly recovered to 100 mA/g. Moreover, the SnCu-SiO2 @CNFs-1.0 electrode can possess an enhanced Li+ diffusion coefficient of approximately 1.58 × 10−16 cm2 s−1 and a high Warburg coefficient of 568.9 Ω cm2 s−0.5 at room temperature. The enhanced electrochemical performance can be partly ascribed to the complete encapsulation of Sn-Cu alloy particles by the CNFs matrix, and partly to the promotion of the over-all electronic conductivity. Furthermore, the flexible and conductive CNFs matrix and the stable Cu6Sn5 phase can conjoinedly accommodate the volume change of the electrodes during charge/discharge processes. Therefore, the facile strategy for encapsulating Sn-Cu alloy particles into CNFs may offer some a prospective instruction for the alloy anodes in the field of energy storage.